Usnea Longissima Research Articles

Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) feeding behavior in a degraded forest fragment: clues to a stressed population.

Rapid global deforestation has forced many of the world's primates to live in fragmented habitats, making the understanding of their behavioral responses to degraded and fragmented habitats a key challenge for their future protection and management. The black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) is an endangered species endemic to southwest China. The forest habitat ranges from near-continuous to fragmented. In this study, we investigated the activity budget and diet of a R. bieti population that live in an isolated and degraded habitat patch at Mt. Lasha in Yunnan Province, near the current southern limit of the species. We used our data along with data from six other sites in more-continuous habitats across its range to model factors that predict stress, including feeding effort and time feeding on lichens against potential predictive parameters. Models showed feeding effort across all sites increased with increasing altitude and latitude, and with decreasing food species diversity. There was also a strong positive relationship between feeding effort and time feeding lichens. The Mt. Lasha R. bieti population exploited a total of 36 food species, spending 80.2% of feeding time feeding on lichens, Bryoria spp. and Usnea longissima. These figures are more comparable to those living in the north than those living in the mid- and southern part of the species' range. Given the models for feeding effort and time feeding on lichens, the unexpectedly high time spend feeding on lichens and feeding effort relative to latitude and elevation are suggestive of a stressed population at Mt. Lasha.

In Vitro Screening of Natural Drug Potentials for Mass Production

Methanolic extracts of 16 plant species, used in herbal and traditional medicinal preparations, collected from the same geographic region (Golcuk-Seben/Bolu, Turkey) were evaluated for their relative total phenolic contents, total antioxidant activities and their mineral contents in both dried plant samples and methanolic extracts. These species included Hypericum perforatum L., Thymus sipyleus Boiss., Equisetum arvense L., Achillea millefolium L., Tanacetum parthenium L., Thymus leucostomus Hausskn. & Velen., Usnea longissima, Herniaria incana Boiss., Teucrium polium L., Stachys bithynica Boiss., Anthemis nobilis L., Sambucus ebulus L., Berberis vulgaris L., Malus communis Desf., Matricaria chamomilla L. and Scorzonera laciniata L. Spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH free radical scavenging activity methods were performed to detect the total phenolic contents and total antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts, respectively. The results show that the fruits of Berberis vulgaris L., have the highest antioxidant activity and aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium L. have the highest total phenolics (92.62%). Mineral contents were determined by inductively coupled – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All dried plant samples and methanolic extracts contained high amounts of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca. The highest levels of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca were found in Equisetum arvense L., Anthemis nobilis L., and Thymus sipyleus Boiss. dried plant samples, whereas Se was only detected in Usnea longissima. The highest levels of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca were found in the methanolic extracts of Usnea longissima, Anthemis nobilis L. and Thymus sipyleus Boiss. respectively.

Hematological, antioxidant and protective performance of Usnea longissima on chemical induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals

Hematological, antioxidant and protective performance of Usnea longissima on chemical induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of novel triazole hybrids of (+)-usnic acid, the major dibenzofuran metabolite of the lichen Usnea longissima.

(+)-Usnic acid ((R)-2,6-diacetyl-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyl-1,3(2H,9bH)-dibenzo-furandione), a dibenzofuran isolated from the lichen Usnea longissima, has been chemically transformed to synthesize a series of sixteen novel triazole analogs by click chemistry approach. The synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory potential against the cytokines TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-1[Formula: see text] in U937 cell lines. The bromo enamines (2a, 2b), azido enamines (3a, 3b) and triazole analogs (4f, 4g, 4h, 5f, 5g and 5h) exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity against TNF-[Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] values ranging from 1.40 to 5.70 [Formula: see text]M. Most significantly, the [Formula: see text] values of compounds 5f (1.40 [Formula: see text]M) and 5h (1.88 [Formula: see text]M) are the lowest among the compounds tested and found close to that of standard prednisolone. Hence, these two compounds can be considered as lead molecules for further fine tuning to make highly potent anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Himalayan Lichenized Fungi

The increase in the new strains of multi drug-resistant pathogens, the standard drugs have become less effective, thereby increasing the demand for the search of novel natural bioactive compounds from lichenized fungi. Despite rich diversity of lichenized fungi in Kumaon Himalaya, only a few of them have been screened for their biological activities. Present communication deals with antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of Everniastrum cirrhatum, Usnea longissima, Flavoparmelia caperata and Ramalina conduplicans against five pathogenic bacteria. Among these, U. longissima and F. caperata extracts have revealed significant activity against all the bacteria while U. longissima was more active against Escherichia coli (13.0 mm; MIC=7.5 mg/mL) and Bacillus subtilis (11.6 mm; MIC=7.5 mg/mL). The F. caperata extract was active against E. coli (15.3 mm; MIC=15 mg/mL). Hence, there is an interest in the potential uses of antibiotics derived from lichenized fungi for pharmaceutical purposes.

Usnic Acid Derivatives with Cytotoxic and Antifungal Activities from the Lichen Usnea longissima.

Eight usnic acid derivatives, that is, usenamines A-F (1-6), usone (7), and isousone (8), together with the known (+)-usnic acid (9), were isolated from the lichen Usnea longissima. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR and MS data, and the absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 2 were defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Compounds 1, 2, and 8 showed inhibitory effects on the growth of human hepatoma HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 6.0-53.3 μM compared with methotrexate as the positive control, which had an IC50 value of 15.8 μM. Furthermore, 1 induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 0-15.0 μM. The isolated compounds were also evaluated for their antifungal and antibacterial activities, with 7 and 8 exhibiting weak inhibitory effects on fungal Trichophyton rubrum spp. with an MIC value of 41.0 μM.

Phenolic constituents from lichen Usnea longissima

Sixteen compounds were isolated from lichen Usnea longissima using of various chromatographic techniques including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, and semi-preparative HPLC. By spectroscopic data analyses, their structures were identified by as useanol(1), lecanorin(2), 3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoate(3), lecanorin E(4), 3'-methylevernic acid(5), evernic acid(6), barbatinic acid(7), 3,7-dihydroxy-1,9-dimethyldibenzofuran(8), orcinol(9), O-methylorcinol(10), methyl orsellinate(11), methyl everninate(12), 2,5-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol(13), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoic acid(14), ethyl everninate(15), and ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate(16). Compound 1 was obtained as a natural product for the first time, and 3,4, 8,10,12, and 13 were isolated from Usneaceae family for the first time. Compound 1, 8, and 13 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity against NO production in RAW 267.4 cells with IC₅₀ values of 6.8, 3.9 and 4.8 μmol•L⁻¹, respectively, compared with the positive controls curcumin(IC₅₀ 15.3 μmol•L⁻¹) and indomethacin(IC₅₀ 42.9 μmol•L⁻¹).

From GenBank to GBIF: Phylogeny-Based Predictive Niche Modeling Tests Accuracy of Taxonomic Identifications in Large Occurrence Data Repositories.

Accuracy of taxonomic identifications is crucial to data quality in online repositories of species occurrence data, such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), which have accumulated several hundred million records over the past 15 years. These data serve as basis for large scale analyses of macroecological and biogeographic patterns and to document environmental changes over time. However, taxonomic identifications are often unreliable, especially for non-vascular plants and fungi including lichens, which may lack critical revisions of voucher specimens. Due to the scale of the problem, restudy of millions of collections is unrealistic and other strategies are needed. Here we propose to use verified, georeferenced occurrence data of a given species to apply predictive niche modeling that can then be used to evaluate unverified occurrences of that species. Selecting the charismatic lichen fungus, Usnea longissima, as a case study, we used georeferenced occurrence records based on sequenced specimens to model its predicted niche. Our results suggest that the target species is largely restricted to a narrow range of boreal and temperate forest in the Northern Hemisphere and that occurrence records in GBIF from tropical regions and the Southern Hemisphere do not represent this taxon, a prediction tested by comparison with taxonomic revisions of Usnea for these regions. As a novel approach, we employed Principal Component Analysis on the environmental grid data used for predictive modeling to visualize potential ecogeographical barriers for the target species; we found that tropical regions conform a strong barrier, explaining why potential niches in the Southern Hemisphere were not colonized by Usnea longissima and instead by morphologically similar species. This approach is an example of how data from two of the most important biodiversity repositories, GenBank and GBIF, can be effectively combined to remotely address the problem of inaccuracy of taxonomic identifications in occurrence data repositories and to provide a filtering mechanism which can considerably reduce the number of voucher specimens that need critical revision, in this case from 4,672 to about 100.

Optimisation and establishment of separation conditions of organic acids from Usnea longissima Ach. by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography: Discussion of the eluotropic sequence

The major bioactive constituents of Usnea longissima Ach. are organic acids. However, few recent literatures involve the preparative separation of these organic acids. In the present study, pH zone-refining counter-current chromatography is used to separate organic acids from crude sample of U. longissima Ach. The crude extract was separated with the two-phase solvent system Pet–EtAc–MeOH–H2O (5:5:3:7, v/v) with 10mM TFA in organic stationary phase and different concentration of the eluter in aqueous mobile phase for the screening of the most suitable separation conditions. From the crude extract (1.2g), 74.0mg of orsellinic acid at 92.7% purity, 55.5mg of 4-O-methylorsellinic acid at 97.7% purity, 353.5mg of evernic acid at 93.8% purity, 102.0mg of barbatic acid at 94.8% purity, 19.4mg of diffractaic acid at 92.2% purity, and 44.9mg of usnic acid at 95.7% purity were obtained using the selected conditions in which the concentration of TFA in stationary phase was 10mM and the concentration of NaOH in mobile phase was 10–20mM. The purities of the separated organic acids were measured by HPLC. And the data of electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (ESI–LC/MS), 1H NMR, and 13C NMR were used for confirming chemical structures.

New or Interesting Lichens from the Limousin Region (Western Massif Central, France)

Abstract: Mies, B. A. 2015. New or interesting lichens from the Limousin region (Western Massif Central, France). — Herzogia 28: 473–483. The mountainous landscape of Limousin region (Massif Central, France), swept by an Atlantic climate and high precipitation, bears a rich lichen flora with 43 lichens worthy of mention. Platismatia norvegica and Micarea farinosa are new species for the lichen biota of France and continental Europe, and Arthothelium spectabile, Naetrocymbe fraxinii and Usnea longissima are new to central and western France. These are also new records for the three Departments, Creuse (no. 23), Haute-Vienne (no. 87) and Correze (no. 19), as well as Arthonia vinosa, Arthopyrenia persoonii, Bacidina phacodes, Bunodophoron melanocarpum, Calicium glaucellum, Callome multipartita, Flavocetraria cucullata, Graphis inustuloides, Lecanora cadubriae, Melanohalea elegantula, Mycomicrothelia confusa, Psilolechia clavulifera and Zwackhia viridis. Confirmation of pre-1959 records for one of the three D...

Contribution to the Lichen Biota of the Romanian Carpathians

Malíček, J., Bouda, F., Liška, J., Palice, Z. & Peksa, O. 2015. Contribution to the lichen biota of the Romanian Carpathians. — Herzogia 28: 713–735.We present floristic data from 82 localities mainly from eight mountain ranges of the Romanian Carpathians (Făgăraş, Parâng, Cindrel, Harghita, Hăşmaş, Bihor, Maramureş and Rodna). The main habitats investigated were subalpine and alpine communities, beech and spruce forests, and limestone areas at lower altitudes. During four field expeditions, 364 lichenized and three lichenicolous fungi were recorded. Thirty-seven taxa are new for Romania. Biatora subduplex, Helocarpon pulverulum, Lecanora filamentosa, L. flavoleprosa, Lecidea huxariensis, Leucocarpia biatorella, Myriospora dilatata, Pertusaria borealis, Placynthium dolichoterum, Reichlingia leopoldii, Rhizocarpon carpaticum and Vezdaea stipitata are new for southeastern Europe. Lecanora flowersiana is reported for the first time from Europe. Candelariella commutata, Cetrelia chicitae, Lecanora cinereofusca, Leptogium hildenbrandii, Psoroma tenue var. borealis, Rinodina roscida and Usnea longissima are either phytogeographically remarkable or very rare taxa.

Response of the nitrogen‐fixing lichen Lobaria pulmonaria to phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium

Nitrogen‐fixing lichens (cyanolichens) are an important source of nitrogen (N) in Pacific Northwest forests, but limitation of lichen growth by elements essential for N fixation is poorly understood. To investigate how nutrient limitation may affect cyanolichen growth rates, we fertilized a tripartite cyanobacterial lichen (Lobaria pulmonaria) and a green algal non‐nitrogen fixing lichen (Usnea longissima) with the micronutrients molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V), both known cofactors for enzymes involved in N fixation, and the macronutrient phosphorus (P). We then grew treated lichens in the field for one year in western Oregon, USA. Lichen growth was very rapid for both species and did not differ across treatments, despite a previous demonstration of P‐limitation in L. pulmonaria at a nearby location. To reconcile these disparate findings, we analyzed P, Mo, and V concentrations, natural abundance δ15N isotopes, %N and change in thallus N in Lobaria pulmonaria from both growth experiments. Nitrogen levels in deposition and in lichens could not explain the large difference in growth or P limitation observed between the two studies. Instead, we provide evidence that local differences in P availability may have caused site‐specific responses of Lobaria to P fertilization. In the previous experiment, Lobaria had low background levels of P, and treatment with P more than doubled growth. In contrast, Lobaria from the current experiment had much higher background P concentrations, similar to P‐treated lichens in the previous experiment, consistent with the idea that ambient variation in P availability influences the degree of P limitation in cyanolichens. We conclude that insufficient P, Mo, and V did not limit the growth of either cyanolichens or chlorolichens at the site of the current experiment. Our findings point to the need to understand landscape‐scale variation in P availability to cyanolichens, and its effect on spatial patterns of cyanolichen nutrient limitation and N fixation.

Hepatoprotective effect of diffractaic acid on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats

This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of diffractaic acid isolated from a lichen species, Usnea longissima, at 3 doses, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic damage. For this purpose, 40 Wistar albino rats were divided in 5 groups, including 3 experimental and 2 control ones, and 0.2 mL/kg of CCl4 in olive oil (1:5 v/v) was injected daily for 6 weeks intraperitoneally. After the liver injury, diffractaic acid was applied at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 7 days. The group given physiologic saline (0.2 mL/kg) was used as a control group. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, creatinine, urea, direct and total bilirubin and C-reactive protein levels were also evaluated in the serum samples obtained from the rat groups. Liver tissues were removed and were examined histopathologically following staining with hematoxylin–eosin. The results showed that 50 mg/kg daily dose of diffractaic acid could be considered to have hepatoprotective effect by ameliorating the studied biochemical parameters and tissue histological structures. However, 100 and 200 mg/kg of diffractaic acid acted as hepatotoxin and did not show any hepatoprotective effect. Thus, diffractaic acid could be potentially used as a hepatoprotective agent at a low dose (50 mg/kg) against acute liver toxicity induced by CCl4.

Application of molecular markers to detect DNA damage caused by environmental pollutants in lichen species.

Pseudevernia furfuracea L. (Zopf), Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf, Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., and Usnea longissima Ach. lichen species were used as bioindicators to assess the genotoxicity of air pollutants. In the present study, we examined significant environmetal pollutants and investigate how changes may lead to damage in DNA structure using RAPD markers. In the study area (Erzurum, Turkey), poor-quality lignite, which generates a large amount of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle matter, is used for domestic heating, and vehicles also contribute to air pollution. Control lichen samples were collected far from large urban and industrial settlements and transplanted to four polluted sites for 4, 8, or 12 months. The total soluble protein content of the examined four lichen species did not significantly change with exposure time (P < 0.05). The four lichen samples exposed to the pollutants for 8 months had the highest ratio of DNA changes. The ratio of band differences in P. praetextata was higher than that in the other three lichen species, possibly because it has broad leaves that accumulated more pollutants. The average incidences of polymorphism were 64.14, 54.58, 65.76, and 43.06% for P. furfuracea, P. praetextata, L. pulmonaria, and U. longissima, respectively. The genomic template stability (GTS) significantly decreased following exposure to pollutants. GTS ratios revealed that the highest value (98.36%) belonged to U. longissima samples from Site 1 (10 m) after 4 months of exposure, and the lowest values belonged to P. praetextata (73.58%) from Site 3 (100 m) after 8 months of exposure. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of P. praetextata as an indicator of genotoxicity.

Three New Non-reducing Polyketide Synthase Genes from the Lichen-Forming Fungus Usnea longissima

Usnea longissima has a long history of use as a traditional medicine. Several bioactive compounds, primarily belonging to the polyketide family, have been isolated from U. longissima. However, the genes for the biosynthesis of these compounds are yet to be identified. In the present study, three different types of non-reducing polyketide synthases (UlPKS2, UlPKS4, and UlPKS6) were identified from a cultured lichen-forming fungus of U. longissima. Phylogenetic analysis of product template domains showed that UlPKS2 and UlPKS4 belong to group IV, which includes the non-reducing polyketide synthases with an methyltransferase (MeT) domain that are involved in methylorcinol-based compound synthesis; UlPKS6 was found to belong to group I, which includes the non-reducing polyketide synthases that synthesize single aromatic ring polyketides, such as orsellinic acid. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis demonstrated that UlPKS2 and UlPKS4 were upregulated by sucrose; UlPKS6 was downregulated by asparagine, glycine, and alanine.

Isolation and identification of a new benzofuranone derivative from Usnea longissima

A new benzofuranone derivative, ethyl 2-(3,3-bis(7-acetyl-4,6-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzofuran-2-yl)acryloyl) (1), together with seven known compounds (2–8), was isolated from Usnea longissima. Their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments, UV, IR, EI-MS and HR-ESI-MS analysis.

The synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities of hydroxyphenylimino ligands and their metal complexes of usnic acid isolated from Usnea longissima

Novel multifunctional hydroxyphenylimino ligands (L1, L2 and L3) were synthesized by the condensation of 2-aminophenol, 3-aminophenol and 4-aminophenol with usnic acid, a lichen metabolite. The synthesized ligands and their Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II) complexes were characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, 1D- and 2D NMR (DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC), LC-MS and TGA. In addition, the metal complexes of the novel ligands were prepared with high yields using Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II) salts and were characterized using the FT-MIR/FAR, UV-Vis, elemental analysis, ICP-OES and TG/DTA techniques. The ligands and their complexes were tested against ten important pathogen microorganisms using the disc diffusion method and the metal complexes of the ligands were more active against all of the microorganisms tested with a broad spectrum than the ligands exhibiting 11–32 mm inhibition zones. On the other hand, a broad spectrum of the strongest antimicrobial activity was determined for the Mn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the hydroxyphenylimino ligand with usnic acid (L3). In addition, the antimutagenic activities of all of the ligands and their metal complexes were determined using the Ames-Salmonella and E. coli WP2 microbial assay systems and they showed varied and strong antimutagenic effects. In general, it has been found that the Co and Mn complexes of the ligands possess potent antimutagenic activity. In view of these results, it can be concluded that some metal complexes can be used as antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Effects of logging on the threatened epiphytic lichen Usnea longissima: an experimental approach

Usnea longissima Ach. is a circumboreal epiphytic lichen draping tree canopies in moist coastal and mountainous forests. It is extinct from many European and North-American localities, presum- ably due to industrial forestry and air pollution, but still has a stronghold in parts of Scandinavia andU.S. �andCanadianPacificNorthwest. �In �2005/06 �weusedacomparativeandretrospective � approachtoeval uatehowpresentandhistorictreeandstandcharacteristicsinfluencedtheoccur- rence and abundance of the lichen (Storaunet et al. 2008). In 2012, we re-inventoried ten Norway spruce forest stands with 401 U. longissima-bearing trees and recorded changes in the number of U. longissima thalli. Seven of the stands had been experimentally, selectively logged 5-8 years before,�wherethelichen-bearingtreeshadbeenmarkedinthefieldandwereavoidedduringthe � logging operation. Total number of lichen-bearing trees decreased slightly (2.9%), whereas the number of thalli had increased with 34%. Number of thalli increased more where the forest was open (low basal area, m 2 ha -1 ) whether or not the low tree density was caused by the logging events. At high tree densities the change in number of thalli was negligible. We suggest that selective logging, securing lichen-bearing trees, may be a viable management option to keep tree density from becoming too dense, thereby enhancing growth and establishment of U. longissima.

Genetic variation and reproductive mode in two epiphytic lichens of conservation concern: a transatlantic study ofEvernia divaricataandUsnea longissima

North European epiphytic lichens are often genetically impoverished compared with their North American counterparts. This has been hypothesized to impede sexual reproduction due to reduced chances of finding compatible mating type partners. We compared genetic variation and reproductive mode in two threatened Scandinavian lichens, Evernia divaricata and Usnea longissima, with more viable populations in North America to see (i) if these species also show genetical depletion in northern Europe and (ii) if the occurrence of sexual propagules (ascospores in apothecia) is more prevalent in genetically diverse populations. Genetic variation of the fungal component was assessed by sequencing two nuclear rDNA gene regions (ITS and IGS) in 1005 and 1477 thalli, collected from 92 and 160 localities of E. divaricata and U. longissima, respectively. Scandinavian populations of both species were almost devoid of genetic variation compared with much higher genetic diversity in North America. We found no support for the proposed relationship between genetic diversity and fertility. Fertile thalli were found in several genetically invariable populations. Fertility increased with population size and regional abundance in E. divaricata, but not in U. longissima. In Scandinavia, E. divaricata was more fertile than previously recorded, whereas all sampled populations of U. longissima were sterile and possibly clonal.

In-vitro evaluation of some Indian lichens against human pathogenic bacteria

Antimicrobial activity of the acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts of some common lichen species such as Usnea longissima Ach., Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm. and Sulcaria sulcata (Lev.) Bystr. ex Brodo & D. Hawksw., were screened in vitro against six clinically important pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli by Kirby-Bauer technique of disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was taken out by Broth micro dilution method according to the NCCLS guidelines. Acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts of the investigated lichens showed relatively strong antimicrobial activity against all the gram positive bacteria and two gram negative bacteria. It was found that the inhibition zone of tested bacteria against lichen extracts varied between 7.6 – 30.7 mm diameters. The lowest MIC value was observed to be as low as 6.25 µg/ml against B. cereus of U. longissima. Generally the lichen extracts tested demonstrated antimicrobial effect which suggests a possibility of their use in treatment of various diseases caused by these and similar microorganisms.