User Precoding Research Articles

Power Minimization Precoder Design for Uplink MIMO Systems With Multi-Group NOMA Scheme

This paper presents a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme with group detection for uplink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, for which an effective precoder design is developed. In the scheme, users are divided into groups in accordance with their locations for detection at the base station. The inter- and intra-group interferences are mitigated by successive interference cancellation (SIC) and transceivers, respectively. Based on a derived approximate signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for using zero-forcing detection, an iterative power and beamforming update procedure is developed for obtaining the user precoders. The precoder design effectively mitigates the intra-group-inter-user correlation making the adopted approximate SINR represent the original SINR accurately. The proposed multi-group MIMO-NOMA scheme can work under more practical transmit-receive antenna configurations and is shown to outperform upon existing cluster-based MIMO-NOMA schemes in terms of total transmit power for various system configurations. The impact of SIC residuals on the multi-group MIMO-NOMA scheme is investigated. Feasibility conditions for the design under imperfect SIC based on the fractional cancellation error model are developed.

Wideband User Grouping for Uplink Multiuser mmWave MIMO Systems With Hybrid Combining

Analog-digital hybrid precoding and combining schemes constitute an interesting approach to millimeter-wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems due to the low hardware complexity and/or low power required for its deployment. However, the design of the hybrid precoders and combiners of a wideband multiuser (MU) mmWave MIMO system is challenging because the signal processing in the analog domain is constrained to be frequency flat. Furthermore, the number of radio frequency (RF) chains limits the number of individual streams that a common base station (BS) can simultaneously serve. This work jointly addresses the user scheduling, the user precoder design, and the BS hybrid combining design for the uplink of wideband MU mmWave MIMO systems. On the one hand, user precoding and BS hybrid combining are jointly designed to minimize the impact of having frequency-flat RF components. On the other hand, a number of users larger than the number of RF chains are served at the BS by employing a distributed quantizer linear coding (DQLC)-based non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme. The use of this encoding strategy also allows exploiting the spatial correlation between the source information. Simulation results show remarkable performance gains of the proposed approaches for wideband mmWave MIMO hardware-constrained systems.

A Novel Power Minimization Precoding Scheme for MIMO-NOMA Uplink Systems

This letter is to investigate the use of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and new transceiver design for multiple-input multiple-output uplinks. A new NOMA implementation scheme with group interference cancelation is proposed to minimize the total power consumption subject to individual rate requirements. In this scheme, precoders and equalizers for users in the same group are designed jointly, and closed-form design procedures for user precoders are developed. Simulation results show that the proposed NOMA scheme outperforms both orthogonal multiple access transmissions and signal alignment NOMA scheme in terms of total power consumption.

On the Degrees of Freedom of the Symmetric Multi-Relay MIMO Y Channel

In this paper, we study the degrees of freedom (DoF) of the symmetric multi-relay multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Y channel, where three user nodes, each with M antennas, communicate via K geographically separated relay nodes, each with N antennas. For this model, we establish a general DoF achievability framework based on linear precoding and post-processing methods. The framework poses a nonlinear problem with respect to user precoders and post-processors, as well as relay precoders. To solve this problem, we adopt an uplink-downlink asymmetric strategy, where the user precoders are designed for signal alignment and the user post-processors are used for interference neutralization. With the user precoder and post-processor designs fixed as such, the original problem then reduces to a problem of relay precoder design. To address the solvability of the system, we propose a general method for solving matrix equations. This method is also useful to the DoF analysis of many other multiway relay networks. Together with the techniques of antenna disablement and symbol extension, an achievable DoF of the symmetric multi-relay MIMO Y channel is derived for an arbitrary setup of (K, M, N). We show that, for K >= 2, the optimal DoF is achieved for M/N in [0, max{sqrt(3K)/3,1}) and [(3K+sqrt(9K^2-12K))/6,infinity). We also show that the uplink-downlink asymmetric design proposed in this paper considerably outperforms the conventional approach based on uplink-downlink symmetry.

Mitigation of Uplink ICI and IBI in OFDMA Two-Tier Networks

For two-tier networks using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) over frequency-selective channels, macrocell-user (MU) signals generally arrive at small-cell base stations (SBSs) with different delays and can hardly be synchronized in time, causing intercarrier interference (ICI) and interblock interference (IBI) in OFDM demodulation. The effects on small-cell uplink capacity by ICI and IBI and their mitigation have not been well addressed in the literature. In this paper, the ICI and IBI of OFDMA two-tier networks with fractional power control (FPC) in multipath fading channels are formulated, and closed-form expressions of their covariance matrices at the SBS with random MU locations are derived. Simulation results verify the validity of the theoretical analysis. It is shown that small-cell uplink capacity is substantially degraded in the presence of ICI and IBI. A precoding method for small cells for mitigating the effects of ICI and IBI on uplink capacity is proposed. In the method, the received signals over small-cell subcarriers at the SBS are decorrelated jointly by small-cell user (SU) precoders and an equalizer at the SBS. Closed-form design procedures for precoding of different subcarrier sizes to maximize uplink capacity under different information feedback are developed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method for using all the subcarriers for precoding has a large capacity gain over that of no small-cell precoding. Moreover, the method can perform very well, even if MU locations are the only information fed back from the macrocell.

Threshold‐based CSI feedback reduction for time‐varying multiple‐input multiple‐output broadcast channels

In many modern wireless systems that operate based on availability of channel state information at transmitter (CSIT), one of the main bottlenecks is updating CSIT of the time varying channel. In multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channels, CSIT is required for user scheduling and precoding. Most existing CSI feedback reduction techniques reduce the number of feedback terms by allowing only a limited number of users to feedback CSI, or allowing only partial/limited information of user channels to be send back to the transmitter. In this work, CSI is reduced over several time-slots of transmission, and not in a single snapshot at the beginning of each time-slot. A time-varying MIMO broadcast channel with limited-capacity feedback links is considered. An efficient threshold-based feedback technique that maximises net-throughput is proposed. The proposed scheme assigns different CSI feedback rates over several time-slots to different groups of users proportional to their channel strength. Analysis and simulation results for zero-forcing beamforming precoding show net-throughput superiority of the proposed scheme over the case of perfect CSI.

Maximizing capacity with trellis exploration aided limited feedback precoder design for multiuser MIMO-MAC

In this paper, a linear trellis based precoding technique is proposed for maximizing the multiuser MIMO capacity in a multiple access channel with inter symbol interference (ISI). We use the trellis exploration algorithm to design a precoding matrix that minimizes the interference from other users by allocating power in the appropriate eigenmodes. Employing a finite number of phases, the precoder matrix for each user is first custom designed at the receiver. Then a bit sequence indicating the phase indices of the optimized precoding matrix elements for the corresponding user is fed back to the transmitter. We show that under this approach, the sum rate capacity achieved is comparable to the optimal sum-rate capacity employing the well-known water filling solution with complete channel knowledge at the transmitter for spatio-temporal vector coding (STVC). Our simulations for various multiuser MIMO cases, show that the per user precoding with limited feedback and equal power allocation strategy achieves desirable capacity gains relative to the eigenbeamforming and Grassmannian precoding.

Successive User Scheduling Schemes for a Multiuser MIMO System Employing Generalized Channel Inversion

Generalized channel inversion (GCI) is a precoding technique for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output system. While producing each user's precoding matrix, GCI takes into account noise and thus it is more robust compared with alternative techniques such as block diagonalization technique in terms of sum rate capacity and frame error rate. In this paper, two suboptimal multiuser scheduling schemes for GCI are proposed that by scheduling a subset of mobile users nearly maximize the sum rate capacity. They employ an iterative approach involving a number of search steps. At each step, unselected mobile users are evaluated one by one, and only one of them is chosen according to given criteria. It is shown via computer simulations that the proposed schemes are capable of achieving a large portion of the sum rate capacity that is offered by an exhaustive search. The performance of the proposed multiuser scheduling schemes is evaluated when the antenna mutual coupling effects are taken into account at the mobile users' sides. Numerical results reveal that the presence of antenna mutual coupling can result in an increased sum rate capacity when the array inter-element spacing is in the range of 0.3---0.4 wavelength.

Multiuser Multi-Hop MIMO Relay Systems with Correlated Fading Channels

In this letter, we address multiuser multi-hop multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay communication systems with correlated MIMO fading channels. In particular, we consider the practical scenario where the channel fading is fast and thus the instantaneous channel state information (CSI) is only available at the destination node, but unknown at all users and all relay nodes. We derive the structure of the optimal user precoding matrices and relay amplifying matrices that maximizes the users-destination ergodic sum mutual information. Compared with existing works, our results are more general, since we address multiuser scenarios, consider MIMO relays with a finite dimension, and take into account the noise vector at each relay node.

User Arrival in MIMO Interference Alignment Networks

In this paper we analyze a constant multiple-input multiple-output interference channel where a set of active users are cooperating through interference alignment while a set of secondary users desire access to the channel. We find the minimum number of secondary transmit antennas required so that a secondary user can use the channel without affecting the sum rate of the active users, under a zero-forcing equalization assumption. When the secondary users have enough antennas, we derive several secondary user precoders that approximately maximize the secondary users' sum rate without changing the sum rate of the active users. When the secondary users do not have enough antennas, we perform numerical optimization to find secondary user precoders that cause minimum degradation to the sum rate of the active users. Through simulations, we confirm that i) with enough antennas at the secondary users, gains equivalent to the case of all the users cooperating through interference alignment is obtainable, and ii) when the secondary users do not have enough antennas, large rate losses at the active users can be avoided.channels

Linear precoder designs for K-user interference channels

This paper studies linear precoding and decoding schemes for K-user interference channel systems. It was shown by Cadambe and Jafar that the interference alignment (IA) algorithm achieves a theoretical bound on degrees of freedom (DOF) for interference channel systems. Based on this, we first introduce a non-iterative solution for the precoding and decoding scheme. To this end, we determine the orthonormal basis vectors of each user's precoding matrix to achieve the maximum DOF, then we optimize precoding matrices in the IA method according to two different decoding schemes with respect to individual rate. Second, an iterative processing algorithm is proposed which maximizes the weighted sum rate. Deriving the gradient of the weighted sum rate and applying the gradient descent method, the proposed scheme identifies a local-optimal solution iteratively. Simulation results show that the proposed iterative algorithm outperforms other existing methods in terms of sum rate. Also, we exhibit that the proposed non-iterative method approaches a local optimal solution at high signal-to-noise ratio with reduced complexity.

The Gaussian MIMO Broadcast Channel under Receive Power Protection Constraints

A Gaussian MIMO broadcast channel (GMBC) models the MIMO transmission of Gaussian signals from a transmitter to one or more receivers. Its capacity region and different precoding schemes for it have been well investigated, especially for the case wherein there are only transmit power constraints. In this paper, a special case of GMBC is investigated, wherein receive power constraints are also included. By imposing receive power constraints, the model, called protected GMBC (PGMBC), can be applied to certain scenarios in spatial spectrum sharing, secretive communications, mesh networks and base station cooperation. The sum capacity, capacity region, and application examples for the PGMBC are discussed in this paper. Sub-optimum precoding algorithms are also proposed for the PGMBC, where standard user precoding techniques are performed over a BC with a modified channel, which we refer to as the “protection-implied BC.” In the protection-implied BC, the receiver protection constraints have been implied in the channel, which means that by satisfying the transmit power constraints on the protection implied channel, receiver protection constraints are guaranteed to be met. Any standard single-user or multi-user MIMO precoding scheme may then be performed on the protection-implied channel. When SINR-matching duality-based precoding is applied on the protection-implied channel, sum-capacity under full protection constraints (zero receive power), and near-sum-capacity under partial protection constraints (limited non-zero receive power) are achieved, and were verified by simulations.

Multi-User Cooperative Base Station Systems With Joint Precoding and Beamforming

Interference among multiple base stations that coexist in the same location limits the capacity of wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a method to design a single/multi-stream multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) cooperative downlink transmission scheme employing precoding and beamforming under both the per base station (BS) and total BS power constraints. The per BS and total BS power constraints are the constraints where the power for each BS and all BSs is limited to a particular value, respectively. The algorithm eliminates the interference and achieves symbol-error rate (SER) fairness among different users. To eliminate the interference, Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) is used to cancel part of the interference while the transmit-receive antenna weights cancel the remaining part. An iterative method based on the uplink-downlink duality principle is used to generate the transmit-receive antenna weights. The algorithm provides an equal signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) across all users and reduces its computational complexity by trading off the complexity for a slight performance degradation. The proposed methods are extended to the scenario when the receiver does not have complete channel state informations (CSIs). Lastly, we propose a new method of selecting the user precoding order, which has a much lower complexity than VBLAST ordering but with almost the same performance. The simulation results show that the proposed schemes considerably outperform existing nonlinear and linear cooperative transmission schemes in terms of SER performance and approach an interference free performance.

Precoding for Multiuser Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Downlink

Previous precoding algorithms have concentrated on the single user scenario where the precoding scheme assumes perfect channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter or on limited feedback techniques, such as channel quantization or limited feedback signal designs. This paper proposes a novel unitary downlink precoding design scheme for multiuser spatial multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. With the perfect CSI available at the transmitter and the linear decoder at the receiver, the cost function was constructed based on the minimum average probability of vector symbol error and the design method of the precoding matrices was given. These proposed precoding matrices can completely eliminate co-channel interference for each user at the transmitter, and each user will eventually observe an interference-free single user channel, thus simplify the decoding of each user. The impact of channel feedback errors on the system performance and the upper bounds of several schemes for performance comparison were investigated. The simulation results show that the proposed precoding for multiuser spatial multiplexing system obtains almost the same performance as the single user precoding system.