Using User Datagram Protocol Research Articles

Secure and efficient device‐to‐device communication in IoT: The DMBSOA‐enhanced MQTT protocol

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in enhancing technology by facilitating data transfer, storage, control, and management across networks. Secure communication within IoT environments remains a significant challenge. This research aims to enhance IoT security by integrating Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and MQTT‐Sensor Network (MQTT‐SN) protocols with the Dual Mutation‐Based Seagull Optimization Algorithm (DMBSOA). MQTT, known for its lightweight and dependable messaging, is widely used in the IoT community but is vulnerable to cyber‐attacks, particularly concerning privacy and authentication. DMBSOA, inspired by seagulls' foraging behavior, optimizes MQTT settings to enhance security, reliability, and performance. The proposed model dynamically adjusts key parameters such as transmission frequency, Quality of service (QoS) levels, and message size to improve energy consumption, throughput, end‐to‐end delay, and packet delivery ratio. A comprehensive system model is presented, comprising publisher, subscriber, and broker nodes, with security mechanisms integrated into the broker to ensure data integrity, authentication, and encryption. MQTT operates over Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), while MQTT‐SN uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP), catering to resource‐constrained devices and low‐power modes. The proposed technique attained throughput (68 kB), energy consumption (120 mJ), security level (96%), energy efficiency (98.80%), path loss (22 dB), end‐to‐end delay (35 ms), processing time (230 s) and packet delivery ratio (0.98). The DMBSOA‐optimized MQTT protocol demonstrates superior performance compared to these models, highlighting its potential to meet the evolving demands of IoT security. This research underscores the effectiveness of DMBSOA in enhancing MQTT protocol security and efficiency, providing a promising solution for secure IoT communication.

Real Time Video Streaming Over Homogeneous Systems

Streaming videos from one device to another become more important due to the spread of mobile devices and social media applications. The process of sending video from one device to another have a set of challenges. The video must be delivered in time, otherwise the service quality will decrease. Packet drop and lip synchronization is another challenge that streaming video will encounter. Real Time Protocol (RTP) is a simple, lightweight protocol that used to perform video streaming with low burden. RTP uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in video transferring. This paper use streaming video through RTP over homogeneous systems and measure the Packet Loss Rate, Jitter, Out-of-Order Packets, Datagram Size, Packet Delivery Ratio, latency, and throughput. Four experiments were performed with (15, 30, 45, 60) seconds to check the effect on the previous measures. The results show that video jitter increases as streaming time increases, it also shows that latency and throughput doesn’t depend on the streaming period.

Packet transport for maritime communications: A streaming coded UDP approach

The maritime communication network (MCN) plays an important role in the 6th generation (6G) system development. In MCNs, packet transport over long-distance lossy links will be ubiquitous. Transmission control protocol (TCP), the dominant transport protocol in the past decades, have had performance issues in such links. In this paper, we propose a novel transport approach which uses user datagram protocol (UDP) along with a simple yet effective bandwidth estimator for congestion control, and with a proactive packet-level forward erasure correction (FEC) code called streaming code to provide low-delay loss recovery without data retransmissions at all. We show that the approach can effectively address two issues of the state-of-the-art TCP variants in the long-distance lossy links, namely 1) the low bandwidth utilization caused by the slow increase of the congestion window (CWND) due to long round-trip time (RTT) and the frequent CWND drop due to random and congestion losses, and 2) the high end-to-end in-order delivery delay when re-transmissions are incurred to recover lost packets. In addition, we show that the scheme's goodput has good smoothness and short-term intra-protocol fairness properties, which are beneficial for multimedia streaming and interactive applications that are prominent parts of today's wireless traffic.

Software in Loop Simulation based Waypoint Navigation for Fixed Wing UAV

Software in loop simulation (SILS) based waypoint navigation test platform being presented in this paper for fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle. The proposed platform helps to test waypoint navigation algorithm before implementing into real time environment. Matlab/Simulink and X-plane flight simulator are chosen for the proposed platform. The interface between these two platforms are done by using user datagram protocol (UDP). The waypoint navigation which is to be tested is run in Matlab/Simulink environment where as fixed wing model runs in X-plane simulator. Inverted T tail fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle configuration is chosen for this research work to verify both its inner loop (attitude control) and outer loop (navigation control). Navigation algorithm executed in Matlab/Simulink compares difference between current and desired latitude longitude position to command flight simulator to reach its desired waypoint. Navigation towards a desired waypoint will be achieved by varying inner loop attitude command of an unmanned aerial vehicle. Finally results are observed and performances are verified in X-plane simulator.

CoAP-Based Streaming Control for IoT Applications

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a representative messaging protocol for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It is noted that a lot of IoT-based streaming applications have been recently deployed. Typically, CoAP uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its underlying protocol for lightweight messaging. However, it cannot provide reliability, since it is based on UDP. Thus, the CoAP over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) was recently proposed so as to provide reliability. However, the existing schemes do not provide the error handling and flow controls suitably for IoT-based streaming applications. This tends to induce throughput degradation in wireless lossy networks. In this paper, we propose a CoAP-based streaming control (CoAP-SC) scheme, which is an extension of CoAP over UDP with error handling and flow control for throughput enhancement. The proposed CoAP-SC scheme is designed by considering the sequence number of data message, the use of ACK messages, and the buffer size of sending buffer. To do this, a new CoAP option is defined. For performance analysis, the proposed scheme is implemented and compared with the existing schemes. From the testbed experimentations in various network environments, we see that the proposed CoAP-SC scheme can provide better throughput than the existing CoAP-based schemes by performing the error handling and flow control operations effectively.

Performance Analysis and Evaluation of Software Defined Networking Controllers against Denial of Service Attacks

The Software defined networking (SDN) utilization within networking architecture represents a way of looking at how networks are configured, controlled, and operated. Managed services such as routing, load balancing, and security can be automated and centralized dynamically in SDN controllers. Controllers act as the centralized repository of policy and control instructions for the network that packets are transmitted through it. Any transmitted packets flooded from an attacker that intends to access the controller will result to Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Thus, this paper is devoted to simulate and examine the impact of DoS attack on the bandwidth of two different linked hosts (Server/client) by SDN controllers as POX, RYU, and Opendaylight (ODL) controllers. The network performance is tested and emulated by using different testing tools of simulation in Mininet such as Hping3, iperf, jperf, wireshark and miniedit. Also, the performances of the controllers against DoS attack proposed by different protocols using user datagram protocol (UDP) and transmission control protocol (TCP) which will be assess via OpenFlow switch.

Keyed User Datagram Protocol: Concepts and Operation of an Almost Reliable Connectionless Transport Protocol

Departing from the well-known problem of the excessive overhead and latency of connection oriented protocols, this paper describes a new almost reliable connectionless protocol that uses user datagram protocol (UDP) segment format and is UDP compatible. The problem is presented and described, the motivation, the possible areas of interest and the concept and base operation modes for the protocol named keyed UDP are presented (here called KUDP). Also, discussed are some of the possible manners in which the KUDP can be used, addressing potential problems related with current networking technologies. As UDP is a connectionless protocol, and KUDP allows for some degree of detection of loss and re-ordering of segments received out-of-sequence, we also present a proposal for a stream reconstruction algorithm. This paper ends by mentioning some of the research issues that still need to be addressed.

Comparative Analysis of Variants of Token Bucket Traffic Meter Algorithms for QoS Router using UDP as Traffic Agent

Traffic meter algorithms serve as a means of examining traffic stream’s conformance with service level agreement between customers (traffic sources) and Internet Service provider at the edge router of a differentiated service domain for proper quality of service admission control. This paper presented comparative analysis of variants of token bucket meter algorithms for QoS router using user datagram protocol (UDP) as traffic agents and exponential ON/OFF as traffic generator. The research adopted simulation technique to carry out the design of network models or topologies using the same parameter setting to implement the algorithm of token bucket variants of traffic meter. The following metrics were used for the evaluation: throughput, fairness rate, loss rate and one-way packet delay. The evaluated results were ranked and further subjected to 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) model to indicate the significant differences among the traffic meter algorithms. Based on ranking system, TRTCM was ranked first in terms of throughput (with 67117) and fairness rate (with 0.2586) and TBM was ranked first in terms of loss rate (with 74.003) and one-way packet delay (with 0.09304). The 2-way ANOVA model showed the significant differences among the traffic meter algorithms considered for the simulation.

Adaptation of the humanoid robot to speech disfluency therapy

Abstract The paper describes an application that allows to use a humanoid robot as a stutterer’s assistant and therapist. Auditory and visual feedback has been used in the therapy with a humanoid robot. For this purpose, the common method of “echo” was modified. The modification is that the speaker hears delayed speech sounds uttered by the robot. The sounds of speech coming from an external microphone are captured and delayed by a computer and then, using User Datagram Protocol (UDP), sent to the robot’s system and played in its speakers. This system allows the elimination of negative feedback and external sound field’s noise. The effect of this therapy is enhanced by the fact that, in addition to the effect, relating to the action of the delayed feedback, the speaker has company during the difficult process of speaking. Visual feedback has been realized as changes in the robot’s hand movements according to the shape of the speech signal envelope and possibility of controlling speech with a metronome effect.

FPGA based Multichannel Bit Error Rate Tester for Spacecraft Data Acquisition System

Bit Error Rate (BER) is a principle measure of data transmission link performance. BER tester (BERT) consists of a Pattern Generator and an Analyzer that can be set to the same pattern. The payload data transmitted from the spacecraft consists of one, two or three channels per carrier based on the modulation scheme. The traditional equipments can do BER analysis for only one channel at a time. In order to support multichannel BER analysis, a Personal Computer (PC) based system is designed and implemented in Altera Stratix II (EP2S130F1508C5N) FPGA. Ethernet is configured using WIZnet 5300 (Ethernet Controller) and it is used for communication between FPGA and PC with an application. Application is used to transmit the Pattern Generator’s configurations from PC to FPGA and to receive Analyzer’s status. Packet processing is done for this communication using User Datagram protocol (UDP). On the whole, traditional equipments are replaced by the designed and implemented bit error rate tester.

SPEECH RECOGNITION USING SOM AND ACTUATION VIA NETWORK IN MATLAB

This paper proposes a method of Speech recognition using Self Organizing Maps (SOM) and actuation through network in Matlab. The different words spoken by the user at client end are captured and filtered using Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm to remove the acoustic noise. FFT is taken for the filtered voice signal. The voice spectrum is recognized using trained SOM and appropriate label is sent to server PC. The client and the server communication are established using User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Microcontroller (AT89S52) is used to control the speed of the actuator depending upon the input it receives from the client. Real-time working of the prototype system has been verified with successful speech recognition, transmission, reception and actuation via network.

Performance Evaluation of Traffic Meters: Token Bucket Marker and Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM) QoS Admission Control

The key role of traffic meter for quality of service admission control internet is to control the amount of traffic injected into the differentiated service network so that congestion can be avoided to the barest minimum in order to meet certain performance requirements. This paper presents performance evaluation and analysis of two traffic meters: token bucket marker (TBM) and two rate three color marker (srTCM) QoS admission control using user datagram protocol (UDP) and transport control protocol (TCP) traffic agents. The performance measures used for the evaluation and analysis were throughput, fairness and losses. An in-depth study of the aforementioned admission control mechanisms that can enforce service level agreement (SLA) was carried out in order to suggest to the IETF which of the proposed meter would best provide QoS to users. A network simulator, ns-2.35 to be precise, was used to run the simulation to showcase the analysis and evaluation of the traffic meters. For TCP traffic agent, the analysis based on fairness, throughput and losses showed that the two rate three color marker with percentages 13.15 for fairness, 98.85 for throughput and 0.14 for losses was better in all ramification than the token bucket marker traffic meter with percentages of 12.50 for fairness, 96.66 for throughput and 1.34 losses. For UDP traffic, reverse was the case. The token bucker marker traffic meter with 24.54% of fairness, 62.69% of throughput and 37.37% of losses was better than the two rate three color marker traffic meter with 13.99% of fairness, 21.10% of throughput and 78.99% of losses.

Markov-chain-based output feedback control for stabilization of networked control systems with random time delays and packet losses

This paper proposes an output feedback method to stabilize and control networked control systems (NCSs). Random time delays and packet losses are treated separately when an NCS is modeled. The random time delays in the controller-to-actuator and sensor-to-controller links are modeled with two time-homogeneous Markov chains, while the packet losses are treated by the Dirac delta functions. An asymptotic mean-square stability criterion is established to compensate for the network-induced random time delays and packet losses in both the controller-to-actuator and sensor-to-controller links simultaneously. An algorithm to implement the asymptotic mean-square stability criterion is also proposed. Further, a DC-motor speed-control test bed with Ethernet using User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is constructed and employed for experimental verification. Two sets of experiments, with and without 10% packet losses in the links, are conducted on this NCS. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed output feedback method compared to conventional controllers. This method could compensate for the effects of the random time delays and packet losses and guarantee the system performance and stability. The integral time and absolute error (ITAE) of the experiments without packet losses is reduced by 13% with the proposed method, and the ITAE of experiments with 10% packet losses, by 30%. The NCS can track the reference command faithfully with the proposed method when random time delays and packet losses exist in the links, whereas the NCS fails to track the reference command with the conventional control algorithms.

ASA: agent-based secure ARP cache management

Address resolution protocol (ARP) is widely used to maintain mapping between data link (e.g. MAC) and network (e.g. IP) layer addresses. Although most hosts rely on automated and dynamic management of ARP cache entries, current implementation is well-known to be vulnerable to spoofing or denial of service (DoS) attacks. There are many tools that exploit vulnerabilities of ARP protocols, and past proposals to address the weaknesses of the ‘original’ ARP design have been unsatisfactory. Suggestions that ARP protocol definition be modified would cause serious and unacceptable compatibility problems. Other proposals require customised hardware be installed to monitor malicious ARP traffic, and many organisations cannot afford such cost. This study demonstrates that one can effectively eliminate most threats caused by the ARP vulnerabilities by installing anti-ARP spoofing agent (ASA), which intercepts unauthenticated exchange of ARP packets and blocks potentially insecure communications. The proposed approach requires neither modification of kernel ARP software nor installation of traffic monitors. Agent uses user datagram protocol (UDP) packets to enable networking among hosts in a transparent and secure manner. The authors implemented agent software on Windows XP and conducted an experiment. The results showed that ARP hacking tools could not penetrate hosts protected by ASA.

Simulation and Analysis of Packet Loss in User Datagram Protocol Transfers

Understanding packet loss patterns in Internet Protocol (IP) networks is important for achieving the desired quality of service in multimedia transfers. In this paper, we study the loss patterns in video transfers using User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in a congested packet network. We use trace-driven ns-2 simulations to collect packet loss traces in networks, and we apply wavelet analysis to investigate the behavior of packet loss on various time-scales. We show that time-scales are essential for understanding loss behavior and that packet loss exhibits long-range dependence over the coarser time-scales.