User Reliance Research Articles

The EMBL-EBI Job Dispatcher sequence analysis tools framework in 2024.

The EMBL-EBI Job Dispatcher sequence analysis tools framework (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/jdispatcher) enables the scientific community to perform a diverse range of sequence analyses using popular bioinformatics applications. Free access to the tools and required sequence datasets is provided through user-friendly web applications, as well as via RESTful and SOAP-based APIs. These are integrated into popular EMBL-EBI resources such as UniProt, InterPro, ENA and Ensembl Genomes. This paper overviews recent improvements to Job Dispatcher, including its brand new website and documentation, enhanced visualisations, improved job management, and a rising trend of user reliance on the service from low- and middle-income regions.

Humans in XAI: increased reliance in decision-making under uncertainty by using explanation strategies

IntroductionAlthough decision support systems (DSS) that rely on artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly provide explanations to computer and data scientists about opaque features of the decision process, especially when it involves uncertainty, there is still only limited attention to making the process transparent to end users.MethodsThis paper compares four distinct explanation strategies employed by a DSS, represented by the social agent Floka, designed to assist end users in making decisions under uncertainty. Using an economic experiment with 742 participants who make lottery choices according to the Holt and Laury paradigm, we contrast two explanation strategies offering accurate information (transparent vs. guided) with two strategies prioritizing human-centered explanations (emotional vs. authoritarian) and a baseline (no explanation).Results and discussionOur findings indicate that a guided explanation strategy results in higher user reliance than a transparent strategy. Furthermore, our results suggest that user reliance is contingent on the chosen explanation strategy, and, in some instances, the absence of an explanation can also lead to increased user reliance.

Digital Transformation of Advertising: Trends, Strategies, and Evolving User Preferences in Online Advertising

This study discusses the evolving trends in online advertising, diverse marketing models, and changing user needs. From the early development of the Internet, especially in the early 1990s, to the emergence of numerous advertising formats, online advertising has become an integral part of modern marketing. Different types of online advertisements, such as banner ads, pop-up ads, video ads, native ads, search engine ads, and social media ads, fulfill different needs of advertisers. In addition, the study also explores diverse marketing models for online advertising, including pay-per-click, pay-per-thousand-displays, pay-per-action, affiliate marketing, targeted ads, and video ads, which provide more choices for advertisers. In terms of user characteristics and needs, as technology continues to evolve, user reliance on mobile devices increases, the use of ad-blocking and anti-advertising technologies rises, concerns about data privacy increase, social media becomes an important channel for advertising, and data analytics and ad-tracking technologies become increasingly critical. A user’s age, gender, geographic location, interests, purchase history, device and platform, social interactions, and privacy preferences are important in creating user profiles and target market analysis. In summary, online advertising plays a key role in the modern marketplace, providing advertisers with global advertising opportunities and the need to continually adapt to market and technological changes to maximize ad effectiveness.

Smart wearable devices for real-time health monitoring

Smartwatches have emerged as powerful tools for health monitoring in recent years. These wearable devices combine advanced technology with portability, enabling individuals to track various aspects of their health and well-being conveniently. Heart rate monitoring has several advantages. Many smartwatches are equipped with optical heart rate sensors that continuously monitor a user’s heart rate. This feature provides real-time data on heart rate variations, which can be crucial for identifying irregularities and assessing overall cardiovascular health. Activity tracking: Smartwatches often include accelerometers and gyroscopes that track physical activities such as steps taken, distance traveled, and calories burned. This information can aid in setting and achieving fitness goals. Sleep tracking:Some smartwatches offer sleep tracking features, recording sleep duration, quality, and patterns. These data help users understand their sleep habits and make improvements for better rest. Global positioning system (GPS) and location tracking: Integrated GPS allows users to track their outdoor activities accurately, including running and cycling. This feature not only measures performance but also enhances safety during workouts. Stress monitoring: Certain smartwatches include tools that measure stress levels through heart rate variability analysis. Users can learn to manage stress more effectively based on these data. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure monitoring:High-end smartwatches may include ECG and blood pressure monitoring capabilities. These features are particularly useful for individuals with heart conditions or hypertension. Notifications and alerts: Smartwatches can deliver notifications and alerts related to health goals, reminders to move, medication schedules, and emergencies. This functionality enhances user engagement and timely interventions. BENEFITS OF SMARTWATCHES IN HEALTH MONITORINGUnlike periodic doctor visits, smartwatches enable continuous health monitoring. Users can track their vital signs and activities throughout the day, providing a more comprehensive picture of their health. Smartwatches empower individuals to take control of their health. Users can make informed decisions about their lifestyle, exercise, and diet by providing real-time data. Smartwatches equipped with ECG and heart rate monitoring can detect irregularities and abnormalities early on. This early detection can be lifesaving for individuals at risk of heart-related conditions. Activity tracking and goal-setting features motivate users to engage in physical activities and maintain a healthier lifestyle. Achieving fitness goals can lead to increased motivation and adherence to healthier habits. Health data collected by smartwatches can be used to tailor fitness and wellness plans to an individual’s specific needs. This personalized approach can lead to more effective health improvements. LIMITATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONSAccuracy: While smartwatches offer valuable health data, their accuracy may vary. Factors such as skin type,device placement, and motion can affect the precision of measurements. Battery life: Continuous health monitoring can drain a smartwatch’s battery quickly. Users may need to recharge their devices frequently, potentially limiting the monitoring duration. Privacy and data security: Storing sensitive health data on a smartwatch raise concerns about privacy and data security. Manufacturers must implement robust security measures to protect users’ information. User reliance: There is a risk of over-reliance on smartwatches for health information. Users should be encouraged to consult health-care professionals for a comprehensive health assessment. CONCLUSIONSmartwatches have become versatile tools for health monitoring, offering a range of features that empower users to track and improve their well-being. While they have numerous benefits, users should know their limitations and use them as complementary tools in their health-care journey. Manufacturers and health-care providers play a critical role in ensuring the accuracy and security of the health data collected by these devices.

Media and Communication: Research on Communication, Dependence and Influence in Short Video -- Taking Dou Yin APP as an Example

In this era, traditional paper media is gradually replaced by online media such as streaming media, online app and video media, and the ways of information dissemination are becoming more and more diversified. Fifteen years ago, the first thing people said when discussing the news every day was: Which newspaper did you read? Just 10 years ago, the first thing people said when discussing the news every day was: Have you tweeted yet? Five years ago, Dou-Yin was introduced. From offline to online and from paper to end media, the media in China and around the world have undergone this change in the dissemination of news and information. And this paper focuses on one APP: Dou-Yin, to study the dissemination, user reliance and what aspects of its short videos affect the audience.

Are Numbers or Words the Key to User Reliance on AI?

Are Numbers or Words the Key to User Reliance on AI?

Android Malware Classification Using LSTM Model

From last two decades, smartphone use is essentially widespread around the world, and Android is the most popular open-source operating system, with the largest market share and active user population of any open-source operating system. This has resulted in malicious actors turning their attention toward the Android operating system to exploit user reliance and vulnerabilities that exist inside the system. Hackers can take advantage of consumers' sensitive data to engage in advertising, extortion, and theft. Most of the existing anti-malware software’s cannot be able to detect all the malwares because of the intelligent malwares. In this paper we use the deep learning based Long short-term memory (LSTM) network for android malware classification. The model is effective in classification of intelligent malwares. The proposed model is implemented using google colab. The model is archiving more than the 98% accuracy in classification of android malwares.

Understanding User Reliance on AI in Assisted Decision-Making

Proper calibration of human reliance on AI is fundamental to achieving complementary performance in AI-assisted human decision-making. Most previous works focused on assessing user reliance, and more broadly trust, retrospectively, through user perceptions and task-based measures. In this work, we explore the relationship between eye gaze and reliance under varying task difficulties and AI performance levels in a spatial reasoning task. Our results show a strong positive correlation between percent gaze duration on the AI suggestion and user AI task agreement, as well as user perceived reliance. Moreover, user agency is preserved particularly when the task is easy and when AI performance is low or inconsistent. Our results also reveal nuanced differences between reliance and trust. We discuss the potential of using eye gaze to gauge human reliance on AI in real-time, enabling adaptive AI assistance for optimal human-AI team performance.

Android Malware Detection based on Vulnerable Feature Aggregation

Abstract Android has paved the way for the smartphone revolution. With the ever-growing advancements in technology, there is an inherent increase in the user reliance upon mobile technologies and third-party applications for communication, banking, and commerce. Needless to say, this is accompanied by steady growth in the number of attack surfaces, giving rise to new and highly advanced malicious software. Traditional malware detection approaches have revolved around pattern-based detection, which can easily be deterred using zero-day attacks. In this paper, we present a novel feature-engineering technique for android malware detection using Machine Learning. We perform static analysis to map each Application Programming Interface call to certain features, which is later aggregated to find the frequency of occurrence per feature. We empirically evaluate our approach and its robustness on 972 obfuscated android applications and 1100 benign applications and achieve an ROC-AUC score of 98.87%. We also demonstrate the scalability of our model by reducing the feature set by 75.9% and achieving a comparable ROC-AUC score of 95.67%.

Report from the Medical Library Association's InSight Initiative Summit 2: Meeting the Evolving Information Needs of Library Stakeholders.

At the Medical Library Association’s InSight Initiative Summit 2, held September 27–28, 2018, academic and hospital librarians joined with publishing industry partners to develop a deeper shared understanding of technology- and social interaction–driven changes in how health sciences researchers and clinicians discover and consume information in their fields. Through a mixture of keynote talks, a panel discussion with health care professionals, and small-group problem-solving exercises, the summit program invited participants to collaboratively develop strategies for helping users recognize the value of curated or peer-reviewed content obtained through institutional access channels. Themes of the summit included the existence of different user modes of information discovery and access, user reliance on professional societies and Twitter as information sources, the extent to which smartphones are used to find medical information, the importance of inducing disorienting dilemmas in library users that cause them to recognize librarians as true partners in information seeking and research, the dangers of depending on non-curated information, and the need for publishers and librarians to work together to ease barriers to access and enrich the user experience.

Reliance on Haptic Assistance Reflected in Haptic Cue Weighting.

When using an automated system, user trust in the automation is an important factor influencing performance. Prior studies have analyzed trust duringsupervisory control of automation, and how trust influences reliance: the behavioral correlate of trust. Here, we investigated how reliance on haptic assistance affects performance during shared control with an automated system. Subjects made reaches towards a hidden target using a visual cue and haptic cue (assistance from the automation). We sought to influence reliance by changing the variability of trial-by-trial random errors in the haptic assistance. Reliance was quantified in terms of the subject's position at the end of the reach relative to the two cues. Our results show that subjects aimed more towards the visual cue when the variability of the haptic cue errors increased, resembling cue weighting behavior. Similar behavior was observed both when subjects had explicit knowledge about the haptic cue error variability, as well as when they had only implicit knowledge (from experience). However, the group with explicit knowledge was able to more quickly adapt their reliance on the haptic assistance. The method we introduce here provides a quantitative way to study user reliance on the information provided by automated systems with shared control.

Registration errors in beacon-based navigation guidance systems: Influences on path efficiency and user reliance

Emerging augmented reality displays provide high fidelity overlays onto real-world environments to enable navigation efficiency. The accuracy of these systems, however, is highly contingent on monitoring and registering user orientations and landmark locations. No data exist, however, regarding ranges at which registration error reliably influences user behavior and trust. The present experiments examined the influence of directional error in a simulated navigation guidance system on path efficiency and user trust. In three experiments, participants (N=90) navigated an urban desktop virtual environment with the assistance of an overlaid beacon depicting the direction and distance of a target landmark. Directional error was introduced into the beacon across trials, manipulated in 15° increments from 0° to 60° (Experiment 1), 5° increments from 0° to 20° (Experiment 2), and 1° increments from 6° to 10° (Experiment 3). Users show tolerance for up to approximately 8° angular direction error without significantly reducing path efficiency or user trust in system reliability. They also show reduced path efficiency emerging at lower angular errors (approximately 9°) relative to influences on perceived trust (approximately 16-20°). Results provide some basic heuristics for error tolerance, demonstrate important dissociations between the objective versus perceived impact of error in navigation displays, and contribute to theoretical positions regarding the optimization of global awareness and spatial knowledge acquisition. Experiments examined how registration error impacts navigation performance and trust.A beacon-based aid supported navigation through a large urban virtual environment.The navigation aid displayed varying degrees of angular/registration error.Registration error differently impacts navigation performance versus user trust.Navigation impacted by 9° of angular error, trust impacted by 16° of angular error.

Consent, User Reliance, and Fair Use

This Article examines the underappreciated role of consent and refusal in copyright law’s fair use inquiry. As a matter of black letter law, the nature and circumstances of a copyright holder’s refusal to consent to a use are irrelevant to whether a particular use is fair. This “standard view” effectively treats all situations short of affirmative consent — such as silence or acquiescence from a copyright holder — as equivalent to an express refusal. Despite the standard view, a close analysis of the case law reveals that some courts implicitly consider consent-based factors in fair use decisions. Other courts, however, adhere strictly to the standard view and disregard consent across the board. Is there a principled basis to consider the nature of consent and refusal in the fair use analysis?This Article argues that consent, properly conceived, has an important role to play in certain categories of fair use cases. In particular, consent-based considerations should not be disregarded when they are relevant to the traditional fair use factors and fair use’s underlying goal of promoting socially-valuable uses. To make this argument, the Article creates and analyzes a model of the consent-seeking interactions between copyright holders and users. It concludes that a literal application of the standard view neglects important user reliance interests and fails to deter costly opportunistic behavior. The nature of the copyright holder’s consent or refusal, therefore, has a critical role to play in situations involving user reliance interests, such as cases of “partial consent,” bad faith strategic behavior, and digital opt-out systems. In these cases, consideration of consent and refusal accords with the traditional fair use factors and the doctrine’s history as an “equitable rule of reason,” and operates to creates a broader scope for fair use.

Interactive data and retail investor decision-making: an experimental study

The results of an experimental study of retail investors' use of eXtensible Business Reporting Language tagged (interactive) data and PDF format for making investment decisions are reported. The main finding is that data format made no difference to participants' ability to locate and integrate information from statement footnotes to improve investment decisions. Interactive data were perceived by participants as quick and ‘accurate’, but it failed to facilitate the identification of the adjustment needed to make the ratios accurate for comparison. An important implication is that regulators and software designers should work to reduce user reliance on the comparability of ratios generated automatically using interactive data.

Semi-automated CCTV surveillance: The effects of system confidence, system accuracy and task complexity on operator vigilance, reliance and workload

Recent advances in computer vision technology have lead to the development of various automatic surveillance systems, however their effectiveness is adversely affected by many factors and they are not completely reliable. This study investigated the potential of a semi-automated surveillance system to reduce CCTV operator workload in both detection and tracking activities. A further focus of interest was the degree of user reliance on the automated system. A simulated prototype was developed which mimicked an automated system that provided different levels of system confidence information. Dependent variable measures were taken for secondary task performance, reliance and subjective workload. When the automatic component of a semi-automatic CCTV surveillance system provided reliable system confidence information to operators, workload significantly decreased and spare mental capacity significantly increased. Providing feedback about system confidence and accuracy appears to be one important way of making the status of the automated component of the surveillance system more ‘visible’ to users and hence more effective to use.

Fabrication of Cesium-137 Brachytherapy Sources Using Vitrification Technology

137Cs source in solid matrix encapsulated in stainless-steel at MBq (mCi) levels are widely used as brachytherapy sources for the treatment of carcinoma of cervix uteri. This article describes the large-scale preparation of such sources. The process of fabrication includes vitrification of 137Cs-sodium borosilicate glass, its transformation into spheres of 5-6 mm diameter, casting of glass spheres into a cylinder of 1.5 mm (varphi) x 80 mm (l) in a platinum mould, cutting of the moulds into 5-mm-long pieces, silver coating on the sources, and finally, encapsulation in stainless steel capsules. Development of safety precautions used to trap 137Cs escaping during borosilicate glass preparation is also described. The leach rates of the radioactive sources prepared by the above technology were within permissible limits, and the sources could be used for encapsulation in stainless steel capsules and supplied for brachytherapy applications. This development was aimed at promoting the potential utility of 137Cs-brachytherapy sources in the country and reducing the user's reliance on imported sources. Since its development, more than 1000 such sources have been made by using 4.66 TBq(126 Ci) of 137Cs.

Counsel Financial Services, LLC v. Melkersen Law, P.C., No. 08-CV-156A, 2009 WL 453379 (W.D.N.Y. Feb 23, 2009)

Gaming Law Review and EconomicsVol. 13, No. 3 CASESCounsel Financial Services, LLC v. Melkersen Law, P.C., No. 08-CV-156A, 2009 WL 453379 (W.D.N.Y. Feb 23, 2009)Published Online:30 Jun 2009https://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2009.13311AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byThe Americans with Disabilities Act and the Constitution of the United States (Dissertation)SSRN Electronic JournalDisrupting Frivolous DefensesSSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 276Quoting Epithets in the Classroom and BeyondSSRN Electronic JournalCompelled Decryption and the Right Against Self-Incrimination: Obsta PrincipiisSSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 5The Myth of Personal Liability: Who Pays When Bivens Claims SucceedSSRN Electronic JournalMandatory Arbitration and the Market for ReputationSSRN Electronic JournalBoilerplate and Party IntentSSRN Electronic JournalTort Liability for Standards Development in the United States and the European UnionSSRN Electronic JournalInformed Consent: No Longer Just What the Doctor Ordered? RevisitedSSRN Electronic JournalRecent Developments in Patent Law (Spring 2017)SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 1314The Federal Circuit's Efforts to Save Interactive Technology PatentsSSRN Electronic JournalZnnmkoprrvnn ochrana hashtagg na sociilnnch ssttch (Trademark Protection of Hashtags on Social Media)SSRN Electronic JournalIs a FRAND Royalty a Point or a Range?SSRN Electronic JournalDetermining the Number of Occurrences and Its Impact on CoverageSSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 280Structural Subjugation: Theorizing Racialized Sexual Harassment in HousingSSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 14Disruptions' Function: A Defense of (Some) Form Objections under the Federal Rules of Civil ProcedureSSRN Electronic JournalJoinder of Unrelated Infringers As Defendants in Patent Litigation Under the Jurisprudence of the United States District Court for Eastern District of Texas A Critical ReviewSSRN Electronic JournalOngoing Royalties for Patent InfringementSSRN Electronic JournalPermanent Injunctions in Patent Litigation After eBay: An Empirical StudySSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 13The PBGC Wins a Case When the Debtor Keeps its Pension PlanSSRN Electronic JournalEnforcing the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP)SSRN Electronic JournalConsent, User Reliance, and Fair UseSSRN Electronic JournalThe Case Against Federalizing Trade SecrecySSRN Electronic JournalDubious Patent ReformSSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 810Policing the Cease-and-Desist LetterSSRN Electronic JournalDefining the Borders of Uniform International Contract Law: The CISG and Remedies for Innocent, Negligent or Fraudulent MisrepresentationSSRN Electronic JournalFTC v. LabMD: FTC Jurisdiction Over Information Privacy Is 'Plausible,' but How Far Can It Go?SSRN Electronic JournalThe Central Rationale for Trademark Protection Is and Ought to Be the Need of Businesses to Protect their Brand Value Rather than the Public InterestSSRN Electronic JournalTechnology's Triple Threat to the Attorney-Client PrivilegeSSRN Electronic JournalMessy Mental Markers: Inferring Scienter from Core Operations in Securities Fraud LitigationSSRN Electronic JournalDisabilityqueer: Federal Disability Rights Protection for Transgender PeopleSSRN Electronic JournalCleaning ElectionsSSRN Electronic JournalThe Hierarchy That Wasn’t There: Elevating ‘Usage’ to Its Rightful Position for Contracts Governed by the CISGSSRN Electronic JournalLawyers Acting Badly, or Not? Misconduct in IP Litigation: Recent Examples and the Issues They RaiseSSRN Electronic JournalIqbal 'Plausibility' in Pharmaceutical and Medical Device LitigationSSRN Electronic JournalClimate ExceptionalismSSRN Electronic JournalThe Brand X Liberation: Doing Away with Chevron’s Second Step as Well as Other Doctrines of DeferenceSSRN Electronic Journal Volume 13Issue 3Jun 2009 Information© 2009 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Counsel Financial Services, LLC v. Melkersen Law, P.C., No. 08-CV-156A, 2009 WL 453379 (W.D.N.Y. Feb 23, 2009).Gaming Law Review and Economics.Jun 2009.256-259.http://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2009.13311Published in Volume: 13 Issue 3: June 30, 2009PDF download

The Effect of Automation Reliability on User Automation Trust and Reliance in a Search-and-Rescue Scenario

Advances in modern day technology are rapidly increasing the ability of engineers to automate ever more complicated tasks. Often these automated aids are paired with human operators who can supervise their work to ensure that it is free of errors and to even take control of the system if it malfunctions (e.g., pilots supervising an autopilot feature). The goal of this collaboration, between humans and machines, is that it can enhance performance beyond what would be possible by either alone. Arguably the success of this partnership depends in part upon attributions an operator develops that help guide their interaction with the automation. One particular factor that has been shown to guide operator reliance on an automated ‘teammate’ is trust. The following study examined 140 participants performing a simulated search-and-rescue task. The goal of this experiment was to examine the relationship between automated agent's reliability, operator trust, operator reliance, and performance scores. Results indicated that greater automation reliability is positively correlated with greater user reliance ( r = .66), perceived trust ( r = .21), and performance scores ( r = .34). These results indicate that more reliable aids are rated as significantly higher in terms of perceived trust and relied upon more than less reliable aids. Additionally, the size of the effect is much larger for operator behaviors (i.e., reliance) compared to more subjective measures (i.e., self-reported trust).

CIAS, Inc. v. Alliance Gaming Corp., 424 F. Supp. 2d 678 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).

CIAS, Inc. v. Alliance Gaming Corp., <i>424 F. Supp. 2d 678 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).</i>

Risks of Terrorism to Information Technology and to Critical Interdependent Infrastructures

Coupled with the improved economic efficiency that information technology (IT) has generated are the adverse national impacts. A markedly increased reliance on IT and on the Internet has increased the complexity of our information systems because of the added interconnectedness and interdependencies between and among the infrastructures. This reliance has reduced the operational buffer zone in most infrastructures because of the ever-increasing adherence to the “just-in-time” philosophy as a vehicle for cost reduction and efficient operation, and it has enhanced accessibility of would-be terrorists to our telecommunications, defense, banking and financial institutions, as well as to other critical infrastructures.When the operability of IT-based controls and equipment is affected by acts of terrorism, then the performance of critical interdependent infrastructures such as railroads, electric power grids, or oil and gas pipelines is profoundly affected. Such information technology includes supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, the global positioning system (GPS), and satellites.A detailed discussion is presented on the SCADA system and its use by railways. Hierarchical holographic modeling (HHM) and control objectives for information and related technology (CobiT) are introduced and used to identify sources of risk to SCADA systems in the railroad sector. The vulnerabilities to terrorist attacks of IT, SCADA, GPS, and satellites are explored. The risk assessment and risk management process is demonstrated on a railway system. In quantifying the probability of an attack, the intent and capabilities of terrorists are used as surrogates. The following terms are defined: vulnerability, threat, risk, intent, and capability.Given the growing interdependency among our critical infrastructures and sectors of the economy, increasing Internet capability and user reliance on it, and on commercial-off-the shelf (COTS) products, SCADA, geographical positioning systems (GPS), and satellites systems, the trade-offs between efficiency (reliance on technology) and reliability, availability, and security may have to be reevaluated, and appropriate risk assessment and management strategies must be developed.