User's View Research Articles

Evaluation of Trabzon Coastal Facade and Filling Areas in Context of User Views

Kıyılar her zaman yoğun kullanıma sahip alanlar olduklarından, nüfusa ve farklı yaşam koşullarına bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterebilmektedir. Kentsel alanların kullanım potansiyeli açısından önemli bir yere sahip olan kıyılar, sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik açıdan şehirlerin popüler odak noktalarını oluşturmaktadır. Popülaritesi yüksek olan bu alanlar kullanıcı isteklerine bağı olarak farklılaşabilmekte ve böylece yapısal ve mimari açıdan öneme sahip kıyılar, görsel değişime uğratılabilmektedir.
 Bu çalışmada kıyı kenti olan Trabzon’da yapıların, kıyı cepheleri ve kullanım amaçları kullanıcı görüşleri doğrultusunda incelenmiştir. Araştırmada, Trabzon ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan Ayasofya ve Akyazı arasındaki kıyı bandı 3 bölüme ayrılmıştır. Çalışma alanında kullanıcılara ait değişkenlere göre Ayasofya, Beşirli I ve Beşirli II (Akyazı), bölgelerinin kullanımları hakkındaki görüşlerinin farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını ortaya koymak hedeflenmiştir. 5’li likert ölçeğinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler yolu ile elde edilen bulgularda çalışma alanı içerisinde kalan kıyının kullanım açısından tercih nedenleri ile parametreler arasında ilişki kurulmuştur. Kıyı kullanıcıları ile yapılan anket çalışması sonucunda belirlenen 7 parametre ile Trabzon kıyı şeridinde yer alan Ayasofya, Beşirli I ve Beşirli II bölgelerinin kıyı kullanımlarının konusundaki görüşleri ortaya konmuştur.

User view dynamic graph-driven sequential recommendation

User view dynamic graph-driven sequential recommendation

Reference architecture for digital twin-based predictive maintenance systems

ContextDigital Twin-based predictive maintenance systems are frequently integrated into complex systems. The success of the integration depends on the design of the system. A Reference Architecture can be used as a blueprint to design Application Architectures rapidly and consistently for various application domains, resulting in a reduced time-to-market. ObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a Reference Architecture designed using renowned software architecture methods. MethodA domain analysis was performed to gather and synthesize the literature on Digital Twin-based predictive maintenance systems, which we used to model the key features. We applied UML diagrams to design the reference architecture based on the feature model. We evaluated the reference architecture using three case studies. ResultsWe derived three views for Digital Twin-based predictive maintenance systems. For the user's view, we developed a context diagram. We developed a package diagram for the structural view, and we designed a layered view to show the system's decomposition in layers. We designed an Application Architecture for each case study based on the study's features using each Reference Architecture view. Additionally, we designed a deployment view to describe the hardware and software and its environment. ConclusionWe demonstrated that the methods of creating a Reference Architecture could be used in the Digital Twin-based predictive maintenance domain and showed how an Application Architecture could be designed in this context.

Views of healthcare professionals and service users regarding anti-, peri- and post-natal depression in Oman.

INTRODUCTION: Anti-, peri- and post-natal depression is known to affect the relationship between infants and their mothers adversely. Previous studies have identified barriers and facilitators, reported by women and HCPs, related to the identification and management of anti-, peri- and post-natal depression. However, these studies considered the experiences of women separately from those of the healthcare professionals, even though their experiences of anti-, peri- and post-natal depression are interconnected. Additionally, there is a lack of research among people living in the Middle East, including Oman, which has one of the highest rates of anti-, peri- and post-natal depression globally. This study aimed to explore the views and experiences of HCPs and service users relating to anti-, peri- and post-natal depression from the Middle East perspective. A qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured interviews was conducted. This study took place at the Family Medicine and Community Clinic at the University Hospital and three selected primary healthcare centres in Muscat, between May 2020 and February 2021. Purposive sampling was used: 15 HCPs with 2-20 years of clinical experience in anti-, peri- and post-natal primary care and 13 pregnant patients plus 2 post-birth patients were interviewed. Audio-recordings were transcribed verbatim, and the anonymized transcripts were then entered into the qualitative data management software, NVIVO 12. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data. Four themes were identified in the data, namely: (1) making sense of anti-, peri- and post-natal depression; (2) how to deal with anti-, peri- and post-natal depression; (3) barriers to addressing anti-, peri- and post-natal depression in primary anti-, peri- and post-natal care settings and (4) bridging the gap: facilitators in detecting and managing anti-, peri- and post-natal depression. Improving the identification and management of anti-, peri- and post-natal depression in primary healthcare systems will require a whole-system approach with interventions at the patient, practice and comprehensive primary care team levels. The findings suggest implications for improving the identification and management of anti-, peri- and post-natal depression including an increased emphasis on mental health by enhancing the routine screening of mothers during the anti-, peri- and post-natal period, clearer referral systems, improving resources, providing training with regard to mental health and improving communication skills.

Spiritual Diversity in Personal Recovery from Mental Health Challenges: A Qualitative Study from Chinese-Australian Service Users' Perspectives.

Spiritual diversity and the positive role of spirituality in personal recovery have received growing attention in mental health literature. However, the spiritual experiences and views of service users from cultural communities, particularly the Chinese community, are understudied in Australia. This research explores Chinese service users' spiritual identities and their views and perspectives on the roles of spirituality in their mental health recovery and attempts to provide inspiration for practitioners to engage with service users' spirituality in non-clinical mental health practice. A qualitative exploratory approach guided this study. Semi-structured interviews were employed with four Chinese participants with spiritual identities, who were recruited through the community Psychosocial Support Service in Victoria. The template analysis method supported the data analysis. The results indicate that spirituality has a positive impact on the mental health recovery of participants, primarily through coping, self-regulatory, and social support mechanisms. The findings also present that Chinese service users' understanding and approaches to spirituality are shaped by both original and Australian Cultures. These findings suggest that practitioners should provide a creative understanding and cultural awareness when discussing with service users their spiritual identities, perspectives, and spirituality in the wider context. The research fills a gap in the spiritual views and perspectives of service users accessing a non-clinical mental health service from the Chinese community.

Measuring Recovery: The Addiction Recovery Questionnaire (ARQ)

ABSTRACT The Addiction Recovery Questionnaire (ARQ) is derived from the views of service users, their families and friends. Data were collected from 305 participants in the UK general population and addiction services, asked to self-identify as being in one of three groups: treatment, recovery or well-functioning, and complete the ARQ. Regression and latent class analyses were used to determine that the ARQ could distinguish the three groups. Clinically significant change values were established. Although there are some discrepancies in the way individuals define their recovery, self-identification was found to be broadly valid. The ARQ is able to assign people to different stages of recovery from addiction, and provides an instrument for monitoring change and measuring outcomes in the key components of lifestyle, involvement with substance use and self-confidence.

Trust and Uncertainty in the Implementation of a Pilot Remote Blood Pressure Monitoring Program in Primary Care: Qualitative Study of Patient and Health Care Professional Views.

Trust is of fundamental importance to the adoption of technologies in health care. The increasing use of telemedicine worldwide makes it important to consider user views and experiences. In particular, we ask how the mediation of a technological platform alters the trust relationship between patient and health care provider. To date, few qualitative studies have focused on trust in the use of remote health care technologies. This study examined the perspectives of patients and clinical staff who participated in a remote blood pressure monitoring program, focusing on their experiences of trust and uncertainty in the use of technology and how this telehealth intervention may have affected the patient-provider relationship. A secondary qualitative analysis using inductive thematic analysis was conducted on interview data from 13 patients and 8 staff members who participated in a remote blood pressure monitoring program to elicit themes related to trust. In total, 4 themes were elicited that showed increased trust (patients felt reassured, patients trusted the telehealth program, staff felt that the data were trustworthy, and a better patient-provider partnership based on the mutually trusted data), and 4 themes were elicited that reflected decreased trust (patients' distrust of technology, clinicians' concerns about the limitations of technologically mediated interactions, experiences of uncertainty, and institutional risk). Managing trust relationships plays an important role in the successful implementation of telemedicine. Ensuring that trust building is incorporated in the design of telehealth interventions can contribute to improved effectiveness and quality of care.

QoE-Driven Adaptive Streaming for Point Clouds

With increasing popularity of virtual reality and augmented reality, application of point clouds is in critical demand as it enables users to freely navigate in an immersive scene with six degrees of freedom. However, point clouds usually comprise large amounts of data, and are thus difficult to stream in bandwidth-constrained networks. It is therefore important, yet challenging, to efficiently stream the resource-intensive point clouds, such that the user's quality of experience (QoE) is guaranteed on a high-level but with a low bandwidth consumption. To this end, we propose a QoE-driven adaptive streaming approach for the tile-based point cloud transmission, to maximize the user's QoE while reducing the transmission redundancy. By exploiting the perspective projection, we specifically model the QoE of a 3D tile as a function of the bitrate of its representation, user's view frustum and spatial position, occlusion between tiles, and the resolution of rendering device. Based on this QoE model, we then formulate the QoE-optimized rate adaptation problem as a multiple-choice knapsack problem, which allocates bitrates for different tiles under a given transmission capacity. It is equivalently converted to a submodular function maximization problem subject to knapsack constraints, and solved by a practical greedy-based algorithm with a theoretical worst-case performance guarantee. The proposed algorithm is able to achieve a near-optimal performance, but with a very low computational complexity. Experimental results further demonstrate superiority of the proposed rate adaptation algorithm over existing schemes, in terms of both user's visual quality and transmission efficiency.

Road Infrastructure Safety Management: Proactive Safety Tools to Evaluate Potential Conditions of Risk

The identification of highly critical sections in a road network is possible by examining the network operation, with the goal of determining the risk factors and observe the critical issues, in order to better plan possible improvements.Therefore, this study proposes a method to evaluate the coherence of existing road layouts, through the analysis of the geometric characteristics, theoretical speeds and drivers operating speeds, under different environmental and flow conditions.The analysis focuses on the road network managed by ANAS SpA in the Veneto Region, for which the reconstruction of the road axes geometry, the curvature graph and the theoretical design speed profile have been obtained, according to the indications of the Italian Ministerial Decree 05/11/2001. The theoretical design speed profile has then been compared with the information relating to the road users’ mobility, in terms of the 85th percentile speeds, obtained from the extraction and analysis of the Floating Car Data (FCD). The data were processed by reconstructing the continuous profile of operating speeds with a specific regression function known as “smoothing cubic spline”. The comparison with the theoretical design speeds allows to observe whether the users assume a behavior close to or distant from what is expected, based on the technical and geometrical characteristics of the road layout.The proposed methodology can contribute to the implementation of a proactive road safety check, aimed at recognizing and assessing the potential risk conditions for road traffic, with particular attention to the point of view of the road user.

Perspectives of business people and consumers of hotel services on changes to hotel tax rules in the city of Bogor

The Regional Revenue Agency for the city of Bogor (Bapenda) must prepare a regional regulation regarding regional taxes and regional levies referring to the Law on Financial Relations between the Central Government and Regional Governments, published in 2022. One of the materials in the regulation is the hotel tax. This study discusses the views of business people and hotel service users regarding hotel service tax regulations. This research uses the descriptive analysis method. The study results show that hoteliers and users of hotel services will follow the applicable hotel tax rules even though, according to them, the change in rates will affect consumer interest in using hotel services in the city of Bogor. Bappenda has an application for tax payment and reporting called SIPDEH to strengthen the regional taxation system. Business people are satisfied with the SIPDEH application, although it needs improvement. Changes to hotel tax rules have little effect on the ease of business in Bogor hotels. The Bogor city government should make other policies to ease and comfort business in hotel services. The Bogor city government should make other policies to reduce and comfort business in hotel services.

Механизм цифровой трансформации российских банков в современных условиях

The relevance of the problem under study is due to the active transition of banks into the digital space. The desire of banks to reduce costs, diversify the product line, increase customer loyalty, increase the profitability of operations, etc. involves the banking sector in the process of digital transformation. Digital transformations in the banking market inevitably entail a rethinking of the views of users and participants of these financial relations. The purpose of the article is to consider the mechanism of digital transformation of Russian banks in modern conditions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to define digital transformation, identify and characterize digital technology models, analyze the factors influencing digital banking transformation, identify the stages of the digital transformation process of banks and characterize the types of banking business models after the transformation. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article was the scientific work of Russian and foreign scientists and agencies. In the course of writing the work, general scientific methods of cognition used in economics were used, adapted taking into account the emerging nature of digital technology markets. The work also uses a set of scientific approaches and methods, such as systematic and integrated approaches, methods of logical, comparative and statistical analysis. Methodological approaches are based on theoretical and methodological research of the potential of the latest digital technologies, analysis of opportunities and problems that these technologies provide. The article proposes to consider digital transformation as a process involving the introduction of various innovative technological solutions into the activities of banks, radically changing the ways and channels of providing services to customers. 4 models of digital technology transformation are identified and characterized: confederate, joint service, strategic competence centers model and operational model. It is concluded that Russian banks are striving for an operating model, but in the long term due to the prevailing growth factors and constraints. The presence of a sufficiently large number of stop factors that slow down the digital transformation in banks has been revealed: the Russian mentality, the lack of external and insufficient internal financing, the lack of qualified personnel, etc. A forecast has been made about erasing the edge of the bank as a financial institution, and turning into a way of life. Practical application is possible when creating a digital strategy of the bank, and the deepening of the study should be carried out taking into account the reduction of risks, including cyber threats.

The importance of information systems supporting logistics processes production company

The article presents key issues regarding the field of knowledge of logistics. The nature and meaning of a logistics system and relevant logistic information are discussed. In the further part of the work, selected IT systems supporting the production processes of the company are reviewed, presenting the specific features of each of them. The structure of AFPRO Filters enterprise, where the surveys were conducted, is also characterized. For the purpose of the work, two surveys were carried out, based on which the effectiveness of using implemented information systems is assessed from the point of view of users from various departments of the company. In the summary of the work, solutions, which could help the company to increase the efficiency of the use of implemented information systems and thus improve the flow of information are proposed.

Development and testing of a scale for examining factors affecting the learning experience in the Metaverse

The Metaverse, as it gradually becomes a reality, offers great possibilities for education, providing a new dimension of engagement, interaction, and experiences for students and educators alike. Yet, researchers lack tools that would allow them to simultaneously examine a satisfactory number of factors that shape one's experience when engaged in educational applications in the Metaverse. The study at hand is an attempt to fill this gap, as it reports the steps followed for the development and testing of the Metaverse Learning Experience Scale. The statistical analyses of data coming from 462 university students who participated in its testing, established the scale's validity and reliability. Its final version can capture the views of users using forty-three items, examining ten factors (namely, perceived quality of the virtual environment's graphics, perceived cognitive load, perceived ease of use/control of the virtual environment, immersion/presence, perceived feedback and content quality, perceived degree of interaction, motivation to learn and use the virtual environment, perceived usefulness/knowledge gains, simulator sickness, and positive feelings. The scale's factorial structure together with the implications it has for research and practice are also discussed.

Low-cost mobile augmented reality service for building information modeling

Informed decision-making is crucial for construction site operators. Cyber-physical systems, including various technologies such as augmented reality and building automation tools, are gathering popularity within the infrastructure management sector. However, they are expensive and inaccessible to adopt for most small organizations. This paper describes a prototype of low-cost mobile augmented reality service for BIM and demonstrated its usability for pipe maintenance by supporting inspection, workflow management, data reduction, and augmented reality. User views about the decision support, integration and ease of use of the prototype were also collected from the organisations in the UK and South Korea. The results showed that integrating the augmented reality service with the building automation tool connected to the BIM server enhances decision-making for on-site operations by generating a closed loop. This paper also highlights the need for developing low-cost digital solutions to foster the digitalization of construction organisations with limited budgets.

Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Selection of Vehicles with Electric, Hybrid, and Conventional Drive for Car-Sharing Services from the Perspective of Polish Occasional System Users

Car-sharing systems, i.e., short-term car rentals, are one of the solutions that can be an alternative to individual motorization in cities. However, these services must adapt well to customers’ needs to develop appropriately. Currently, there have been attempts in scientific research to make numerous optimizations of car-sharing systems, but little emphasis was placed on the type of car fleet used in the systems, which is particularly important at the stage of transformation of the automotive industry towards electric mobility. In response to this research gap, this article was dedicated to the selection of vehicles for car-sharing systems. The work focuses on users of Polish car-sharing systems who use the services of short-term vehicle rental occasionally, i.e., up to five times a year. The research made it possible to determine the types of vehicles (cars with electric, hybrid and internal combustion engines) that the users are interested in and to indicate the specific features that the cars should have. Interestingly, large family vehicles with hybrid engines turned out to be the leading ones. In turn, small city cars, so far dominant in car-sharing, turned out to be the worst choice from the point of view of occasional users. This showed that the current systems are not properly adapted to the needs of society. The results support car-sharing operators who want to upgrade their vehicle fleet accordingly to encourage the public to use car-sharing more often. It is also a guide to identifying a vehicle for fleet modernization towards hybrid and electric vehicles.

Understanding of Sustainable Development Goals among communities living adjacent to mangroves in Kenya

Mangroves are among the most productive ecosystems, known for their diverse provisioning, regulating, supporting and aesthetic services. The ecosystem directly supports livelihoods and ensures food security and nutrition of people through its ecosystem services (ES) such as wood, fish and medicines while protecting them by stabilizing shorelines, reducing flooding, and mitigating climate change and natural disasters such as tsunamis. In so doing, the ecosystem promotes several sustainable development goals (SDGs) and co-benefits several others. This relationship however remains under explored with limited studies on the co-benefit scenarios and the cognitive views of mangrove resource users. This paper highlights gaps in knowledge of the role of mangroves in development and the implications on ecosystem governance. The study analysed the ‘ideal’ scenario presented in secondary data in comparison to community perspectives on mangrove-related development. Bearing in mind the complexity of the concept of sustainability, development was categorised at local, national and international levels, and community members were asked to mention any known links to mangrove ES at any of the three levels. Results indicate that 45.4 % (n=166) of the community understood the roles of mangroves in development. The majority (79.5 %) were able to link the ecosystem to local (village level) development, 43.1 % to both local and national development while only 13.5 % could link the ecosystem to local, national, and international development. Forty-three per cent (n=157) of the community did not know of the relationship between mangroves and development while 11.6 % (n=43) felt that mangroves do not contribute to development. The study further disaggregated this knowledge socio-demographically, highlighting opportunities for enhancing governance, conservation and the use of mangrove ecosystems in Kenya.

Views, Use, and Experiences of Web-Based Access to Pediatric Electronic Health Records for Children, Adolescents, and Parents: Scoping Review.

Ongoing efforts worldwide to provide patients with patient-accessible electronic health records (PAEHRs) have led to variability in adolescent and parental access across providers, regions, and countries. There is no compilation of evidence to guide policy decisions in matters such as access age and the extent of parent proxy access. In this paper, we outline our scoping review of different stakeholders' (including but not limited to end users) views, use, and experiences pertaining to web-based access to electronic health records (EHRs) by children, adolescents, and parents. The aim of this study was to identify, categorize, and summarize knowledge about different stakeholders' (eg, children and adolescents, parents, health care professionals [HCPs], policy makers, and designers of patient portals or PAEHRs) views, use, and experiences of EHR access for children, adolescents, and parents. A scoping review was conducted according to the Arksey and O'Malley framework. A literature search identified eligible papers that focused on EHR access for children, adolescents, and parents that were published between 2007 and 2021. A number of databases were used to search for literature (PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO). The approach resulted in 4817 identified articles and 74 (1.54%) included articles. The papers were predominantly viewpoints based in the United States, and the number of studies on parents was larger than that on adolescents and HCPs combined. First, adolescents and parents without access anticipated low literacy and confidentiality issues; however, adolescents and parents who had accessed their records did not report such concerns. Second, the main issue for HCPs was maintaining adolescent confidentiality. This remained an issue after using PAEHRs for parents, HCPs, and other stakeholders but was not an experienced issue for adolescents. Third, the viewpoints of other stakeholders provided a number of suggestions to mitigate issues. Finally, education is needed for adolescents, parents, and HCPs. There is limited research on pediatric PAEHRs, particularly outside the United States, and on adolescents' experiences with web-based access to their records. These findings could inform the design and implementation of future regulations regarding access to PAEHRs. Further examination is warranted on the experiences of adolescents, parents, and HCPs to improve usability and utility, inform universal principles reducing the current arbitrariness in the child's age for own and parental access to EHRs among providers worldwide, and ensure that portals are equipped to safely and appropriately manage a wide variety of patient circumstances. RR2-10.2196/36158.

How Well Do We Handle the Sample Preparation, FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Analysis, and Data Treatment of Atmospheric Waters?

FT-ICR MS (Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry) analysis has shown great potential to aid in the understanding of the extremely high molecular diversity of cloud water samples. The main goal of this work was to determine the differences in terms of formula assignment for analytical (i.e., measurement replicates) and experimental replicates of a given cloud water sample. The experimental replicates, obtained by solid phase extraction, were also compared to the results obtained for freeze-dried samples to evaluate whether the presence of salts interferes with the analysis. Two S/N ratios, generally adopted for atmospheric samples, were evaluated, and three different algorithms were used for assignment: DataAnalysis 5.3 (Bruker), Composer (Sierra Analytics), and MFAssignR (Chemical Advanced Resolution Methods Lab). In contrast to other works, we wanted to treat this comparison from the point of view of users, who usually must deal with a simple list of m/z ratios and intensity with limited access to the mass spectrum characteristics. The aim of this study was to establish a methodology for the treatment of atmospheric aqueous samples in light of the comparison of three different software programs, to enhance the possibility of data comparison within samples.

CULTURAL APPROPRIATION WITH REFERENCE TO TEXTILES HANDWOVEN IN NAGALAND, INDIA

With their geometric and frequently minimalistic designs, the captivating indigenous textiles of the Naga community, provides a unique exemption in India‘s textiles, and has a growing demand worldwide. (Wettstein, 2014).Each design within a textile carries importance and the finished piece can be studied like a story (Adangla, 2017).With a history as interesting and captivating as its geography, Nagaland is however yet to be further explored . The state, with its assorted tribal culture, is a region of festivals and exceptionally abundant textile traditions. Within the handloom history of India, the warrior body cloths or shawls of Nagaland have a special place and are required to be documented accurately (Prakash, 2014). This study aims to understand the textiles of Nagaland and analyse the views of the original users on contemporisation and cultural re-appropriation of textiles. Cultural appropriation of traditional textiles is a major offence, according to the Nagas. Cases of cultural appropriation have happened in the past due to lack of awareness. Therefore, the study is additionally an attempt at identifying appropriate methods for contemporisation of Naga textiles while still retaining the cultural essence of the handloom pieces. The methods used for this study are in-depth interviews with local experts, Photo elicitation discussion with the weavers, Mind-mapping and feedback surveys with the original users (people belonging to the Naga tribe). Previously, existing information on Naga textiles has revealed knowledge regarding the designs, the cultural status of the wearer of some of these textiles and the usage of these textiles in the past as well as present. However, as the social status of the wearer has changed over the years, this has resulted in socio-cultural re-appropriation of these Naga textiles.The information regarding the customs and appropriate methods to avoid cultural appropriation are identified, compiled and discussed. It involves detailed observation, description of the original users and understanding cultural appropriation from their perspective. The research is directly concerned with the significance that the textiles play in the lives of the Nagas. KEYWORDS: Contemporisation, Cultural appropriation, Handloom, Nagaland, Textiles.

Evaluation of the Aesthetic Quality of an Industrial Building after Renovation

Industrial buildings occupy large areas and are one of the main city-forming elements of the urban environment. In recent decades, the renovation of industrial buildings has become a special and widespread creative direction for designers. The aesthetic features of the industrial facilities renovation process are of great interest not only for designers but also for users of buildings and citizens. The results obtained by evaluating the aesthetic aspects of the renovation of a large industrial building in Kazakhstan are presented in this article: the Almaty Cotton Mill (ACM). Three large buildings of the former industrial site have been converted into a commercial facility. The study is based on an assessment of new use from the point of view of users and citizens. The study's methodology is based on conducting a sociological survey to analyze the aesthetic qualities of the interiors and exteriors of ACM buildings. Interior spaces were analyzed using the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) method. The exterior assessment will be based on the theory of visual perception of the city according to the method of K. Lynch. The result of the study is the final concept of a sociological survey and recommendations for improving the aesthetic characteristics of the interiors and exteriors in