Usual Breakfast Research Articles

A Sesame Seeds-Based Breakfast Could Attenuate Sub-Clinical Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Tahini, a traditional functional food made from ground un-hulled sesame seeds, on glucose homeostasis parameters and serum high-sensitive reactive protein (hs-CRP) in diabetic patients. Methods: This randomized clinical trial included 41 patients with type 2 diabetes, who were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group A (Tahini 30 g/d, n=21) and group B (control, n=20). After an initial 2-week washout period, patients in group A, replaced a part of their usual breakfast with 2 tbsp (~28 g) Tahini, while group B patients continued the usual breakfast meal for 6 weeks. Insulin and hs-CRP levels were measured, and insulin sensitivity index and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) at were calculated baseline and 6 weeks intervention. Results: After 6-weeks, there was a significant 21.1% decrease in serum hs-CRP levels in group A. Slight but non-significant decrease in fasting serum glucose, serum insulin, insulin sensitivity index and HOMA-IR was observed during Tahini supplementation. Conclusion: Replacing a part of regular diet with Tahini as a functional food could attenuate sub-clinical inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients.

Role of a prudent breakfast in improving cardiometabolic risk factors in subjects with hypercholesterolemia: A randomized controlled trial

It is unclear whether advising a prudent breakfast alone is sufficient to improve blood lipids and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight hypercholesterolemic subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a prudent low-fat breakfast (PB) rich in dietary fiber lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other cardiometabolic risk factors in subjects with elevated LDL-cholesterol levels. In a parallel, controlled, 12-week study, 79 healthy overweight subjects (all regular breakfast eaters) were randomly allocated to a group that received a PB based on Nordic foods provided ad libitum or a control group that consumed their usual breakfast. The primary outcome was plasma LDL-C. Secondary outcomes were other blood lipids, body weight, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and inflammation markers (C-reactive protein [CRP] and tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 [TNF-R2]), and blood pressure. The PB was in accordance with national and Nordic nutrition recommendations and included oat bran porridge with low-fat milk or yogurt, bilberry or lingonberry jam, whole grain bread, low-fat spread, poultry or fatty fish, and fruit. No differences were found in LDL-C, other blood lipids, body weight, or glucose metabolism, but SAD, plasma CRP, and TNF-R2 decreased more during PB compared with controls (p < 0.05). In the overall diet, PB increased dietary fiber and β-glucan compared with controls (p < 0.05). Advising a prudent breakfast for 3 months did not influence blood lipids, body weight, or glucose metabolism but reduced markers of visceral fat and inflammation. The trial was registered in the Current Controlled Trials database (http://www.controlled-trials.com); International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 84550872.

OP81 Not Eating Breakfast is Associated with increased Type 2 Diabetes Risk Markers in a Multiethnic Population of Children: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)

BackgroundPrevention of type 2 diabetes and one of its precursor obesity are important public health priorities both in adults and in children. In adults, not eating breakfast regularly has been...

Hydration Deficit After Breakfast Intake Among British Schoolchildren

Nutrition surveys of British schoolchildren have not assessed hydration. This cross‐sectional study aimed to measure children's morning hydration status and to relate this to breakfast water intake. We recruited a convenience sample of 452 schoolchildren aged 9 to 11 years through primary schools in South Yorkshire. Children collected a sample of urine at home within 30min of usual breakfast for measurement of urinary osmolality. Dietary intake at breakfast was estimated using a diary method where children or parents recorded all foods and drinks consumed. A mild hydration deficit was common, with 60% of children having urinary osmolality over 800 mOsmol/kg. There was a greater prevalence of elevated osmolality in boys compared to girls (68.4% versus 53.5 %). Furthermore, 18.6 % of children recorded urinary osmolality over 1000 mOsmol/kg. We could not find any association between breakfast water intake and urine osmolality either in univariate or multivariate analysis. This lack of association may arise because of children's imprecise dietary recording and misclassification of water intake.The study was sponsored by Nestlé Waters.

Monotonous consumption of fibre-enriched bread at breakfast increases satiety and influences subsequent food intake

This study aimed to observe the influence of the monotonous consumption of two types of fibre-enriched bread at breakfast on hedonic liking for the bread, subsequent hunger and energy intake. Two groups of unrestrained normal weight participants were given either white sandwich bread (WS) or multigrain sandwich bread (MG) at breakfast (the sensory properties of the WS were more similar to the usual bread eaten by the participants than those of the MG). In each group, two 15-day cross-over conditions were set up. During the experimental condition the usual breakfast of each participant was replaced by an isocaloric portion of plain bread (WS or MG). During the control condition, participants consumed only 10g of the corresponding bread and completed their breakfast with other foods they wanted. The results showed that bread appreciation did not change over exposure even in the experimental condition. Hunger was lower in the experimental condition than in the control condition. The consumption of WS decreased energy intake while the consumption of MG did not in the experimental condition compared to the corresponding control one. In conclusion, a monotonous breakfast composed solely of a fibre-enriched bread may decrease subsequent hunger and, when similar to a familiar bread, food intake.

Health information literacy meets evidence-based practice

Health information literacy meets evidence-based practice

Comparison of two ready‐to‐eat cereals as partial meal replacements in a 2‐week weight loss plan

Studies show rapid weight loss with short‐term use of ready‐to‐eat (RTE) breakfast cereals as partial meal replacements. This study was designed to compare 2 wk weight loss from partial meal replacements of Special K® Original (Kellogg Company) vs. a calorie‐matched whole grain control cereal (General Mills, Inc.). Overweight women (42±11 y; 31.7±4 kg/m2) were randomized to either Special K® (n=32) or control (n=32). All subjects were instructed to replace their usual breakfast and lunch or dinner with a 100 kcal serving of cereal, 2/3 c skim milk and fruit daily for 2 wks. Body weight, DEXA body composition, and circumference measurements were obtained at 0 and 2 weeks and were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. After 2 wks, women lost 2.9±2.6 lbs (p&lt;0.001), with the control group losing significantly more weight than Special K® (‐3.6±2.9 lbs vs. ‐2.2±2.0; p=0.026). Women reduced waist circumference (‐0.4±1.0 in; p=0.003), with no significant difference between groups. No significant effects of time or group were observed for fat mass, % body fat or hip circumference. Results show that replacing two meals daily for 2 wks with a 100 kcal serving of either Special K® Original or a whole grain RTE cereal, served with skim milk and fruit, can help reduce body weight and waist circumference. Supported by General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition.

Religion and Autism: Initiating an Interdisciplinary Conversation

“Imagine what it's like. A person smiles at you—you're confused because you don't understand a smile. You can't get your usual breakfast cereal—your whole day is in disarray because you can't cope ...

A 10-s sprint performed prior to moderate-intensity exercise prevents early post-exercise fall in glycaemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes

We investigated whether a 10-s maximal sprint effort performed immediately prior to moderate-intensity exercise provides another means to counter the rapid fall in glycaemia associated with moderate-intensity exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Seven complication-free type 1 diabetic males (21.6 +/- 3.6 years; mean+/-SD) with HbA(1c) levels of 7.4 +/- 0.7% injected their normal morning insulin dose and ate their usual breakfast. When post-meal glycaemia fell to approximately 11 mmol/l, participants were asked to perform a 10-s all-out sprint (sprint trial) or to rest (control trial) immediately before cycling at 40% of peak rate of oxygen consumption for 20 min, with both trials conducted in a random counterbalanced order. Sprinting did not affect the rapid fall in glycaemia during the subsequent bout of moderate-intensity exercise (2.9 +/- 0.4 mmol/l in 20 min; p = 0.00; mean+/-SE). However, during the following 45 min of recovery, glycaemia in the control trial decreased by 1.23 +/- 0.60 mmol/l (p = 0.04) while remaining stable in the sprint trial, subsequently decreasing in this latter trial at a rate similar to that in the control trial. The large increase in noradrenaline (norepinephrine) (p = 0.005) and lactate levels (p = 0.0005) may have contributed to the early post-exercise stabilisation of glycaemia in the sprint trial. During recovery, adrenaline (epinephrine) and NEFA levels increased marginally in the sprint trial, but other counter-regulatory hormones did not change significantly (p < 0.05). A 10-s sprint performed immediately prior to moderate-intensity exercise prevents glycaemia from falling during early recovery from moderate-intensity exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

A Palatinose-Based Balanced Formula Improves Glucose Tolerance, Serum Free Fatty Acid Levels and Body Fat Composition

Palatinose is a disaccharide present in honey, which has the characteristics of delayed digestion and absorption. We developed a palatinose-based balanced formula (PBF) and reported its beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome-related parameters in rats. To examine the effects of PBF in humans, we here conducted a crossover study using twenty-three subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The subjects were divided into two groups: intervention to control (I/C) and control to intervention (C/I) groups. The I/C group consumed PBF (250 kcal) together with foods that were 250 kcal less than their usual breakfast (intervention meal) for the first 12 weeks, followed by their usual breakfast (control meal) for the last 12 weeks. The protocol for the C/I group was opposite in order: the control meal for the first 12 weeks, followed by the intervention meal for the last 12 weeks. In the first 12-week period, the intervention meal decreased 2-hr plasma glucose levels after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (-15.7 +/- 20.1% change), while the control meal did not (0.8 +/- 31.6% change). The difference between these changes was significant (p = 0.038). The similar results were obtained from the comparison of the changes between the first and the last 12-week periods in the two groups combined (intervention vs control: -11.8 +/- 22.5 vs 11.2 +/- 30.2% change, p = 0.024). PBF also had the beneficial effects on serum free fatty acids levels and visceral fat area. In conclusion, PBF consumption has beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome-related parameters in humans.

The 10-s Maximal Sprint

To investigate whether a short maximal sprint can provide another means to counter the rapid fall in glycemia associated with moderate-intensity exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes and therefore decrease the risk of early postexercise hypoglycemia. In the study, seven male subjects with type 1 diabetes injected their normal insulin dose and ate their usual breakfast. When their postprandial glycemia fell to approximately 11 mmol/l, they pedaled at 40% Vo(2peak) for 20 min on a cycle ergometer then immediately engaged in a maximal 10-s cycling sprint (sprint trial) or rested (control trial); the sprint and rest trials were administered in a counterbalanced order. Moderate-intensity exercise resulted in a significant fall (P < 0.05) in glycemia in both trials (means +/- SE: 3.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.5 mmol/l for sprint and control, respectively). The subsequent short cycling sprint opposed a further fall in glycemia for 120 min, whereas in the absence of a sprint, glycemia decreased further (3.6 +/- 1.22 mmol/l; P < 0.05) after exercise. The stabilization of glycemia in the sprint trial was associated with elevated levels of catecholamines, growth hormone, and cortisol. In contrast, these hormones remained at stable or near-stable levels in the control trial. Changes in insulin and free fatty acid levels were similar in the sprint and control trials. These results suggest that after moderate-intensity exercise, it is preferable for young individuals with insulin-treated, complication-free type 1 diabetes to engage in a 10-s maximal sprint to acutely oppose a further fall in glycemia than to only rest. The addition of the sprint after moderate-intensity exercise provides another means to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in active individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Comparison of two diagnostic tests for gestational diabetes in predicting macrosomia

To validate a diagnostic test for gestational diabetes which predicts the risk of macrosomia. A prospective study was carried out among 354 women at risk for gestational diabetes to compare two glucose tests diagnosing pregnancies at risk of macrosomia. The "practical" test consisted in glucose measurement in the fasting state and two hours after an usual breakfast and the "reference" test was the test proposed in France (O'Sullivan test with or without a 100 g oral glucose tolerance test). Both tests were made between the 24(th) and 28(th) week of gestation. Women at high risk for macrosomia were treated. The first assessment criterion was macrosomia (babies large for gestational age). Because of the presence of women treated for gestational diabetes in our sample, the sensitivity and specificity of the tests in diagnosing pregnancies at risk of macrosomia were calculated using either the incidence of macrosomia observed in our population, or the incidence of macrosomia observed theoretically in the absence of treatment (22% in literature). Macrosomia was diagnosed in 49 neonates (14%). The "practical" test was significantly more sensitive than the reference test (respectively 46.9% versus 16.3%, p=0.0001 in the first case, and 54.3% versus 20.1%, p=0.0001 in the second case). The "reference" test was significantly more specific than the "practical" test (respectively 80% versus 68.2%, p=0.0001 in the first case, and 80.6% versus 70%, p=0.0001 in the second case). Our study shows that the simplified "practical" test is more sensitive than the "reference" test currently used in France in screening women at risk of macrosomia.

Perceptions and reasons for choice of fat- and fibre-containing foods by Swedish schoolchildren

This study investigated schoolchildren's breakfast choices focusing on their reported usual intake and perceptions of fat-reduced or fibre-enriched alternatives. A total of 184 eleven- to fifteen-year-old were asked to participate, and 181 completed the study. Using pictures of food items, the children were instructed to reproduce their usual breakfast, and then breakfasts that would be: healthy, tasty, consumed by their parents, or approved by their parents. Participants' usual breakfast included breads and breakfast cereals containing a higher fibre content than that of the breakfast reported as most palatable. Their usual breakfast also contained products with less fibre than was the case for their healthy or perceived parental norm breakfasts. This may be interpreted as evidence that high-fibre bread and breakfast cereals are perceived as healthy but that consumption of these products is limited by palatability. In contrast to the ambivalence towards cereal products, corresponding disagreements between breakfasts were not observed for milk, and only a small systematic disagreement was observed for spread. Thus, the majority consumed the kind of milk and spread perceived as being healthy, tasty and parentally sanctioned despite the fact that full-fat products were frequently consumed. In conclusion, the results suggest that taste may be a barrier to consumption of high-fibre products, while consumption of low-fat products appears to be impeded by health beliefs.

Bioequivalence of a propylene glycol-based liquid dapsone preparation and dapsone tablets.

The bioequivalence of a proprietary liquid dapsone preparation and commercially available dapsone tablets was studied. Twelve adult volunteers received dapsone doses with 8 oz of water one to two hours after their usual breakfast. Each subject received an initial 100-mg dose of a propylene glycol-based liquid preparation of dapsone and, two weeks later, a 100-mg dapsone tablet (both from Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, Princeton, NJ). Blood samples were collected before and at intervals up to 96 hours after the administration of each dose. Serum dapsone concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic values were calculated by model-independent analysis. The area under the concentration-versus-time curve and the maximum serum concentration for the two formulations met the criteria for bioequivalence. Time to maximum serum concentration tended to be lower for the liquid, but not significantly. The liquid and tablet formulations of dapsone studied were found to be bioequivalent and may be used interchangeably.

Initiating the Ketogenic Diet Without the Traditional Fasting Period

Although the ketogenic diet has existed for over 75 years, the exact mechanism of action is still unknown. In 1921, R.M. Wilder, MD theorized that the ketosis and acidosis resulting from minimal caloric intake produced an anticonvulsant effect. Since then, other investigators have validated the efficacy of the ketogenic diet and it has become a more common therapy for children with intractable seizures. The classic ketogenic diet involves an initial period of starvation that is followed by a diet consisting of a 3:1 or 4:1 ratio of fat grams to grams of carbohydrate and protein. The purpose of the fasting phase is to stimulate ketogenisis and to initiate hunger which will encourage the child to consume the diet. Studies have shown that during the fasting period, children can become hypoglycemic and too ketotic. At least one death has been reported during the fasting period of the diet. Medication levels are often unstable during fasting which can cause nausea, vomiting and irritability. For these reasons the ketogenic diet is started at our facility without the traditional fasting phase. On the morning of admission to the hospital, the child is allowed to eat his/her usual breakfast at home (omitting concentrated sweets). Upon admission to the hospital the child is fed ketogenic meals totaling l/3rd of his/her total daily caloric diet goal. On day 2 of admission the child is fed 2/3rds of his/her total daily caloric goal. Full calories are provided on day 3. The medical charts of eleven consecutive children were reviewed and the highest level of urine ketones registered for each of the three days was recorded. Ketone levels were measured with urinalysis reagent strips and indicated as negative/trace/small/moderate/large. By day 3 100% ( 11) of the children had registered large urine ketones on 2 or more readings. We feel our practice has allowed a smooth transition to the ketogenic diet while minimizing hypoglycemia, excessive ketosis, nausea, and inpatient hospital days.

Preanalytical Factors (Biological Variation) and the Measurement of Serum Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Humans: Influence of the Time of Day, Food Intake, and Physical and Psychological Stress

Adhesion proteins such as soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) may be important markers for early atherosclerosis and some other diseases. To devise optimum specimen collection procedures, we investigated the effects on serum sICAM-1 of several preanalytical factors (factors that occur before a specimen is analyzed) such as the time of the day, food ingestion, and physical and psychological stress. Three sets of experiments were conducted: (a) 30 subjects were investigated during the morning, after an overnight fast, and then after the usual breakfast and at 1200; (b) 20 subjects were studied before and after exposure to thermal stress (sauna + swimming in ice-cold water); and (c) 15 volunteers were investigated after their driving license examination and during a (stress-free) control session. Conventional methods and kits were used to determine the blood picture and serum sICAM-1. All of these preanalytical factors induced a significant increase ( approximately 10%) in the concentration of sICAM-1. It is advisable to consider timing, food intake, and stress when collecting specimens and analyzing data on the concentration of sICAM-1 in serum.

Short-term variability in the concentration of serum interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor in subjectively healthy persons.

The effects of the time of the day and breakfast on the outcome of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor in serum were studied on 22 subjectively health volunteers. We collected blood specimens at 8.00 a.m. after an overnight fast, at 9.30 a.m. after usual breakfast, and at 11.30 a.m. A second group of volunteers (n = 20) was studied during the evening. We observed a significant decrease in the concentration of interleukin-6 after breakfast. This suggests that for assay of this analyte it is preferable to collect specimens after overnight fast. No changes were observed in the concentrations of interleukin-6 soluble receptor. Weak, but significant negative correlations were found between the age of the volunteers and the concentrations of interleukin-6 soluble receptor and between age and the ratio interleukin-6 soluble receptor/interleukin-6. The concentrations of interleukin-6 were positively and significantly correlated with age. The within-subject variability was 30% for interleukin-6, 13% for its receptor, and 33.1% for the ratio interleukin-6 soluble receptor/interleukin-6. The between-subject variability was 43.7% for interleukin-6, 22.2% for its receptor, and 60.2% for the ratio interleukin-6 soluble receptor/interleukin-6. The indices of individuality (ratio within-subject variability/between-subject variability) were calculated and found to be 0.69, 0.60, and 0.55 for interleukin-6, its soluble receptor, and the ratio interleukin-6 soluble receptor/interleukin-6, respectively. The implications of these indices with the use of health-related reference values is discussed.

Long-Term Effects of Dietary Diacylglycerols on Body Fat Metabolism in Man

This study was conducted to examine the long-term effects of dietary diacylglycerols (DG) on body fat in man. The fatty acid composition of DG used in this study was similar to that of triacylglycerols (TG). Healthy male subjects (27-49 years) were supplied their usual diet with 50g TG (15g for breakfast, 15g for lunch and 20g for dinner) a day. After a 4-week TG diet period, the subjects were divided into two groups to be supplied their usual breakfast with either 10g lipids of DG or TG. Every 4 weeks, the subjects visited the clinic for blood sampling, and had abdominal fats and liver fat determined by computed tomography (CT). In the DG diet group, body weight, body mass index and waist hip ratio decreased significantly after 12 week ingestion compared to the TG diet group. Fat in the abdominal region at the end of the DG diet decreased more than the end of the TG diet. The results for the liver CT/spleen CT ratio which is an indicator of liver fat content showed that fat in the liver had decreased significantly 8 and 12 week after ingestion in the DG diet group. A decreasing effect of DG on the amount of lipid of the liver in the DG diet group was clearly observed in the subjects with a greater reduction in free fatty acid in the serum. On the other hand, the amount of ketone body in the DG diet group was inclined to be higher than that in the TG diet group. Glucose and insulin in the serum increased significantly after the TG diet, but it did not increased during the period of examination in the DG diet group. These results showed that the DG diet improved insulin sensitivity and reduced visceral and liver fat by increasing β-oxidation in the liver. It can be considered that DG is an ideal source of energy, assuring less fat accumulation by decreasing serum insulin and fatty acids compared to TG.

Do children eat what they say? Validity of intended food choices among Native American school children.

To examine the agreement between school children's intended food choices and observed food choices. Native American students in the second through fifth grade completed a questionnaire that asked them to select from 10 paired food choices for a given meal or snack. Three weeks later students chose among foods identical to those on the questionnaire as part of their usual school lunch or breakfast over three consecutive days; afternoon snacks were also offered. Agreement between students' intended food choices and observed food choices was examined across 10 food pairs. The composite kappa coefficient between intended and observed food choices was 0.09 (95% confidence interval 0.06, 0.012), including virtually no agreement above that expected by chance. There were no differences in agreement by sex or grade. Intended food choices were not significantly associated with observed food choices. It is unclear whether intended food choices reflect nutrition knowledge, socially desirable responses, food preferences, or some other dimension of eating behavior. Although responsive to school-based nutrition interventions, the interpretation of changes in intended food choices must be clarified in future research.

Endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with type I diabetes.

The endothelium plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone. Although animal data show evidence for an impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in diabetes, human in vivo data are scarce. We investigated 11 type I diabetic patients and 11 matched healthy control subjects. The diabetic patients were selected on their relatively poor metabolic regulation (HbA1c > 8.5%), but none showed signs of microvascular complications. In all subjects, we recorded the forearm vasodilator responses to three different stimuli: 1) 5 min of forearm ischemia to obtain a maximal vasodilator response; 2) infusion of MCh into the brachial artery (dosages: 0.03-0.3-1.0 micrograms.min-1.100 ml-1 forearm volume) to evaluate endothelium-dependent vasodilation; and 3) intra-arterial infusion of SNP (dosages: 0.06-0.2-0.6 micrograms.min-1.100 ml-1) to evaluate endothelium-independent vasodilation. The diabetic patients had their usual subcutaneous insulin dose and breakfast 90 min before the start of the test. Baseline levels of BP and FBF were similar in both groups. The PORH response was similar in both groups, with a percentage fall in FVR of 92 +/- 1% in diabetic patients and 94 +/- 1% in control subjects. In the control subjects, MCh infusions exerted a dose-dependent vasodilator response with a maximal fall in the FVR of 90 +/- 2%. The highest dose of SNP induced a fall in FVR of 81 +/- 6% in this group. In diabetic patients, the percentage decrements in FVR during the several dosages of MCh and SNP were similar when compared with the control group. We conclude that chronic hyperglycemia, as occurred in our patients with uncomplicated diabetes mellitus, does not impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation in vivo.