Usual Intake Research Articles

Associação entre o consumo alimentar e o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Adaptado para Gestantes

Abstract Objectives: to investigate the association between the Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Adaptado para Gestantes (IQDAG) (Quality of Diet Index Adapted for Pregnant Women) with food consumption, lifestyle and health information. Methods: cross-sectional study with 110 pregnant women assisted at a public health service. Sociodemographic, nutritional and health data were collected from medical records. Food consumption was investigated through the usual intake, for a nutritional analysis, DietPro® program version 6.1 was used. Quality ofdiet was assessed using the IQDAG. Multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate an association between food consumption and IQDAG. Results: the average total score of the IQDAG was 61.3 (±26.1), this is the best quality of the diet. After adjusting for age, schooling and physical activity, the highest consumption of vitamin A (OR=1.04; CI95% = 1.02-1.07) and B2 (OR=2.63; CI95% = 1.19-5.70) was associated with a greater chance of having a better quality of diet (3rdtertile of the IQDAG). Conclusions: pregnant women with better quality of diet had higher intakes of vitamins A and B2. However, other population-based studies are suggested to more broadly in verify its association with food consumption and its ability to identify adherence to nutritional recommendations.

Assessment of Dietary Intake in Three Cohorts of Advanced Age in Two Countries: Methodology Challenges.

Dietary intake information is key to understanding nutrition-related outcomes. Intake changes with age and some older people are at increased risk of malnutrition. Application, difficulties, and advantages of the 24-hour multiple pass recall (24hr-MPR) dietary assessment method in three cohorts of advanced age in the United Kingdom (UK) and New Zealand (NZ) is described. The Newcastle 85+ study (UK) recruited a single year birth cohort of people aged 85 years during 2006-7. LiLACS NZ recruited a 10-year birth cohort of Māori (indigenous New Zealanders) aged 80-90 years and a single year birth cohort of non-Māori aged 85 years in 2010. Two 24hr-MPR were conducted on non-consecutive days by trained assessors. Pictorial resources and language were adapted for the New Zealand and Māori contexts. Detailed methods are described. In the Newcastle 85+ study, 805 (93%) participants consented to the 24-MPR, 95% of whom completed two 24hr-MPR; in LiLACS NZ, 218 (82%) consented and 203 (76%) Māori and 353 (90%) non-Māori completed two 24hr-MPR. Mean time to complete each 24hr-MPR was 22 minutes in the Newcastle 85+ study, and 45 minutes for Māori and 39 minutes for non-Māori in LiLACS NZ. Dietary assessment of participants residing in residential care and those requiring proxy respondents were successfully included in both studies. Most participants (83-94%) felt that data captured by the 24hr-MPR reflected their usual dietary intake. Dietary assessment using 24hr-MPR was successful in capturing detailed dietary data including information on portion size and time of eating for over 1300 octogenarians in the UK and New Zealand (Māori and non- Māori). The 24hr-MPR is an acceptable method of dietary assessment in this age group.

Transitioning to sustainable dietary patterns: learnings from animal-based and plant-based dietary patterns in French Canadian adults.

Many dietary guidelines promote the substitution of animal proteins with plant-based proteins for health benefits but also to help transitioning toward more sustainable dietary patterns. The aim of this study was to examine the food and nutrient characteristics as well as the overall quality and costs of dietary patterns consistent with lower intakes of animal-based protein foods and with higher intakes of plant-based protein foods among French Canadian adults. Dietary intake data, evaluated with 24 h recalls, from 1,147 French-speaking adults of the PRÉDicteurs Individuels, Sociaux et Environnementaux (PREDISE) study conducted between 2015 and 2017 in Québec were used. Usual dietary intakes and diet costs were estimated with the National Cancer Institute's multivariate method. Consumption of animal- and plant-based protein foods was classified into quarters (Q) and differences in food and nutrient intakes, Healthy Eating Food Index (HEFI)-2019 scores and diet costs across quarters were assessed using linear regression models adjusted for age and sex. Participants with lower intakes of animal-based protein foods (Q1 vs. Q4) had a higher HEFI-2019 total score (+4.0 pts, 95% CI, 0.9 to 7.1) and lower daily diet costs (-1.9 $CAD, 95% CI, -2.6 to -1.2). Participants with higher intakes of plant-based protein foods (Q4 vs. Q1) had a higher HEFI-2019 total score (+14.6 pts, 95% CI, 12.4 to 16.9) but no difference in daily diet costs (0.0$CAD, 95% CI, -0.7 to 0.7). In a perspective of diet sustainability, results from this study among French-speaking Canadian adults suggest that a shift toward a dietary pattern focused primarily on lower amounts of animal-based protein foods may be associated with a better diet quality at lower costs. On the other hand, transitioning to a dietary pattern focused primarily on higher amounts of plant-based protein foods may further improve the diet quality at no additional cost.

Association Between Protein Intake From Different Animal and Plant Origins and the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Case-Control Study.

Previous studies have frequently reviewed how different macronutrients affect liver health. Still, no study centered around protein intake and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk relationship. This study aimed to examine the association between the consumption of total and different sources of protein and NAFLD risk. We allocated 243 eligible subjects to the case and control groups, including 121 incidence cases of NAFLD, and 122 healthy controls. Two groups were matched in age, body mass index, and sex. We evaluated the usual food intake of participants using FFQ. Binary logistic regression was conducted to estimate the risk of NAFLD in relation to different sources of protein intake. The age of participants was 42.7 years on average, and 53.1% were male. We found Higher intake of protein in total (odds ratio [OR], 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.52) was significantly associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, despite adjusting for multiple confounders. in detail, higher tendency to the vegetables (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.13-0.59), grains (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.11-0.52), and nuts (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12-0.52) as the main sources of protein, were remarkably correlated with lower NAFLD risk. In contrary, increased intake of meat protein (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.46-6.81) was positively associated with a higher risk. Totally, more calorie intake from proteins was inversely associated with lower NAFLD risk. This was more likely when the protein sources were selected less from meats and more from plants. Accordingly, increasing the consumption of proteins, particularly from plants, may be a good recommendation to manage and prevent NAFLD.

A Comparative Analysis of Dominant Dietary Patterns in Patients with and without Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

As a modifiable risk factor, nutrition plays a pivotal role in the prevention or delay of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study was aimed to investigate and compare the dominant dietary patterns in the patients with and without OSCC. This case-control study evaluated the usual dietary intake of 80 cases and 120 controls during 2019-2020 using the 117-item Food Frequency Questionnaire, with confirmed validity and reliability. Factor analysis was used to detect the dominant dietary patterns. Data analysis was done by SPSS (version 21) using the Chi-square test, ANOVA, logistic regression analysis, and independent t-test (P < 0.05). Three dietary patterns were identified, including the western dietary pattern, health dietary pattern, and traditional dietary pattern. The odds ratio (OR) = 1.181 and confidence interval (CI) = 0.671 and 2.082 were found for the western dietary pattern, OR = 1.087 and CI = 0.617 and 1.914 were detected for the healthy dietary pattern, and OR = 0.846 and CI = 0.480 and 1.491 were reported for the traditional dietary pattern. No significant difference was found between the study groups in the dietary pattern and the risk of disease. This relationship remained insignificant after adjustment for the energy intake and confounding factors. There was no significant relationship between adherence to healthy, traditional, and western dietary patterns and OSCC. Consumption of vegetables and nuts had a protective role against the disease, but risky behaviors such as smoking and alcohol use were directly associated with the incidence of the disease.

Association of coffee intake and its polyphenols with mammographic findings in women who visited the Brazilian Public Health Service.

Objective: this study aimed to evaluate if there is an association of intake of coffee and its polyphenols with mammographic findings in women treated at a breast care service unit of the Unified Health System (SUS), Brazil. Research methods and procedures: this was a cross-sectional study with 532 women treated at a health service. The participants were divided according to their mammographic reports into two groups: without and with altered findings. Two 24-h dietary recalls were applied and coffee consumption was categorized into three groups (less than 1 cup, 1 to 3 cups, and more than 3 cups). Phenolic acids were determined using the Phenol Explorer program. The intake of polyphenols was calculated by adding the values obtained from the total amount of coffee consumed during the day. The Multiple Source Method (MSM) was applied to analyze the usual intake. Results: of the 532 women, 178 (33.5 %) had altered mammographic findings. The participants' average daily coffee intake was 193.4 mL. No significant association was found between coffee consumption and mammographic findings. However, it was found that the second tertile of polyphenols was a protective factor for breast changes. Conclusion: Coffee polyphenols are protective against breast changes in the group evaluated and, thus, can help prevent breast cancer.

Effect of Animal Protein Intake on Meeting Recommendations for Nutrient Intake among US Adults, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2015–2018

BackgroundReplacing some animal sources of protein with plant foods is encouraged. Nutrient intake may reflect changes in the protein source. The adequacy of habitual nutrient intake among US adults has not been evaluated by the level of animal protein (AP) intake. ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare food consumption and nutrient intake and adequacy among quintiles of percent AP intake. MethodsDietary intake data of adults 19+ y (N = 9706) from What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2018 were used. Proportions of protein from animal and plant sources were estimated from ingredients in the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 2015–2018, and then applied to dietary intakes. Intakes were classified by Q of percent AP. Food intake was described using the United States Department of Agriculture Food Patterns components. Usual nutrient intakes were estimated using the National Cancer Institute Method and compared with age and gender-specific Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Comparisons between quintiles were made using t-tests. Results were considered significant at P < 0.01. ResultsTotal protein intake was higher as the Q of AP intake increased. Among the higher quintiles of percent AP, <1% did not meet their DRIs for protein than 17% in Q1 and 5% in Q2 (P < 0.01). In quintiles with lower compared with higher percent AP, there were significantly higher percentages not meeting DRIs for vitamins A, B12, choline, zinc, and calcium but meeting recommendations for folate, vitamin C, saturated fat, cholesterol, and fiber (P < 0.01). Among all quintiles, over one-third did not meet DRIs for fiber, vitamins A, C, D, E, K, choline, calcium, and potassium. ConclusionsReplacing protein from animal sources with plant foods may result in lower intakes of protein and some nutrients but a better intake of dietary components associated with reducing chronic disease risk. The current intake of US adults indicates dietary improvements are needed, regardless of protein source.

Fat Intake Modifies the Association between Restricted Carbohydrate Diets and Prevalent Cardiometabolic Diseases among Adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2018

BackgroundCardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), which include heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, account for over one-third of the mortality burden in the United States annually. Nearly one-half of all deaths from CMD are attributable to suboptimal diet quality, and many Americans are turning to special diets for general health improvement. Among the most popular of these diets restrict daily carbohydrate intake to <45% of energy, yet their association with CMD is not well understood. ObjectivesThis study evaluated the association between restricted carbohydrate diets and prevalent CMD, stratified by fat intake. MethodsDietary and CMD data were retrieved from 19,078 participants aged ≥20 y in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2018. The National Cancer Institute methodology was used to assess usual dietary intake. ResultsCompared to participants that met recommendations for all macronutrients, those that consumed restricted carbohydrate diets were 1.15 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.16) times as likely to have CMD; and those that met recommendations for carbohydrates, but not all macronutrients, were 1.02 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.03) times as likely to have CMD. Higher intakes of saturated and polyunsaturated fat were associated with greater prevalence of CMD in restricted and recommended carbohydrate intake groups. Higher intake of monounsaturated fat was associated with lower prevalence of CMD among participants that met carbohydrate, but not all macronutrient, recommendations. ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first nationally representative study to evaluate the relationship between carbohydrate restriction and CMD, stratifying by fat intake. Greater efforts are needed to understand longitudinal relationships between carbohydrate restriction and CMD.

Different Types of Industry-Produced and Ruminant Trans Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort.

The deleterious effects of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on cardiovascular health are well established; however, their impact on type 2 diabetes remains poorly understood. In particular, little is known about the impact of specific TFA types on type 2 diabetes etiology. We aimed to explore the associations between different types of TFAs (total, ruminant, industry produced [iTFAs], and corresponding specific isomers) and risk of type 2 diabetes. A total of 105,551 participants age >18 years from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009-2021) were included (mean baseline age 42.7 years; SD 14.6 years); 79.2% were women. Dietary intake data, including usual TFA intake, were collected using repeated 24-h dietary records (n = 5.7; SD 3.1). Associations between sex-specific quartile of dietary TFAs and diabetes risk were assessed using multivariable Cox models. Total TFA intake was associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk (hazard ratio [HR]quartile 4 vs. 1 1.38; 95% CI 1.11-1.73; Ptrend < 0.001; n = 969 incident cases). This association, specifically observed for iTFAs (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.15-1.83; Ptrend < 0.001), was mainly driven by elaidic acid (HR 1.37; 95% CI 1.09-1.72; Ptrend < 0.001) and linolelaidic acid (HR 1.29; 95% CI 1.04-1.58; Ptrend = 0.07). In contrast, ruminant TFAs were not significantly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. In this large prospective cohort, higher intakes of total and iTFAs were associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk. These findings support the World Health Organization's recommendation to eliminate iTFAs from the food supply worldwide. Consumers should be advised to limit the consumption of food products containing partially hydrogenated oils (main vector of iTFAs). This may contribute to lowering the substantial global burden of type 2 diabetes.

Measurement Tools to Assess Usual Dietary Intake and Physical Activity in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Scoping Review

Measurement Tools to Assess Usual Dietary Intake and Physical Activity in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Scoping Review

Association between maternal plasma total antioxidant capacity and dietary antioxidants intake with birth size outcomes.

Maternal antioxidants intake and plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) concentration during pregnancy might influence on birth outcomes. This study was conducted to determine the association between dietary antioxidants intake and plasma TAC during pregnancy with birth outcomes. Overall, 220 mother-infant pairs were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy. Maternal whole blood was collected and TAC was determined by the ELISA kit. Food frequency questionnaire was used to collect information regarding usual dietary intake. Birth size measurements including birth weight, length and head circumference were measured according to standardized protocols. Energy-adjusted intake of beta-carotene in the first trimester of gestation [beta (SE) = 0.0002 (0.00008); p = 0.016] and energy-adjusted intake of vitamin E in third trimester of pregnancy [beta (SE) = -0.31 (0.15); p = 0.046] had significantly positive and negative associations with birth length, respectively. The maternal plasma TAC was positively correlated with birth weight in both unadjusted and adjusted models [beta (SE) = 2.75 (1.35); p = 0.043 and beta (SE) = 3.43 (1.50); p = 0.023, respectively]. In addition, the adjusted model showed a significant positive relationship between the maternal plasma TAC and birth length [beta (SE) = 0.023 (0.009); p = 0.01]. This study showed the positive association of maternal plasma TAC with birth weight and length. Moreover, maternal dietary intake of beta-carotene in the first trimester and vitamin E in the third trimester of pregnancy had significant positive and negative correlations with birth length, respectively.

Impacts of micronutrient intervention programs on effective coverage and lives saved: Modeled evidence from Cameroon.

Policymakers are committed to improving nutritional status and to saving lives. Some micronutrient intervention programs (MIPs) can do both, but not to the same degrees. We apply the Micronutrient Intervention Modeling tool to compare sets of MIPs for (1) achieving dietary adequacy separately for zinc, vitamin A (VA), and folate for children and women of reproductive age (WRA), and (2) saving children's lives via combinations of MIPs. We used 24-h dietary recall data from Cameroon to estimate usual intake distributions of zinc and VA for children 6-59 months and of folate for WRA. We simulated the effects on dietary inadequacy and lives saved of four fortified foods and two VA supplementation (VAS) platforms. We estimated program costs over 10 years. To promote micronutrient-specific dietary adequacy, the economic optimization model (EOM) selected zinc- and folic acid-fortified wheat flour, VA-fortified edible oils, and bouillon cubes, and VAS via Child Health Days in the North macroregion. A different set of cost-effective MIPs emerged for reducing child mortality, shifting away from VA and toward more zinc for children and more folic acid for WRA. The EOM identified more efficient sets of MIPs than the business-as-usual MIPs, especially among programs aiming to save lives.

Dietary Iron Intake and Biomarkers of Iron Status in Slovenian Population: Results of SI.Menu/Nutrihealth Study.

Inadequate iron intake and iron deficiency are recognised as a public health problem in the population at large, and particularly in specific subpopulations. Dietary iron intake was analysed using data of the national Slovenian food consumption study, SI.Menu (n = 1248 subjects; 10−74 years), while iron status was evaluated with laboratory analyses of blood haemoglobin, serum ferritin, and iron concentration in samples, collected in the Nutrihealth study (n = 280, adults). The estimated daily usual population-weighted mean iron intakes ranged from 16.0 mg in adults and the elderly to 16.7 in adolescents, and were lower in females for all three age groups. The main dietary iron sources in all the age groups were bread and bakery products, meat (products), fruit, and vegetables. The highest prevalence of haemoglobin anaemia was observed in females aged 51−64 years (6.7%). Critically depleted iron stores (ferritin concentration < 15 µg/L) were particularly found in premenopausal females (10.1%). Factors influencing low haemoglobin, ferritin, and iron intake were also investigated. We observed significant correlations between iron status with meat and fish intake, and with iron intake from meat and fish, but not with total iron intake. We can conclude that particularly premenopausal females are the most fragile population in terms of inadequate iron intake and iron deficiency, which should be considered in future research and public health strategies.

Greater adherence to the 2019 Canada’s Food Guide recommendations on healthy food choices reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in adults: a prospective analysis of UK Biobank data

Canada's Food Guide (CFG) was profoundly revised in 2019, but the extent to which adherence to recommendations on healthy food choices reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine how greater adherence to the 2019 CFG's recommendations on healthy food choices influences the risk of incident CVD. Participants were a sample of adults without history of CVD, diabetes, or cancer from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study. Usual dietary intakes were estimated by modeling data from repeated Web-based 24-h dietary recalls using the National Cancer Institute multivariate method. Adherence to key CFG recommendations on healthy food choices was assessed using the Healthy Eating Food Index (HEFI)-2019, which has a maximum of 80 points. The CVD outcome was a composite of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cox regression models adjusted via inverse probability weighting were used to estimate CVD risks. Counterfactual models were used to interpret risks of hypothetical changes in the HEFI-2019 score. A total of 136,698 participants met the eligibility criteria (55% females; mean age: 57.2 y; range: 40-75 y). During the 11-y follow-up, there were 2843 cases of incident CVD. Compared with no change in the HEFI-2019 score, increasing the HEFI-2019 score of all participants to the 90th percentile of the score distribution (58.1 points) hypothetically reduced the risk of CVD by 24% (RR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.94; absolute risk difference: -0.58%). These results suggest that greater adherence to the 2019 CFG recommendations on healthy food choices reduces the 11-y risk of CVD in middle-aged and older adults.

Quality Specific Associations of Carbohydrate Consumption and Frailty Index.

Background: The quality of carbohydrate consumed may influence the risk of frailty. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that indices of carbohydrate intake are associated with trajectories of frailty in participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Methods: Cross sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted in 1024 BLSA participants to examine the association between usual intake of carbohydrate and frailty index. Seven measures of carbohydrate consumption were estimated using data derived from Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) and examined in association with a 43-item Frailty Index (FI). Results: In cross-sectional analyses, there was a significant, positive association between higher tertiles of total carbohydrate, glycemic load, and non-whole grains and FI. Conversely, higher tertiles of fiber-to-carbohydrate ratio was associated with lower FI. These differences persisted over the follow-up period of up to 13.8 years. Women in the highest tertile of the fiber-to-carbohydrate ratio showed a less steep increase in FI over time. Conclusions: Carbohydrate intake was positively associated with increased frailty risk in the BLSA participants, whereas a higher fiber-to-carbohydrate ratio was related to reduced risk for frailty.

The Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Risk of Hypertension: A Case-Control Study.

Hypertension (HTN) is a common risk factor for various medical diseases. Recently, there is growing evidence focusing on the potential inflammatory properties of food in the developing HTN risk. However, limited data are indicating the link between the dietary inflammatory index score (DII) and HTN risk. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between DII score and HTN risk in middle-aged people. This case-control study was performed on 945 middle-aged participants (376 subjects with HTN and 569 control group). Usual dietary intakes were collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) for each participant was calculated with a standardized procedure, and the relationship between the risk of HTN and the DII score was investigated. The multi-adjusted regression analysis showed that subjects with the higher DII score had a 1.61 times greater chance of developing HTN than individuals in the lowest ones (95% CI 1.07-2.65). Interestingly, after conducting a sex-based analysis, there was no significant relationship between DII score and risk of HTN in middle-aged women (95% CI 0.38-1.61). However, middle-aged men in the highest quartile of DII had greater (2.91 times) odds of HTN compared to the lowest quarter of DII (95% CI 1.52-5.23). The findings of this study suggested that adherence to a diet with a high inflammatory index could increase the risk of HTN in middle-aged men by approximately 2.9 times. However, following a diet with a high DII score had no significant relationship with HTN risk in middle-aged women.

Watermelon Intake Is Associated with Increased Nutrient Intake and Higher Diet Quality in Adults and Children, NHANES 2003-2018.

Watermelon is a nutrient-dense, low energy food that provides vital nutrients and contributes to overall fruit intake. Previous studies have found positive associations between watermelon and nutrient intake but few focused on raw watermelon intake or had small sample sizes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to utilize a large, nationally representative sample to determine associations between watermelon intake and nutrient intake and diet quality. Data from children (2-18 y) and adults (19+ y) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2003-2018 were utilized in the current study. Watermelon intake was 7.51 and 7.29 g/d per capita in children and adults, respectively. In watermelon consumers, usual intake was 125 and 161 g/d in children and adults, respectively. Total diet quality was higher in watermelon consumers as compared to non-consumers as well as several subcomponent scores. Children and adult watermelon consumers had greater than 5% higher intake of dietary fiber, magnesium, potassium, and vitamin A as well as more than 5% lower intake of added sugars and total saturated fatty acids as well as higher intake of lycopene and other carotenoids. This study suggests watermelon can increase nutrient intake as well as diet quality in both children and adult Americans.

Association of 100% Fruit Juice Consumption with Cognitive Measures, Anxiety, and Depression in US Adults.

Cognitive decline, anxiety, and depression are significant contributors to human ill health and decreased quality of life. Intake of fruits including 100% juice is associated with beneficial effects on several health outcomes. The current study explored the potential associations between consumption of 100% fruit juice and neurocognitive markers in adults. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988-1994, 1999-2018 for adults 20+ years (N = 62,606) were used to assess 100% fruit juice intake, and NHANES questionnaire data were used for the assessment of neurocognition. Association of usual intake of 100% fruit juice with neurocognitive outcomes were assessed by regression analysis after adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, dietary, and health-related covariates. About 21% of adults were fruit juice consumers and the intake was a little over 2 oz per day. Consumers of 100% fruit juice had 16.3% fewer days per month of feeling anxious compared to non-consumers. There were no significant associations of 100% fruit juice usual intake with other neurocognitive measures. A large number of potential confounding variables have been identified to be associated with one or more neurocognitive measures suggesting that these may be important parameters to include in future studies.

Association between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity of Antioxidant Vitamins and the Risk of Stroke among US Adults.

The intake of antioxidant vitamins can scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which may be beneficial for stroke. However, the relationship between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of antioxidant vitamins and stroke is controversial. This study aims to investigate the association between dietary TAC and the risk of stroke in US adults. This study included participants over 20 years old from the 2001-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data from two 24 h dietary recalls were used to estimate the usual intake of antioxidant vitamins. TAC was calculated by the vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity reference values of individual antioxidant vitamins. Survey-weighted generalized linear models were performed to evaluate the relationship between TAC and the risk of stroke. A restricted cubic spline regression model was used to investigate the dose-response association. A total of 37,045 participants was involved, of whom 1391 suffered a stroke. Compared with the first tertile, the participants in the second tertile of TAC showed a lower risk of stroke (OR = 0.788, 95% CI: 0.662, 0.936) after adjusting for potential risk factors. The dose-response analysis showed a gradual increase in the risk of stroke as TAC decreases. Subgroups analyses indicated that this association was primarily in the population of those aged over 60 years old, who were female, consumed alcohol, were a former smoker and inactive. The sensitivity analysis presented consistent results. These results suggest that deficiency of dietary TAC was associated with an increased risk of stroke, particularly in populations with underlying oxidative stress injury.

An ensemble method based on marginal-effect models (EMM) for estimating usual food intake from single-day dietary data and internal/external two-day dietary data.

With collection of repeated 24-hour recalls, there exist challenges in usual intake estimation, including infeasibility of multiple dietary assessments, and shortage of non-zero intakes for episodically consumed foods. We developed an ensemble method based on marginal-effect models (EMM), which estimates usual intake distribution using single-day data with internal or external two-day data. The performance of the EMM was evaluated and compared with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method and NCI 1-d method, via simulations with various scenarios and real data analyses of red meat, fish, and protein from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Simulations indicated the EMM (maximum bias of 1.67, 3.17, 8.57, 11.63 for average, median, 75%-tile, 95%-tile, respectively) provided more accurate estimation than the NCI method (maximum bias of 4.18, 9.43, 7.56, 37.43) across various scenarios on intake probability and within-person variation. The EMM showed robust estimation when an insufficient number of people have positive consumption on two days. In simulations with various external variance ratios, the EMM showed similar or superior performance to the NCI 1-d method. The EMM produced more stable estimates of usual intake distributions for red meat, fish, and protein than the two NCI methods. The proposed EMM showed substantial improvement over the NCI methods when data contain a relatively small number of people with positive consumption on two days; is robust when food intake probability is very low or high; and estimates an external variance ratio with relatively low bias.