Supplement Users Research Articles

Physiological Characteristics of Young Cattle in Central Yakutia When Using Local Non-Traditional Feed Additives in Their Rations

Results of conducted experimental research on studying of the influence of the local mineral feed supplements on growth, development and physiological indicators of the Hereford breed bull-calves allow making the next conclusions: Feeding of the local mineral feed supplements to the Hereford breed bull-calves allow increasing gaining in live body weight by 7,79 and 11,17%. Live body weight at the age of 15 months was amounted to 328,3-345,2 kg with daily average weight gaining at the entirety of the period of the experiment of 705,7-784,5 g. The usage of the local mineral feed supplements in feeding of the Hereford breed youngsters contributed to more intensive growth and development. In the background of the usage of the local mineral feed supplements in the diet of the experimental groups it was established that elevated concentration of hemoglobin in blood and all physiological indicators were within established normal limits. Increasing of productiveness in the experimental groups of animals was accompanied by reliable changes to the side of normalization of biochemical indicators of blood. Therefore, inclusion of the local natural mineral feed supplements to the diet provides increasing of beef productivity of the Hereford breed bull-calves and increases economical effectiveness of their breeding and fattening.

Nutrient Metabolism of Young Cattle in the Conditions of Yakutia When Non-Traditional Feed Additives are Included in Their Rations

The work is aimed to develop innovative ways to increase effectiveness of a process of acclimatization and adaptation of the Hereford breed youngsters of Siberian selection, to increase its beef productivity, to enhance its usage of nutrient materials in the diet through inclusion to the diet of animals the local mineral feed supplements (Hongurin’s zeolite and putrid mud) with mineral salt that compensate a deficit of mineral materials in the diet. The number of hemoglobin was larger in the experimental groups of animals than in the control group of bull-calves, which demonstrates better metabolic processes. Balance of nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus in every studied group was positive. High rates of the usage of nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus, from taken to digested, were in the first and the second experimental groups of bull-calves. The usage of the local mineral feed supplements in the Hereford breed bull-calves’ diet provided increasing in their digestibility of nutrient materials, such as, in average, crude protein by 2,63 and 2,78%, crude fat by 2,32 and 3,24%, crude fiber by 1,77 and 3,27%, nitrogen-free extractable substances by 5,12 and 8,40%. Higher indicators of fixed nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus from taken to digested were in the first and the second experimental groups of bull-calves. Results of the experiment established relevance and effectiveness of the inclusion in the diet the local mineral feed supplements for the Hereford breed bull-calves.

Maternal Diet Influences Fetal Growth but Not Fetal Kidney Volume in an Australian Indigenous Pregnancy Cohort.

Suboptimal nutrition during pregnancy is recognised as a significant modifiable determinant in the development of chronic disease in offspring in later life. The current study aimed: (i) to assess the dietary intakes of pregnant Indigenous Australian women against national recommendations and (ii) to investigate the associations between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and the growth of the offspring, including kidney development in late gestation in the Gomeroi gaaynggal cohort (n = 103). Maternal dietary intake in the third trimester was assessed using the Australian Eating Survey Food Frequency Questionnaire. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) and kidney size were obtained by ultrasound. Birth weight was retrieved from hospital birth records. Of the five key nutrients for optimal reproductive health (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre), the nutrients with the highest percentage of pregnant women achieving the nutrient reference values (NRVs) were zinc (75.7%) and folate (57.3%), whereas iron was the lowest. Only four people achieved all NRVs (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre) important in pregnancy. Sodium and saturated fat intake exceeded recommended levels and diet quality was low, with a median score of 28 out of 73 points. After adjusting for smoking and pre-pregnancy body mass index, only maternal intake of retinol equivalents and the proportion of energy from nutrient-dense or energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods were associated with fetal growth. EFW decreased by 0.13 g and birth weight decreased by 0.24 g for every µg increase in maternal dietary retinol intake. Interestingly, EFW, but not actual birth weight, was positively associated with percentage energy from nutrient dense foods and negatively associated with percentage energy from EDNP foods. Dietary supplement usage was associated with increased birthweight, most significantly iron and folate supplementation. Current dietary intakes of pregnant Australian women from this cohort do not align with national guidelines. Furthermore, current findings show that maternal retinol intake and diet composition during pregnancy can influence fetal growth, but not fetal kidney growth in late gestation. Strategies that aim to support and optimise nutrient intakes of Indigenous pregnant women are urgently needed. Future studies with long-term follow-up of the children in the current cohort to assess renal damage and blood pressure are imperative.

Folate Levels and Pregnancy Rate in Women Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Techniques: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Maternal nutrition is believed to be closely related to reproductive success and the importance of folate in the reproductive process and its involvement in fundamental biological systems are well known. The present systematic review and meta-analysis will focus on two main aspects: level of folate in women undergoing infertility treatments and association between folate status and success rate in assisted reproductive techniques. Although the importance of folate in the preconceptional phase is known, available data regarding the levels of folate in women who undergo infertility treatments are scarce. Referring to the threshold values generally used for the general population or for supplement users, the concentration of folate in the serum and erythrocytes of infertile women is adequate in the majority of the population with differences related to the geographic origin of the study populations. However, using the red blood cells folate threshold specifically indicated to prevent neural tube defects, the majority of available studies do not offer sufficient data to conclude on the real folate situation. As for the probability of success of ART treatments based on folate levels, our review did not reveal a significant effect.

Sport Dietary Supplements and Physical Activity in Biomedical Students.

Biomedical students should have suitable knowledge about sport dietary supplements (SDS) usage as they are future medical professionals who will have SDS users in their care. The aim of this study was to assess the habits, opinions, and knowledge about SDS usage, along with the level of physical activity, in 386 biomedical students at the University of Split School of Medicine. A specialized questionnaire was developed by a group of experts for the assessment of habits, opinions, and knowledge about SDS and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form (IPAQ-SF) was used to evaluate the level of physical activity. The results showed that 49.2% of students used SDS and there was a significant positive correlation between the knowledge questionnaire score and the level of physical activity (r = 0.744, p < 0.001). Moreover, SDS users had a higher knowledge questionnaire score (p < 0.001) and a higher level of physical activity (p < 0.001) compared to non-users. These results suggest that more physically active students are better informed about SDS, but these results also imply that SDS should be implemented in the study program of future medical professionals to ensure that they are informed for their own personal consumption and will be confident in giving advice about SDS usage to their future patients.

Genetic Risk Score for Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Helps to Guide Personalized Vitamin D Supplementation in Healthy Finnish Adults

Genetic factors modify serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and can affect the optimal intake of vitamin D. We aimed to personalize vitamin D supplementation by applying knowledge of genetic factors affecting serum 25(OH)D concentration. We performed a genome-wide association study of serum 25(OH)D concentration in the Finnish Health 2011 cohort (n=3339) using linear regression and applied the results to develop a population-matched genetic risk score (GRS) for serum 25(OH)D. This GRS was used to tailor vitamin D supplementation for 96 participants of a longitudinal Digital Health Revolution (DHR) Study. The GRS, serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and personalized supplementation and dietary advice were electronically returned to participants. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed using immunoassays and vitamin D intake using FFQs. In data analyses, cross-sectional and repeated-measures statistical tests and models were applied as described in detail elsewhere. GC vitamin D-binding protein and cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily R polypeptide 1 genes showed genome-wide significant associations with serum 25(OH)D concentration. One single nucleotide polymorphism from each locus (rs4588 and rs10741657) was used to develop the GRS. After returning data to the DHR Study participants, daily vitamin D supplement users increased from 32.6% to 60.2% (P=6.5× 10-6) and serum 25(OH)D concentration from 64.4 ± 20.9 nmol/L to 68.5 ± 19.2 nmol/L (P=0.006) between August and November. Notably, the difference in serum 25(OH)D concentrations between participants with no risk alleles and those with 3 or 4 risk alleles decreased from 20.7nmol/L to 8.0nmol/L (P=0.0063). We developed and applied a population-matched GRS to identify individuals genetically predisposed to low serum 25(OH)D concentration. We show how the electronic return of individual genetic risk, serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and factors affecting vitamin D status can be used to tailor vitamin D supplementation. This model could be applied to other populations and countries.

Characteristics and determinants of high volume dispensing in long-term oral nutritional supplement users in primary care: a secondary analysis.

BackgroundOral nutritional supplements (ONS) are recommended for patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Appropriate ONS prescribing requires regular monitoring to assess its continued requirement. Previous research identified long-term ONS prescriptions (>6 months) without review, with 70% of these influenced by social factors.AimTo investigate the characteristics of long-term ONS users in Ireland and the determinants of larger volumes of ONS dispensing.Design & settingSecondary analysis of anonymous dispensed pharmacy claims data of patients dispensed standard ONS for 12 consecutive months in 2018 (n = 912).MethodFactors showing significant (P<0.05) univariate associations with above the median consumption of ONS units were entered into a multivariable model.ResultsMedian age was 76 (range 18 to 101) years, with 66.9% of the sample being ≥65 years. Almost 70% of the samples were on polypharmacy (45.6%; ≥5 medications) or excessive polypharmacy (21.5%; ≥10 medications). Younger age and being on polypharmacy for drugs having an effect on the central nervous system (CNS) were significantly associated with being dispensed more ONS units in univariate and multivariate analysis. Those patients in the age range 18 to 44 were 2.5 fold more likely to be prescribed more ONS units (odds ratio [OR] 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5 to 4.3; P<0.001). Patients using CNS drugs or on CNS polypharmacy were more likely to be prescribed more ONS units (ORs 1.2 and 2.4; 95% CI 0.9 to 1.4 and 1.3 to 4.4 respectively; P = 0.029). ConclusionOlder age and polypharmacy characterise long-term ONS users in this study. Younger age and CNS medication polypharmacy are predictors of more ONS units prescribed over a year.

The association of milk and dairy consumption with iodine status in pregnant women in Oporto region.

The role of milk and dairy products in supplying iodine to pregnant women is unknown in Portugal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between milk and dairy product consumption and the iodine status of pregnant women in the IoMum cohort of the Oporto region. Pregnant women were recruited between 10 and 13 weeks of gestation, when they provided a spot urine sample and information on lifestyle and intake of iodine-rich foods. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was determined by inductively coupled plasma MS. A total of 468 pregnant women (269 iodine supplement users and 199 non-supplement users) were considered eligible for analysis. Milk (but not yogurt or cheese) intake was positively associated with UIC, in the whole population (P = 0·02) and in the non-supplement users (P = 0·002), but not in the supplement users (P = 0·29). In non-supplement users, adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that milk consumption <3 times/month was associated with a five times increased risk of having UIC < 50 µg/l when compared with milk consumption ≥2 times/d (OR 5·4; 95 % CI 1·55, 18·78; P = 0·008). The highest UIC was observed in supplement users who reported consuming milk once per d (160 µg/l). Milk, but not yogurt or cheese, was positively associated with iodine status of pregnant women. Despite the observed positive association, daily milk consumption may not be sufficient to ensure adequate iodine intake in this population.

Regular consumption of cod liver oil is associated with reduced basal and exercise-induced C-reactive protein levels; a prospective observational trial

BackgroundDietary supplement use among recreational athletes is common, with the intention of reducing inflammation and improving recovery. We aimed to describe the relationship between omega-3 fatty acid supplement use and inflammation induced by strenuous exercise.MethodsC-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were measured in 1002 healthy recreational athletes before and 24 h after a 91-km bicycle race. The use of omega-3 fatty acid supplements was reported in 856 out of 1002 recreational athletes, and the association between supplement use and the exercise-induced CRP response was assessed.ResultsTwo hundred seventy-four subjects reported regular use of omega-3 fatty acid supplements. One hundred seventy-three of these used cod liver oil (CLO). Regular users of omega-3 fatty acid supplements had significantly lower basal and exercise-induced CRP levels as compared to non-users (n = 348, p < 0.001). Compared to non-users, regular users had a 27% (95% confidence interval (CI): 14–40) reduction in Ln CRP response (unadjusted model, p < 0.001) and 16% (95% CI: 5–28, p = 0.006) reduction after adjusting for age, sex, race duration, body mass index, delta creatine kinase, MET hours per week, resting heart rate and higher education. CLO was the primary driver of this response with a 34% (95% CI: 19–49) reduction (unadjusted model, p < 0.001) compared to non-users. Corresponding numbers in the adjusted model were 24% (95% CI: 11–38, p < 0.001).ConclusionBasal CRP levels were reduced, and the exercise-induced CRP response was attenuated in healthy recreational cyclists who used omega-3 fatty acid supplements regularly. This effect was only present in regular users of CLO.Trial registrationNCT02166216, registered June 18, 2014 – Retrospectively registered.

Dietary Supplement Intake and Its Association with Cognitive Function, Physical Fitness, Depressive Symptoms, Nutritional Status and Biochemical Indices in a 3-Year Follow-Up Among Community Dwelling Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study

PurposeUse of dietary supplements by older adults has been increasing for improving micronutrient deficiencies, cognitive function, and overall health status. Thus, the objective of this secondary investigation is to explore the longitudinal association of baseline supplement intake in improving cognitive function, biochemical parameters, anthropometric variables and physical fitness among older adults.MethodsTowards Useful Aging (TUA) is a three-year longitudinal study conducted at baseline (2013–2014) and at follow-up (2015–2017) surveys. The number of participants dropped from 2322 during baseline study to 1787 and 1560 during the 18th and 36th month follow-up, respectively. Data on socio-demography, use of dietary supplement, biochemical indices, anthropometry, cognitive function, physical fitness and depressive symptoms were obtained. Longitudinal associations were done using the linear mixed model analysis among 1285 subjects with complete data.ResultsThe most common vitamin and mineral supplementations consumed were multivitamin, B-complex, and calcium. Meanwhile, the herbal supplements consumed by participants were Eurycoma longifolia, Morinda citrifolia and Orthosiphon aristatus. Longitudinal analysis adjusted for multiple covariates showed improvement in both supplement users and non-users for global cognitive function, working memory, visual memory, 2-minute step test, chair stand test, chair sit and reach and time up and go test, waist circumference and hip circumference in both the supplement users and non-users.ConclusionOur findings indicated that dietary supplement intake is not associated with cognitive function, physical fitness, nutritional status, depressive symptoms or biochemical indices since improvement in the parameters was observed among both supplement users and non-users.

Quality Evaluation of Carnitine for Proper Use of Supplement

In recent years, consumers are becoming more health-conscious. Supplements are becoming popular as they can be purchased easily. In Japan, the “Food with Function Claims” system began in 2015; the market for supplements is expected to continue to expand. However, the use of some supplements has not been supported with sufficient scientific evidence; some products have even caused health problems. In addition, consumers may not be able to make correct decisions based on the information from the Internet. Unlike medicine, the instruction on the usage of supplements is not precise. Therefore, improving the quality of the information on the supplements will become more necessary in the future. This study aims to improve the quality of the information on supplements by surveying the disintegration and dissolution behavior of the carnitine-containing supplements and evaluated their quality. The products tested here were supplements containing commercial carnitine. Disintegration test and dissolution test were conducted according to the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. Carnitine was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The disintegration tests revealed that the products had different disintegration times, varying from 35 to 100 minutes; some products took more than 5 hours to disintegrate. Thus, some products had a slow rise in their dissolution rate. These results suggest that the carnitine-containing supplements used in this study may affect the absorption process. Therefore, in the case of oral administration, the expected effect might not be achieved depending on the product.

Youth Report: The Sale of Diet Pills and Muscle Building Supplements to Adolescents in the United States​

Eating disorders, one of the most prevalent categorical subsets of mental illnesses, have a steady upward trend amongst adolescents both in the United States and globally. While extensive research regarding the root causes of eating disorders exists, it offers minimal insight into the impact of diet and muscle supplement sales to minors on rising prevalence rates. This study aims to analyze how the sale of diet and muscle supplements impacts adolescent eating disorders in the United States. By collecting data through online surveys, our youth team was able to provide an overview of how the sale of these pills affects adolescents across racial, gender, and other demographic groups. After collecting over 1500 survey responses, researchers determined that 23.3 percent, 22.1 percent, and 34.6 percent of youth respondents have used over-the-counter diet pills, detox teas, or other weight loss supplements in Massachusetts, New York, and California, respectively. In addition, across the three states, 75% of the youth respondents were not informed of the dangers of using weight loss or muscle building supplements. Although the survey method of collecting data may have its limitations, it will be useful in gaining an insight into supplement usage amongst minors, and opening a conversation on whether supplement usage negatively impacts adolescents by promoting body alteration, a set beauty standard, and certain body shapes that conform to societal norms.

The Prevalence of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplement use and Association with Serum 25-Hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) and Demographic and Socioeconomic Variables in Iranian Elderly.

Aims:The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D and calcium supplement use, and association with serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D(25(OH)D) and demographic and socioeconomic variables in Iranian elderly.Settings and Design:This cross-sectional study was conducted in health centers of Tehran, capital of Iran.Methods:A total of 600 men and women were recruited using a two-stage cluster sampling method from 60 health centers. Participant's inclusion criteria included enrolling older adults over 60 years old who able to answer questions. We used valid and reliable questionnaires to record dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium. Any dietary supplements which included vitamin D/calcium were recorded. 25(OH)D level was measured. Participants were categorized as supplement users if they had taken supplements during last month.Results:The mean age of participants was 67.16 ± 6.07 years. Vitamin D supplements were used more often by females (OR = 11.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.82–29.34), high educated subjects (OR = 3.49, 95% CI: 1.45–8.44), participants who did more physical activities (OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.52–5.00), and subjects who took antiosteoporosis medications (OR = 6.90, 95% CI: 2.84‑16.78). Calcium supplements were used more often by females (OR = 13.05, 95% CI: 5.19–32.81), more physical activities participants (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.20–3.92), and antiosteoporosis users (OR = 8.31, 95% CI: 3.43–20.14). Significant positive associations were seen between 25(OH) D levels and osteoporosis (P = 0.020), vitamin D supplement use (P < 0.0001), and sun exposure (P = 0.093).Conclusion:In this population of Tehranian adults, the prevalence of vitamin D and calcium supplement use may be attributed to educational level and underlying disease. Vitamin D supplementation, osteoporosis, and sun exposure were the strong predictors of vitamin D status.

Analysis of dispensing patterns and non-disease specific oral nutritional supplement usage in primary care: the ONSPres project

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Prevalence of Protein and Pre-Workout Supplement Use among High School Football Players and Potential Product Contamination.

The purpose was to determine the prevalence of protein and pre-workout supplement usage in high school football players and how many products contained banned substances or dangerous ingredients. A national sample of 102 high school football players was recruited via Qualtrics Research Panels to complete a cross-sectional online questionnaire. Data were summarized as means with standard deviations (SDs) and frequencies with proportions (%). A majority (59.8%) of high school football players reported currently using a protein supplement. Just under one-third (29.4%) reported currently using pre-workout supplements. Five participants reported using a pre-workout product that contained a known NCAA banned substance. Many of the products used contain banned, regulated elsewhere, or unknown substances. Secondary school ATs must educate athletes regarding the use of nutritional supplements and the potential dangers of ingesting banned or unknown substances.

Epidemiological Aspects of Dietary Supplement use among Saudi Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study

Background:Dietary supplement use received wide attention and interest throughout the world, particularly in Gulf countries, because of advanced economic and industrial growth.Objective:The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of dietary supplement use among medical students at Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.Methods:For this cross-sectional study, an anonymous self-administered structured questionnaire was distributed among medical students at Jouf University, Saudi Arabia. Out of the 381 medical students, 366 answered the questionnaire with a response rate of 96%. Analysis of data was done using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program, version 24. Statistical significance was considered at P values &lt;0.05.Results:Regarding the prevalence of dietary supplement use, 36.3% (n=133) and 29.5% (n=108) of the respondents were previous and current users of dietary supplements, respectively. Multivitamins and vitamin D were the most prevalent dietary supplements used by the participants. The students reported that the internet was the main source of knowledge concerning dietary supplements. The significant predictors of dietary supplement use in the logistic regression analysis were: age &gt;21 years (odds ratio (OR): 3.26; confidence interval (CI): 1.67-10.53), females sex (odds ratio (OR): 2.23; confidence interval (CI): 2.34-6.84), and being in the third academic year or more (odds ratio (OR): 2.58; confidence interval (CI): 1.82-5.37). The most reported reasons for utilizing dietary supplements were nutritional supplementation and health promotion. Nearly three-quarters of the students agreed that dietary supplementation is good for health and recommended others to use them after doctor recommendation.Conclusion:Dietary supplement use was remarkably high among medical students at Jouf University, Saudi Arabia. Consumption of dietary supplements increased significantly among older students, females, and those in the third academic year or more. This study recommends other studies involving students from non-health domain colleges to detect if there is a difference in the prevalence of dietary supplement use within this population.

Frequency of Dietary Supplements usage in the Saudi Arabian Public and Gym Users

Objectives: The aim of the study is to explore the use of dietary supplements and to assess awareness of its positive/adverse effects among physically active adults and the general population in Saudi Arabia.&#x0D; Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey-based study and received 574 responses showing frequencies and types of dietary supplements.&#x0D; Results: The results show that 44.6% of respondents use dietary supplements. The most used dietary supplements were Vitamin C and multivitamins, consumed by 44% of the respondents, Vitamin D (44%), Iron (41%), and Calcium (39%). Protein sports bars and powder were consumed mainly by gym members, particularly those practicing weight-training exercises. Approximately 4% of respondents reported side-effects secondary to the usage of the dietary supplements. We conclude that the dietary supplement usage is widespread in Saudi Arabia among both gym members and the general public.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is highly recommended to increase awareness measures from official health entities by educating the general population and physically active adults about dietary supplement use and adverse effects to ensure safe practices.

Trends in Nutrient- and Non-Nutrient–Containing Dietary Supplement Use among US Children from 1999 to 2016

To characterize dietary supplement use among US children, including product type, motivations, user characteristics, and trends over time with a primary focus on non-vitamin/non-mineral dietary supplements (NVNM). Overall, NVNM, and vitamin and/or mineral dietary supplement only (VM-only) use; motivations for use; and trends in use over time were examined in children (≤19years of age) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016 data (n=42 510). Between 1999 and 2016, overall dietary supplement and VM-only dietary supplement use among all children remained relatively stable at ∼30%; yet, NVNM dietary supplement use increased from 2.9% to 6.4%, mainly due to increased use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. NVNM use was greater in boys than in girls (3.9% vs 3.3%), and greater in older children than in younger children (Ptrend<.0001), the opposite of what was observed with VM-only dietary supplement use. Although both user groups shared 2 primary motivations, both motivations were reported by a significantly greater percent of vitamin and/or mineral dietary supplement users vs NVNM users: to maintain health (38.7% vs 23.1%) and to improve health (33.1% vs 22.6%). NVNM users were much more likely to use dietary supplement for relaxation, stress, and sleep; for mental health; and for colon and bowel health. Although the prevalence of any dietary supplement and VM-only dietary supplement use among US children has both remained stable, the prevalence of NVNM use has increased substantially over time. Yet, NVNM use remains relatively low overall. NVNM use exhibited different patterns by sex, age, and motivations when compared with vitamin and/or mineral dietary supplement use. Despite increasing NVNM use, high-quality evidence supporting their use is lacking, especially in children.

Review of Toxicity of Allicin from Garlic

Allicin components of garlic has been helpful medicinally but adverse effects has been noticed with excessive usage of garlic supplements. The toxicity of the garlic supplements has been carefully reviewed in this article. These toxicities has been linked to its effects and autonomic nervous system and its bactericidal functions. These research also encouraged usage of allicin supplements pills with regulated dosage to garlic concoction taking in most African communities.

Dietary and supplemental antioxidant intake and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in older men: The concord health and ageing in men project

Background and aimsThe role of antioxidant intake in cardiovascular disease remains inconclusive. This study evaluates the association between antioxidant intake and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among older Australian men. Methods and results794 men aged ≥75 years participated in the 3rd wave of the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. Dietary adequacy of antioxidant intake was assessed by comparing participants' intake of vitamins A, E, C and zinc to the Nutrient Reference Values (NRV) for Australia. Attainment of NRVs of antioxidants was categorised into a dichotomised variable ‘inadequate’ (meeting≤2 of 4 antioxidants) or ‘adequate’ (meeting≥3 of 4 antioxidants). The usage of antioxidant supplements was assessed. The outcome measure was MACE. The composite MACE endpoint was defined as having one of the following: death, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, congestive cardiac failure (CCF), and revascularization during the period of observation.There was no significant association between dietary (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.48) or supplemental antioxidant intake (HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.63) and overall MACE. However, a significant association was observed between inadequate antioxidant intake and CCF (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.50). The lowest quartile of zinc intake (<11.00 mg/d) was significantly associated with CCF (HR 2.36; 95% CI: 1.04, 5.34). None of the other antioxidants were significantly associated with CCF or other MACE components. ConclusionInadequate dietary antioxidant intake, particularly zinc, is associated with increased risk of CCF in older Australian men but not associated with overall MACE.