User Experience Ratings Research Articles

Research on Visual Design of Smart Phone APP Interface Based on Human-Computer Interaction Behavior

This paper explores the application and influence of human-computer interaction behaviours in the visual design of smartphone APP interfaces. This paper firstly analyses the user's behavioural characteristics, interaction mode and optimization of the interaction process, and points out that the interface design should be closely integrated with the user's needs. Then the article puts forward the principles of smartphone app interface visual design, which provides a guiding framework for designers. In elaborating the design elements, the importance of colour, icon and text in interface design is emphasized, and the corresponding design principles and methods are proposed. The article concludes with a summary of the research results pointing out the problems and shortcomings, and looking forward to the future development trends and directions. This article aims to improve the user experience rate and interaction efficiency of smartphone APP interface design, and provide useful references for research and practice in related fields.

Text Input for Non-Stationary XR Workspaces: Investigating Tap and Word-Gesture Keyboards in Virtual and Augmented Reality.

This article compares two state-of-the-art text input techniques between non-stationary virtual reality (VR) and video see-through augmented reality (VST AR) use-cases as XR display condition. The developed contact-based mid-air virtual tap and wordgesture (swipe) keyboard provide established support functions for text correction, word suggestions, capitalization, and punctuation. A user evaluation with 64 participants revealed that XR displays and input techniques strongly affect text entry performance, while subjective measures are only influenced by the input techniques. We found significantly higher usability and user experience ratings for tap keyboards compared to swipe keyboards in both VR and VST AR. Task load was also lower for tap keyboards. In terms of performance, both input techniques were significantly faster in VR than in VST AR. Further, the tap keyboard was significantly faster than the swipe keyboard in VR. Participants showed a significant learning effect with only ten sentences typed per condition. Our results are consistent with previous work in VR and optical see-through (OST) AR, but additionally provide novel insights into usability and performance of the selected text input techniques for VST AR. The significant differences in subjective and objective measures emphasize the importance of specific evaluations for each possible combination of input techniques and XR displays to provide reusable, reliable, and high-quality text input solutions. With our work, we form a foundation for future research and XR workspaces. Our reference implementation is publicly available to encourage replicability and reuse in future XR workspaces.

Enhancing Visual Exploration through Augmented Gaze: High Acceptance of Immersive Virtual Biking by Oldest Olds.

The diffusion of virtual reality applications dedicated to aging urges us to appraise its acceptance by target populations, especially the oldest olds. We investigated whether immersive virtual biking, and specifically a visuomotor manipulation aimed at improving visual exploration (augmented gaze), was well accepted by elders living in assisted residences. Twenty participants (mean age 89.8 years, five males) performed three 9 min virtual biking sessions pedalling on a cycle ergometer while wearing a Head-Mounted Display which immersed them inside a 360-degree pre-recorded biking video. In the second and third sessions, the relationship between horizontal head rotation and contingent visual shift was experimentally manipulated (augmented gaze), the visual shift being twice (gain = 2.0) or thrice (gain = 3.0) the amount of head rotation. User experience, motion sickness and visual exploration were measured. We found (i) very high user experience ratings, regardless of the gain; (ii) no effect of gain on motion sickness; and (iii) increased visual exploration (slope = +46%) and decreased head rotation (slope = -18%) with augmented gaze. The improvement in visual exploration capacity, coupled with the lack of intolerance signs, suggests that augmented gaze can be a valuable tool to improve the "visual usability" of certain virtual reality applications for elders, including the oldest olds.

User-centric base station clustering and resource allocation for cell-edge users in 6G ultra-dense networks

Ultra-Dense Networks (UDNs) have been proposed to meet the ultra-high system capacity and ultra-high user experience rate requirements of sixth generation (6G) mobile networks. However, ultra-dense base stations (BSs) deployment poses challenges for cell-edge users such as BS selection, severe interference, resource allocation, and inter-cell handover. To tackle these obstacles, this paper formulates a joint BS clustering and resource allocation problem for cell-edge users in a 6G heterogeneous UDN system. For efficient resolution, this problem is decoupled into two sub-problems to be solved independently. We first propose a user-centric BS clustering algorithm based on many-to-many matching for the BS clustering problem in the heterogeneous UDN system; This algorithm considers the constraint of the system capacity. A many-to-many stable matching between users and small cell BSs is constructed under the optimization objective of maximizing the achievable user rate. Furthermore, we analyze the effectiveness, stability, convergence, and complexity of the BS clustering algorithm. Given established small cell BS clusters, we also propose a user-centric resource allocation algorithm based on network partitioning. This algorithm accounts for the interference of all users in the heterogeneous UDN system and maximizes intra-sub-network interference while minimizing inter-sub-network interference via a spectral clustering-based sub-network partitioning algorithm. Next, orthogonal allocation of resource blocks (RBs) is implemented within each sub-network, and RBs are spatially multiplexed between sub-networks. Numerical results confirm the benefits of the proposed methods: our algorithms outperform benchmark solutions in terms of the sum achievable system rate, average achievable user rate, and user spectral efficiency.

Ask a Further Question or Give a List? How Should Conversational Agents Reply to Users’ Uncertain Queries

Conversational agents (CAs) have recently become ubiquitous. Smart speakers, mobile phone voice assistants, and in-car voice assistants have entered our lives. Studies have examined some factors influencing the user experience (UX) of CAs. However, there is little research on CAs’ reply design, especially when the information the users need is uncertain, which is regarded as an uncertain information scenario. The current research mainly focuses on measuring the UX with CAs’ replies in uncertain information scenarios. We designed two reply strategies of CAs, namely, a further inquiry strategy and a list-style reply strategy, to improve UX in this kind of uncertain information scenario. Two studies were designed and conducted based on the E-prime platform to verify the effect of the two reply strategies on UX. In Study 1, we verified the influence of inquiry strategy with different address terms for users on UX. In Study 2, we verified the influence of the list-style reply strategy (explicit and implicit) on UX. The gender differences in the evaluation of the two reply strategies were also examined. The results showed that, in the uncertain information scenarios, the reply strategy of further inquiries received a higher UX evaluation than direct replies in Study 1. Moreover, male participants preferred the “master” address to the “nin” address. However, male participants had no significant preference for further inquiries. For male participants, there was no significant difference in the UX evaluations for the “master” address and “nin” address. List-style replies with ranking information received the highest UX ratings, followed by list-style replies without ranking information and direct replies in Study 2, indicating that users preferred the explicit reply design of CAs. In addition, we found that male participants tended to have a higher rating of CA replies for all reply methods than female participants in our studies, suggesting that women have higher expectations for the reply design of CAs. In general, these results may contribute to the design of CA replies and highlight the importance of personalizing CA language.

Comparing the Student Engagement with Two Versions of a Game-based Learning Tool

Research has shown that game-based learning techniques positively impact students' engagement, motivation, and learning outcomes. We performed a study to explore the differences in student engagement with a game-based learning tool implemented on two different platforms: mobile and web-based. We developed two versions of a peer-quizzing game where the students can create quiz questions related to the learning material, which their peers can attempt to answer. The students can create three types of questions: Multiple Choice Questions, True/ False, and short answers. Students from a first-year introductory programming computer class were recruited to evaluate both versions of the game during one academic term (four months) during the Covid-19 pandemic when classes were entirely online. A bonus participation mark of up to five percent of the course was offered to students who posted at least three questions per week. In addition, we collected data about the students' in-game activities for the study duration. The Mann-Whitney U-test results show no significant difference in the engagement between the web and the game's mobile version. However, students posed more questions in the mobile version than in the Web version of the game. On the contrary, students solved more questions in the web version than in the mobile version. We have learned from the study that both game-based learning platforms effectively engage students. We also collected data about the students' experience with the game in a post-study survey. The responses show that both game versions got similar user experience ratings.

FlyBrate: Evaluating Vibrotactile Cues for Simulated Flight

Contemporary aircraft cockpits rely mostly on audiovisual information propagation which can overwhelm particularly novice pilots. The introduction of tactile feedback, as a less taxed modality, can improve the usability in this case. As part of a within-subject simulator study, 22 participants are asked to fly a visual-flight-rule scenario along a predefined route and identify objects in the outside world that serve as waypoints. Participants fly two similar scenarios with and without a tactile belt that indicates the route. Results show that with the belt, participants perform better in identifying objects, have higher usability and user experience ratings, and a lower perceived cognitive workload, while showing no improvement in spatial awareness. Moreover, 86% of the participants state that they prefer flying with the tactile belt. These results suggest that a tactile belt provides pilots with an unobtrusive mode of assistance for tasks that require orientation using cues from the outside world.

Time to recharge batteries – development and validation of a pictorial scale of human energy

ABSTRACT A common theme across phenomena like vitality, vigor, and fatigue is that they all refer to some aspect of energy. Since experience sampling methodology has become a major approach, there is a significant need for a time-effective and valid measure of energetic activation. In this study, we develop and examine the validity of a single-item pictorial scale of energetic activation. We examine the convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity of the pictorial scale and scrutinize the practical advantages of applying a pictorial vs. a purely verbal item concerning response latencies and user experience ratings. We conducted two consecutive experience sampling studies among 81 and 109 employees across 15 and 12 days, respectively. Multilevel confirmatory factor analyses provide evidence that the pictorial scale converges strongly with vitality and vigor, relates to fatigue, is distinct from facets of core affect, and shows expected correlations to antecedents of energetic activation. Energetic activation as measured with the pictorial scale was predicted by sleep quality and basic need satisfaction, and predicted work engagement. The pictorial scale was superior to a purely verbal scale regarding response latencies and participant-rated user experience. Hence, our scale provides a valid, time-efficient, and user-friendly scale suited for experience sampling research.

Drug and alcohol dependence acute effects of pod-style e-cigarettes in vaping-naïve smokers

BackgroundThis study investigated the acute effects of exposure to pod-style e-cigarettes on subjective, behavioral, and physiological outcomes indicative of the potential to encourage vaping-naïve smokers to switch to e-cigarettes. MethodsIn a within-subject experiment, never-vaping adult smokers interested in trying e-cigarettes (n = 24) completed 4 laboratory visits following 16-hr tobacco abstinence. Visits involved controlled puffing from preferred brand cigarettes (OwnCig) or a standardized pod-style e-cigarette with either no nicotine (NoNic), nicotine freebase (NicFreebase; 0.5% nicotine concentration), or nicotine salt (NicSalt E-Cig; 2.8% concentration) solutions. Outcomes included smoking urge, mood, user experience, plasma nicotine, and a behavioral task assessing ability to delay smoking. ResultsNoNic, NicFreebase, and NicSalt pod-style e-cigarettes were significantly less effective than OwnCig at reducing smoking urge and increasing plasma nicotine, positive affect, satisfying user experience ratings, and ability to delay smoking on the behavioral task. Differences among pod-style e-cigarette conditions were limited to: (a) NicFreebase (vs. NoNic) preferentially suppressed participants’ urge to smoke to alleviate negative mood, (b) NicFreebase (vs. NicSalt) slightly preferentially increased plasma nicotine; and (c) NicFreebase and NicSalt (vs. NoNic) produced higher aversive user experience ratings. ConclusionsIn tobacco deprived smokers’ initial vaping experience, controlled administration of certain pod-style e-cigarettes with 0.5% NicFreebase or 2.8% NicSalt may be deficient comparators to cigarettes in terms of their capacity to acutely improve mood, deliver nicotine, suppress smoking motivation, and offer a satisfying user experience. Future research is needed to test pod-style e-cigarettes with higher nicotine doses and confirm whether NicFreebase vs. NicSalt enhances nicotine absorption.

Improving Passenger Experience and Trust in Automated Vehicles Through User-Adaptive HMIs: “The More the Better” Does Not Apply to Everyone

Automated vehicles promise transformational benefits for future mobility systems, but only if they will be used regularly. However, due to the associated loss of control and fundamental change of in-vehicle user experience (shifting from active driver to passive passenger experience), many humans have reservations toward driving automation, which question their sufficient usage and market penetration. These reservations vary based on individual characteristics such as initial attitudes. User-adaptive in-vehicle Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) meeting varying user requirements may represent an important component of higher-level automated vehicles providing a pleasant and trustworthy passenger experience despite these barriers. In a driving simulator study, we evaluated the effects of two HMI versions (with permanent vs. context-adaptive information availability) on the passenger experience (perceived safety, understanding of driving behavior, driving comfort, driving enjoyment) and trust in automated vehicles of 50 first-time users with varying initial trust (lower vs. higher trust group). Additionally, we compared the user experience of both HMIs. Presenting driving-related information via HMI during driving improved all assessed aspects of passenger experience and trust. The higher trust group experienced automated driving as safest, most understandable and most comfortable with the context-adaptive HMI, while the lower trust group tended to experience the highest safety, understanding and comfort with the permanent HMI. Both HMIs received positive user experience ratings. The context-adaptive HMI received generally more positive ratings, even though this preference was more pronounced for the higher trust group. The results demonstrate the potential of increasing the system transparency of higher-level automated vehicles through HMIs to enhance users’ passenger experience and trust. They also consolidate previous findings on varying user requirements based on individual characteristics. User group-specific HMI effects on passenger experience support the relevance of user-adaptive HMI concepts addressing varying needs of different users by customizing HMI features, such as information availability. Consequently, providing full information permanently cannot be recommended as a universal standard for HMIs in automated vehicles. These insights represent next steps toward a pleasant and trustworthy passenger experience in higher-level automated vehicles for everyone, and support their market acceptance and thus the realization of their expected benefits for future mobility and society.

Electronic forms for patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are an effective, time-efficient, and cost-minimizing alternative to paper forms

BackgroundPatient reported outcome measures (PROMs) provide valuable insight on patients’ well-being and facilitates communication between healthcare providers and their patients. The increased integration of the technology within the healthcare setting presents the opportunity to collect PROMs electronically, rather than on paper. The Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) and Quality of My Life (QoML) are common PROMs collected from pediatric rheumatology patients. The objectives of this study are to (a) determine the equivalence of the paper and electronic forms (e-form) of CHAQ and QoML questionnaires; (b) identify potential benefits and barriers associated with using an e-form to capture PROMs; and (c) gather feedback on user experience.MethodsParticipants completed both a paper and an e-form of the questionnaires in a randomized order, following which they completed a feedback survey. Agreement of the scores between the forms were statistically analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (95 % Confidence Interval (CI)) and bias was assessed using a Bland-Altman plot. Completion and processing times of the forms were compared using mean and median measures. Quantitative analysis was performed to assess user experience ratings, while comments were qualitatively analyzed to identify important themes.Results196 patients participated in this project. Scores on the forms had high ICC agreement > 0.9. New patients took longer than returning patients to complete the forms. Overall, the e-form was completed and processed in a shorter amount of time than the paper form. 83 % of survey respondents indicated that they either preferred the e-form or had no preference. Approximately 10 % of respondents suggested improvements to improve the user interface.ConclusionsE-forms collect comparable information in an efficient manner to paper forms. Given that patients and caregivers indicated they preferred completing PROMs in this manner, we will implement their suggested changes and incorporate e-forms as standard practice for PROMs collection in our pediatric rheumatology clinic.

Haptic feedback is more important than VR experience for the user experience assessment of in-car human machine interfaces

The user experience (UX) of a product is important for a customer’s decision, especially in the automotive sector. In recent years, a frontloading of UX assessments from physical prototypes to virtual prototypes has occurred. Nevertheless, there are clear indications that established UX assessments methods cannot simply be transferred 1-to-1 from real to virtual evaluation setups as results get biased. For the UX assessment of an in-car human machine interface (HMI) the haptic properties of the knobs and buttons are just as important as their visual features. Therefore, it is mandatory to also simulate the haptic behavior of the in-car HMI in virtual reality (VR) assessment scenarios. However, accurately simulating this haptic behavior adds considerable costs and effort, diminishing the beneficial effects of VR UX assessments. Due to confidentiality reasons the volunteering participants of VR UX studies in the automotive sectors are typically employees with a varying degrees of VR experience. It is unknown if this gap in VR experience biases the results of UX assessments in VR. This paper presents a UX assessment study of an in-car HMI in VR in comparison to reality. From a practitioners viewpoint two research question are investigated: (1) How much is the UX assessment impaired by missing haptic simulation? (2) Does VR experience influence UX assessment ratings in VR? The results show that missing haptic feedback severely diminishes UX ratings, leaving no doubt that meaningful UX assessments in VR can only be performed when haptic is included. This means that more effort has to be put into earlier VR assessments severely reducing its benefits compared to UX assessments with physical prototypes. However, the VR experience of the participants only has a slight effect on the UX assessment results.

Web-Based Graphic Representation of the Life Course of Mental Health: Cross-Sectional Study Across the Spectrum of Mood, Anxiety, Eating, and Substance Use Disorders

BackgroundAlthough patient history is essential for informing mental health assessment, diagnosis, and prognosis, there is a dearth of standardized instruments measuring time-dependent factors relevant to psychiatric disorders. Previous research has demonstrated the potential utility of graphical representations, termed life charts, for depicting the complexity of the course of mental illness. However, the implementation of these assessments is limited by the exclusive focus on specific mental illnesses (ie, bipolar disorder) and the lack of intuitive graphical interfaces for data collection and visualization.ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and test the utility of the Tulsa Life Chart (TLC) as a Web-based, structured approach for obtaining and graphically representing historical information on psychosocial and mental health events relevant across a spectrum of psychiatric disorders.MethodsThe TLC interview was completed at baseline by 499 participants of the Tulsa 1000, a longitudinal study of individuals with depressive, anxiety, substance use, or eating disorders and healthy comparisons (HCs). All data were entered electronically, and a 1-page electronic and interactive graphical representation was developed using the Google Visualization Application Programming Interface. For 8 distinct life epochs (periods of approximately 5-10 years), the TLC assessed the following factors: school attendance, hobbies, jobs, social support, substance use, mental health treatment, family structure changes, negative and positive events, and epoch and event-related mood ratings. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to evaluate trajectories of each domain over time and by sex, age, and diagnosis, using case examples and Web-based interactive graphs to visualize data.ResultsGLMM analyses revealed main or interaction effects of epoch and diagnosis for all domains. Epoch by diagnosis interactions were identified for mood ratings and the number of negative-versus-positive events (all P values <.001), with all psychiatric groups reporting worse mood and greater negative-versus-positive events than HCs. These differences were most robust at different epochs, depending on diagnosis. There were also diagnosis and epoch main effects for substance use, mental health treatment received, social support, and hobbies (P<.001). User experience ratings (each on a 1-5 scale) revealed that participants found the TLC pleasant to complete (mean 3.07, SD 1.26) and useful for understanding their mental health (mean 3.07, SD 1.26), and that they were likely to recommend it to others (mean 3.42, SD 0.85).ConclusionsThe TLC provides a structured, Web-based transdiagnostic assessment of psychosocial history relevant for the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Interactive, 1-page graphical representations of the TLC allow for the efficient communication of historical life information that would be useful for clinicians, patients, and family members.

External HMI for self-driving vehicles: Which information shall be displayed?

The objective of this study was to investigate pedestrians’ informational needs towards self-driving vehicles (SDVs). Previous research has shown that external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) compensate for pedestrian-driver communication when SDVs are integrated into traffic. However, detailed insights on which information the eHMI shall provide lack so far. In a mixed design study, N = 59 participants encountered a simulated driverless vehicle in different traffic scenarios (a. unsignalized intersection vs. b. parking lot; between-subject factor). We investigated the effect of no eHMI (baseline) vs. eHMIs displaying the automated driving system (ADS) status, and informing subsequently about its perception of the pedestrian and/or its intent for the next maneuver ((1) no eHMI, (2) status eHMI, (3) status + perception eHMI, (4) status + intent eHMI, (5) status + perception + intent eHMI; within-subject factor). A mixed-methods design was used to explore participants’ subjective feelings, traffic behavior, and underlying attitudes. The findings reveal that any eHMI contributes to a more positive feeling towards SDVs compared to the baseline condition without eHMI, consistent among traffic scenarios: participants felt significantly safer, reflected greater trust and user experience ratings, and perceived the SDV as more intelligent and transparent. The status indicator mainly drives these beneficial effects on subjective measures. Participants reported that the status information explains the absence of a driver steering the vehicle. Compared to the status eHMI, the status + perception eHMI reflects no further benefit regarding subjective feelings and even has a negative impact on traffic flow. Moreover, participants regarded the additional information on the vehicle’s perception as an obvious gimmick. On the contrary, the status + intent eHMI increases user experience, perceived intelligence, and transparency for pedestrians more than the mere status eHMI. Participants reported that additionally informing about the vehicle’s intent adds a further sense of safety. The present study failed to show any improvements in traffic flow but found evidence for individual crossing and clearing strategies among pedestrians. This work can inform the future design of eHMIs.

Drivers’ Individual Design Preferences of Takeover Requests in Highly Automated Driving

Abstract Highly automated cars will be on the worlds’ roads within the next decade. In highly automated driving the vehicle’s lateral and longitudinal controls can be passed on from the driver to the vehicle and back again. The design of a vehicle’s take-over requests will largely determine the driver’s performance after taking back vehicle control. In the scope of this paper, potential drivers of highly automated cars were asked about their preferences regarding the human-machine interface design of take-over requests. Participants were asked to evaluate eight different take-over requests that differed with respect to (a) take-over request procedure (one-step or two-step procedure), (b) visual take-over request modality (text or text and pictogram), and (c) auditory take-over request modality (tone or speech). Results showed that participants preferred a two-step procedure using text and speech to communicate take-over requests. A subsequent conjoint analysis revealed that take-over requests ideally use speech output in a two-step procedure. Finally, a detailed evaluation showed that the best take-over request interface received significantly higher user experience ratings regarding product characteristics as well as users’ emotions and consequences of product use than the worst take-over request interface. Results are related to the background literature and practical implications are discussed.

The Analysis of Node Planning and Control Logic Optimization of 5G Wireless Networks Under Deep Mapping Learning Algorithms

In order to meet the needs of blowout growth of data flow and 10-100 times increase of user experience rate, the next generation mobile communication(5G) heterogeneous network deployment will use ultra-dense network. Accurate fault location is the basis of slice management. In virtualized network model, the function of network elements is software, the underlying layer is highly abstract, the structure changes dynamically, and common cause faults occur frequently, which brings difficulties to fault location. Deep Learning is a machine Learning method that USES Deep Neural Network (DNN) with multiple hidden layers to complete Learning tasks. The essence is that by building a neural network model with multiple hidden layers and using a large amount of training data to learn more useful features, the accuracy of model prediction or classification can be improved. Based on the theory of deep mapping learning algorithm, a scheduling algorithm based on event-driven access point, improved time-driven access point and idle network is designed for centralized wireless network control system. Aiming at the centralized wireless network control system, this paper designs a scheduling algorithm based on event-driven access point, improved time-driven access point and network idleness. The designed sensor network node platform uses the programmable logic controller as the main control chip, contains the data interface module that realizes the communication function between the node and the upper computer, and the acquisition and conditioning module responsible for the collection and conditioning and conversion of the analog signal. At the same time, the TCP and UDP are compared and studied. The accuracy of the model is verified, and the interference distribution of the model and the influence of the D2D inter-pair distance on the system performance are simulated. The distance between the D2D pairs under the given simulation parameters has a certain influence on the system performance. As the distance increases, the system performance will deteriorate, but the impact is not a big conclusion.

User- and Health Care Provider–Reported Outcomes for a Wearable Bolus Insulin Delivery Patch

User- and Health Care Provider–Reported Outcomes for a Wearable Bolus Insulin Delivery Patch

Effects of Head-Mounted Display (HMD) Position on Procedure Following Tasks and Usability

Background Head-mounted displays (HMDs) have found value in industrial applications as aids in performing long and/or complicated procedural tasks. Currently, there are gaps in understanding the impact of various design characteristics on the performance of tasks aided by HMDs. This study investigated how different positioning of head mounted displays affected the performance of workers during procedure following tasks. Methods Eight car maintenance tasks were performed by 20 participants with task guidance presented at four display conditions: above-eye, eye-centered, below-eye and via traditional paper manual. Task times, errors were measured and user experience measurements were collected. Results The results showed that none of the display conditions had significant effects on completion times. However, below-eye display outperformed the above-eye display condition for tasks requiring participants to perform assessments. User experience ratings showed that the eye-central condition was the most preferred display position among the three HMD conditions. Conclusions A non-transparent, monocular HMD that partially blocks a user’s FoV was not observed to significantly decrease overall task performance time. In support of previous findings, an HMD positioned below the eye outperformed the above-eye position for assess actions in this study. User overreliance on the instructions provided via HMD was also observed in this study. In a slightly different finding from previous studies, users indicated that the eye-central HMD position provided the best overall experience and was the most preferred by participants in this study.

Enhanced user performance in an image gallery application with a mobile autostereoscopic touch display

In this study, we explored how stereoscopic depth affects performance and user experience in a mobile device with an autostereoscopic touch display. Participants conducted a visual search task with an image gallery application on three layouts with different depth ranges. The task completion times were recorded, and the participants were asked to rate their experiences. The results revealed that the image search times were facilitated by a mild depth effect and that too great a depth slowed search times and decreased user-experience ratings.