Users In Urban Areas Research Articles

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Rendahnya Minat Ibu terhadap Pemilihan Metode Kontrasepsi Jangka Panjang di Desa Kedaton Kecamatan Kedaton

Contraceptive users in the world according to the World Health Organization (WHO) more than 100 million women use contraception which has effectiveness with hormonal contraceptive users more than and 25% using non-hormonal and contraceptive users in the world in 2019 reaching 89%. In 2020 the number of modern family planning users in urban areas will reach 58% while in rural areas reachs 57%. As many as 82% of Africa's population does not use contraception. Southeast Asia, South and West as much as 43% use contraception. MKJP is a contraceptive tool to delay, space out pregnancies and stop fertility that is used in the long term. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between knowledge, education and age with the low interest of mothers in choosing MKJP in Kedaton Village, OKU Regency in 2023. The research method used in this study was quantitative using an analytic survey with a cross sectional approach with the population were 454 mothers who were KB acceptors and the sample were 53 using the Acidental Sampling method. Data analysis used the Chi Square statistical test with a p-value <α = 0.05. The results of this study from 26 respondents with good knowledge 15 (57.7%) chose MKJP p.value = 0.003, from 28 respon Dent of higher education 16 (57.1%) chose MKJP p.value = 0.002, while from 26 respondents who were age of low risk 14 (53.8%) chose MKJP p.value = 0.018. Midwives are expected to educate mothers about the importance of using contraception to space births because it cold be affect the mother'shealth.

Mechanical and leaching characterisation of impact-absorbing rubberised asphalts for urban pavements

A new impact-absorbing material is being developed to protect vulnerable road users in urban areas and has been produced and tested, mechanically and environmentally in the laboratory. The main constituent of this innovative material is the rubber recycled from end-of-life tyres to foster a circular use of resources and exploit rubber’s elastic properties. The study aims to provide a complete Uniaxial Compression Test (UCT) and leaching analysis of the material to propose and optimise a mix that is mechanically sound, durable, and respectful of the environment, in view of in-situ applications. Therefore, the UCT and Dynamic Surface Leaching Test (DSLT) were carried out on rubberised asphalt specimens with different mix designs. The 64 days cumulative concentrations of leached heavy metals and trace elements from unit surface of specimens were calculated and quantified, according to the CEN/TS 16637 standard. In parallel, thanks to a specific mechanical characterisation, compressive stress–strain curves were obtained, and the relaxation and elastic modulus were evaluated. The results from the compression tests showed that the A-mixes have the best elastic and absorbing behaviour, especially those made with an SBS-modified bituminous emulsion (A4). The results from DSLT showed that the cumulative concentration of released elements, per unit surface of specimens were lower than the Dutch Soil Quality Decree (SQD) thresholds, taken as a reference. The low and early release of leachant observed for the mixtures, especially A4 as the most promising one, leave the possibility to handle the leaching with several solutions, including rubber coating treatment or water washing before their incorporation into the mix to limit and prevent their leaching while permitting very high injury reduction performances.

Examining Rural and Urban Sentiment Difference in COVID-19-Related Topics on Twitter: Word Embedding-Based Retrospective Study.

By the end of 2022, more than 100 million people were infected with COVID-19 in the United States, and the cumulative death rate in rural areas (383.5/100,000) was much higher than in urban areas (280.1/100,000). As the pandemic spread, people used social media platforms to express their opinions and concerns about COVID-19-related topics. This study aimed to (1) identify the primary COVID-19-related topics in the contiguous United States communicated over Twitter and (2) compare the sentiments urban and rural users expressed about these topics. We collected tweets containing geolocation data from May 2020 to January 2022 in the contiguous United States. We relied on the tweets' geolocations to determine if their authors were in an urban or rural setting. We trained multiple word2vec models with several corpora of tweets based on geospatial and timing information. Using a word2vec model built on all tweets, we identified hashtags relevant to COVID-19 and performed hashtag clustering to obtain related topics. We then ran an inference analysis for urban and rural sentiments with respect to the topics based on the similarity between topic hashtags and opinion adjectives in the corresponding urban and rural word2vec models. Finally, we analyzed the temporal trend in sentiments using monthly word2vec models. We created a corpus of 407 million tweets, 350 million (86%) of which were posted by users in urban areas, while 18 million (4.4%) were posted by users in rural areas. There were 2666 hashtags related to COVID-19, which clustered into 20 topics. Rural users expressed stronger negative sentiments than urban users about COVID-19 prevention strategies and vaccination (P<.001). Moreover, there was a clear political divide in the perception of politicians by urban and rural users; these users communicated stronger negative sentiments about Republican and Democratic politicians, respectively (P<.001). Regarding misinformation and conspiracy theories, urban users exhibited stronger negative sentiments about the "covidiots" and "China virus" topics, while rural users exhibited stronger negative sentiments about the "Dr. Fauci" and "plandemic" topics. Finally, we observed that urban users' sentiments about the economy appeared to transition from negative to positive in late 2021, which was in line with the US economic recovery. This study demonstrates there is a statistically significant difference in the sentiments of urban and rural Twitter users regarding a wide range of COVID-19-related topics. This suggests that social media can be relied upon to monitor public sentiment during pandemics in disparate types of regions. This may assist in the geographically targeted deployment of epidemic prevention and management efforts.

Summary of Findings from the Evaluation of the Current Periphery Building Environment for Lezha City's Future Vision

The city of Lezha has been traced along the Drini's riverbanks since antiquity, not far from its estuary. There are two different hills to the east of this territory, each with ruins of historical defences. Lezha's historical role as a well- fortified harbour was characterized by its geographical location. It has always been separated into two parts, the upper and lower city, due to its location. As a result of uncontrolled urban development after the 1990s and the phenomena it brought as a result in the territory, such as urban dispersal, extinction or damage to public spaces, construction in areas of sensitive natural and agricultural lands, as well as the endangerment of specific ecosystems, harmonization of sustainable urban development, appears to be necessary as a priority action. Sustainable urban development attempts to provide a high quality of life for all residents and users in urban areas by providing public services that meet certain criteria. The plan establishes the norms, conditions, and necessary criteria for development and well-being through hierarchization, consolidation, specialization, and centre regeneration, ensuring the construction of sustainable communities and the preservation of cultural and traditional values.

The Preferences of Shared Micro-Mobility Users in Urban Areas

The Preferences of Shared Micro-Mobility Users in Urban Areas

Social Media Reveals Urban-Rural Differences in Stress across China

Modelling differential stress expressions in urban and rural regions in China can provide a better understanding of the effects of urbanization on psychological well-being in a country that has rapidly grown economically in the last two decades. Using Weibo posts from over 65,000 users across 329 counties, we build hierarchical mixed-effects models to understand linguistic differences in the experiences and expressions of stress in urban-rural China. We analyze phrases, topical themes, and psycho-linguistic word choices in Weibo posts mentioning stress to better understand appraisal differences surrounding psychological stress in urban and rural communities in China; we then compare them with large-scale polls from Gallup. After controlling for socioeconomic and gender differences, we find that rural communities tend to express stress in emotional and personal themes such as relationships, health, and opportunity while users in urban areas express stress using relative, temporal, and external themes such as work, politics, and economics. We find corroborative trends in physical, financial, and social wellness with urbanization in Gallup polls.

Using solar photovoltaic energy in urban water supply systems: a case study in Kayseri, Turkey

Abstract Submersible pumps, widely used in deep wells drilled to meet the water needs of users in urban areas, add an additional load to the conventional electricity grid infrastructure and are responsible for increasing the concentration of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The main objective of this study is to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of using solar photovoltaic (PV) energy to reduce the net power drawn from the grid by submersible pumps in urban water supply systems. The Germiraltı catchment area (Kayseri, Turkey), which provides all of its energy needs from the city electricity grid, was chosen as the research area. Two different scenarios, ‘hybrid-powered water pumping system’ and ‘grid-connected PV system’, were analyzed and evaluated. A 1,620 kWp grid-connected PV system can inject 2,787.8 MWh/year of energy into the grid, which is more than the total annual energy need of the submersible pumps. The system operates with 85.7% performance ratio (PR), 19.6% capacity factor (CF) and 4.71 (h/d) final yield. The payback period of the system is calculated as 4.1 years. The results show that it is economically competitive to meet the energy needs of submersible pumps in urban water supply systems with solar PV energy.

5G Embraces Satellites for 6G Ubiquitous IoT: Basic Models for Integrated Satellite Terrestrial Networks

Terrestrial communication networks mainly focus on users in urban areas but have poor coverage performance in harsh environments, such as mountains, deserts, and oceans. Satellites can be exploited to extend the coverage of terrestrial fifth-generation (5G) networks. However, satellites are restricted by their high latency and relatively low data rate. Consequently, the integration of terrestrial and satellite components has been widely studied, to take advantage of both sides and enable seamless broadband coverage. Due to the significant differences between satellite communications (SatComs) and terrestrial communications (TerComs) in terms of channel fading, transmission delay, mobility, and coverage performance, the establishment of an efficient hybrid satellite-terrestrial network (HSTN) still faces many challenges. In general, it is difficult to decompose a HSTN into a sum of separate satellite and terrestrial links due to the complicated coupling relationships therein. To uncover the complete picture of HSTNs, we regard the HSTN as a combination of basic cooperative models that contain the main traits of satellite-terrestrial integration but are much simpler and thus more tractable than the large-scale heterogeneous HSTNs. In particular, we present three basic cooperative models, i.e., model X, model L, and model V, and provide a survey of the state-of-the-art technologies for each of them. We discuss future research directions towards establishing a cell-free, hierarchical, decoupled HSTN. We also outline open issues to envision an agile, smart, and secure HSTN for the sixth-generation (6G) ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT).

Making decisions on industrial water sources: the case of Zaragoza, Spain

ABSTRACTIn Southern Europe numerous areas suffer water scarcity. For public policies to be effective, a thorough study of water users must be conducted. This paper aims to analyse the key factors that influence the decision of industrial users in urban areas when choosing between withdrawing water from underground sources or using water supplied through the public network. Using a database of industrial firms in Zaragoza (Spain) the proportion of water drawn from wells is considered as the dependent variable of a fractional response model. This methodology provides an original contribution to the field of behavioural analysis of the industrial sector, enabling us to model industrial decisions on water sources. The results obtained show that the most significant decision-drivers are how the industries use the water, the firms’ location and the accessibility of the different sources. Moreover, the findings indicate that firms use lower proportions of well water during the summer.

Vanet heterogeneous networks with wireless technology variation according to the capacity of users in Urban Areas

As of late, traffic blockage, street mishaps, and ecological contamination brought about by traffic, alongside the need to associate and utilize constant applications, have become issues of worldwide intrigue. Different on-screen characters, for example, vehicle producers, the scholarly community, and government offices have begun to invest a ton of energy together towards the acknowledgment of the idea of huge scope vehicular interchanges. One of the primary methodologies in this kind of system is the advancement of remote advances and their assorted organizations, concentrating on the association with the Internet through WiFi systems, cell systems, or specially appointed vehicular systems. VANETs are essentially intended to give data trade through Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to foundation (V2I) interchanges, permitting ceaseless network and being exceptionally utilized for short-range correspondence, with high transmission speed through which it is proposed that clients keep up an association and distinguish occasions about clog or street conditions. This exploration presents a vehicular situation that tries to acquire a sufficient presentation while executing a heterogeneous network in a few segments of the city of Bogotá, Colombia.

Incidence of seriously injured road users in a Swedish region, 2003\u20132014, from the perspective of a national road safety policy

BackgroundSince 1997 Sweden has a policy for road safety called Vision Zero. Given that Vision Zero is mainly used to reduce fatalities among car occupants, the question has been raised by the research community whether a Vision Zero approach promotes health for all road traffic users. The objective is to measure target fulfilment of the national road safety policy for a Swedish region by examining incidence of serious injury during 2003–2014 in rural and urban road spaces with or without implemented measures.MethodsData on seriously injured road users, defined as ISS > 8 (Injury Severity Score), were retrieved from STRADA (Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) together with data from NVDB (National Road Database). These data are used to describe where road users are seriously injured in relation to implemented national policy and using a conceptual model of a road space comprising roads, pavements and tracks for walking and cycling. Seriously injured road users in single and multiple crashes with and without vehicles are included. The development of the incidence is analysed for different road users and places in the road space.ResultsDespite implemented road safety measures in the region, the incidence of seriously injured road users per 100,000 inhabitants in rural areas increased from 7.8 in 2003 to 9.3 in 2014 but doubled in urban areas from 8.0 in to 16.3 respectively. In areas not transformed by Vision Zero, only 36% were injured in rural areas while 64% were injured in urban areas. In contrast, in transformed areas 61% of injuries occurred in rural areas, whereas 39% occurred in urban areas. While the incidence decreased for car occupants on transformed national roads in rural areas, the incidence of serious injuries increased among unprotected road users in urban areas, in particular on pavements and tracks for cycling and walking than on the roads where Vision Zero had been implemented.ConclusionThe reduction in the incidence for car occupants in the region may not be adequate to contribute to fulfilling the national target. More needs to be done, especially in the urban areas, where more active mobility is desired.

Competition and Cooperation between Shared Bicycles and Public Transit: A Case Study of Beijing

As an eco-friendly transportation mode, shared bicycles provide a new option for public transit users in urban areas. China’s bicycle-sharing market began flourishing in July 2016 and reached a plateau in 2017. How shared bicycles influenced public transit systems during this period is an interesting topic. A case study of Beijing is conducted. This study aims to identify the competitive and cooperative influences of shared bicycles on public transit by exploring the changes in public transit trip distances before and after the upsurge in bicycle-sharing. A histogram shifting method is introduced to examine the influences of shared bicycles on public transit services from a travel distance perspective. A spatial correlation of bicycling usage and public transit changes is calculated using units of gridded cell spaces. The results show: (1) overall transit usage continued growing after the shared bicycles market reached a plateau; (2) short public transits within 2 km decreased while transfers within 2 km increased; and (3) the decrease of short transits and increase of transfers within 3 km were spatially highly correlated to the usage of shared bicycles. Hence, the role of bicycle-sharing systems is competitive for existing public transit systems during short trips and cooperative for connecting transits.

Design and Evaluation of K-Pass: A Bicycle-Friendly Modification of Speed Bumps

Traffic safety is a major concern across the world. Since speed is a major cause of traffic crashes, various traffic calming measures are used to enhance the safety of the road users in urban areas. Speed humps and bumps are the most widely used traffic calming devices. As a considerable number of bicyclists use the road along with motorized users, it is important to consider them while deploying any traffic calming devices. Studies have shown that bicyclists experience significantly larger discomfort as compared to motorized vehicles while passing over speed humps. In this study, a modification has been proposed to enhance riding comfort of bicyclists without compromising the traffic calming attribute of a speed bump. This modification is named “K-pass.” Analysis of data collected before and after the modification justifies the effectiveness in reducing the discomfort of bicyclists. Over a period of eight months, 70% of the bicyclists chose to use K-pass. Data also revealed that a high proportion of motorized two-wheeler users also used the K-pass at reduced speeds. It is expected that the K-pass will be a useful modification to the existing speed humps and speed bumps in areas where bicycle usage is expected.

Social media knows what road it is: quantifying road characteristics with geo-tagged posts

Determining traveling routes that provide opportunities to satisfy the various requirements of users in urban areas is still an open problem. This is because it is virtually impossible to manually quantify the characteristics of each street or road and there are few web-based or semantic resources of subjective requirements that describe streets and roads directly. Thus, it is difficult to satisfy all the needs and desires of users that may arise, such as for finding boulevards that are “fashionable” or “beautiful.” The goal of this study is to automatically quantify the characteristics of streets and roads in relation to requirements that can be described using keywords such as “fashionable.” To achieve this goal, we propose a two-stage method that analyzes social media and road networks. First, in estimating the topic distribution (i.e., the characteristics) of each point of interest (POI), our method uses the latent Dirichlet allocation model to analyze geo-tagged texts while considering which users posted useful information for estimating road characteristics. Next, it uses a Markov random field model to estimate the characteristics of each street or road on the basis of those of the POIs and the road networks associated with the POIs. Experiments on real datasets demonstrate that our method achieves statistically significant improvements over baseline methods in terms of ranking quality in information retrieval for 300 roads in three urban areas in Tokyo when given 25 keywords.

3D building model-assisted snapshot positioning algorithm

A method for constructively using non-line-of-sight GNSS signals from a snapshot of signal samples for positioning of users in urban areas is presented here. Using a 3D building model and a ray-tracing algorithm, the number of reception paths and the corresponding path delays of reflected signals are predicted, across a rid of candidate positions. These predictions are then used to compute a least squares fit to the GNSS receiver’s correlator outputs, and the position with smallest residuals is selected as the position estimate. Using data collected along 3.5 km of road in downtown Calgary, Canada, where buildings reach heights of over 200 m, the root-mean-square position error is below 10 m in the along-track and across-track directions. Compared to two pseudorange-based receivers, the proposed method yields RMS error improvements of at least 31% in the along-track direction, 63% in the across-track direction, and 53% in the horizontal plane.

Research on Communication Architecture of Power Terminal Access Network

With the accelerated pace of urbanization and the increasing number of power users in urban areas, increased the amount of business of urban power communication system. At the same time, the distribution of users in remote areas, such as rural areas has been reduced, which means that the business needs of power communications reduced. For the situation, We proposed a power system communication architecture based on the number of terminal equipment. The scheme will effectively improve the current situation of electric power communication terminal access network, and improve the efficiency of information transmission.

Usability of spectrum overlay in the TV band in urban areas: focus on service availability range and spectrum utilisation efficiency

Radio spectrum management is evolving through technical developments aimed at improving spectrum efficiency, and radio frequencies have been considered limited national resources, particularly for service usability and popularisation. In this context, TV white space has emerged as a means to enhance spectrum efficiency and as a new paradigm in spectrum management. However, concerns have been expressed that TV white space service in urban areas will affect DTV service. This paper suggests improving spectrum usability through an analysis of the user environment for TV white space in the densely built area of Seoul. This paper suggests that a tailor-made service can be implemented after an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of TV white space. In addition, it can affect industry, especially mobile-device manufacturing, and can lead to economic growth owing to the relatively high density of mobile-device users in urban areas.

An ontology-based CBR approach for personalized itinerary search systems for sustainable urban freight transport

This paper presents a novel information retrieval approach for personalized itinerary search in urban freight transport systems. The proposed approach is based on the integration of three techniques: Case Base Reasoning, Choquet integral and ontology. It has the following advanced features: (1) user-oriented ontology is used as source of knowledge to extract pertinent information about stakeholder’s preferences and needs; (2) semantic web rule language is considered to provide the system with enhanced semantic capabilities and support personalized case representation; (3) a CBR-personalized retrieval mechanism is designed to provide a user with an optimum itinerary that meets his personal needs and preferences. The above features lead to a personalized and optimum itinerary search that meets the user’s needs as specified in their queries such as fuel consumption, environmental impact, optimum route, time management etc. This has the potential to effectively manage fright movement according to stakeholder’s needs and alleviate congestion problems in urban areas. The proposed intelligent decision support system (Onto-CBR) is implemented to an itinerary search problem for freight transportation users in urban areas. Its performance is further compared to an itineraries search system that was proposed by the authors in an earlier publication. Both approaches are compared in terms of their ability to meet user’s personal preferences and achieve accuracy in case retrieval. The experimental results showed the ability of the proposed system to improve the accuracy of case retrieval and reduce retrieval time prominently. The ability of the proposed system tailor the search to stakeholders needs, improve the accuracy of case retrieval and facilitate the search process are among the main positive features of the proposed intelligent decision support system.

Internet Access At Public Access Venues In A Developing Countries: Lessons from Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This paper aims to present differences between male and female internet users in terms of their internet access, including the information they seek, their ICT uses, their frequency of use, and their barriers. This paper reports data from 400 internet café users in urban and non-urban areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.The results show that there were some differences between the male and female users. Firstly, the number of male users who visited in internet café was slightly higher than that of female users. Secondly, in terms of information the users seek, female users in urban areas were more interested in accessing education and health contents than male users, whereas in non-urban areas female users were more interested in educational contents and agricultural contents. Secondly, in terms of the ICT uses, male users in urban areas tended to have more interest in using ICT for e-commerce and business than female users. On the other hand, in non urban areas, female users tended to have a higher interest in using ICT for blogging/social networking than male users. Next, with regard to frequency of use, in both urban and non-urban areas male users visited an internet café more often than female users. Finally, in term of barriers in using ICT; the most serious barriers both in urban and non-urban areas were distance, cost, content and services.

Hybrid and electric low-noise cars cause an increase in traffic accidents involving vulnerable road users in urban areas

Due to resource scarcity, the number of low-noise and electric cars is expected to increase rapidly. The frequent use of these cars will lead to a significant reduction of traffic related noise and pollution. On the other hand, due to the adaption and conditioning of vulnerable road users the number of traffic accidents involving pedestrians and bicyclists is postulated to increase as well. Children, older people with reduced eyesight and the blind are especially reliant on a combination of acoustic and visual warning signals with approaching or accelerating vehicles. This is even more evident in urban areas where the engine sound is the dominating sound up to 30 kph (kilometres per hour). Above this, tyre–road interaction is the main cause of traffic noise. With the missing typical engine sound a new sound design is necessary to prevent traffic accidents in urban areas. Drivers should not be able to switch the sound generator off.