User Datagram Protocol Research Articles

Botnet Detection in IoT Devices Using Random Forest Classifier with Independent Component Analysis

With rapid technological progress in the Internet of Things (IoT), it has become imperative to concentrate on its security aspect. This paper represents a model that accounts for the detection of botnets through the use of machine learning algorithms. The model examined anomalies, commonly referred to as botnets, in a cluster of IoT devices attempting to connect to a network. Essentially, this paper exhibited the use of transport layer data (User Datagram Protocol - UDP) generated through IoT devices. An intelligent novel model comprising Random Forest Classifier with Independent Component Analysis (ICA) was proposed for botnet detection in IoT devices. Various machine learning algorithms were also implemented upon the processed data for comparative analysis. The experimental results of the proposed model generated state-of-the-art results for three different datasets, achieving up to 99.99% accuracy effectively with the lowest prediction time of 0.12 seconds without overfitting. The significance of this study lies in detecting botnets in IoT devices effectively and efficiently under all circumstances by utilizing ICA with Random Forest Classifier, which is a simple machine learning algorithm.

A Comparison of Various IoT Application Layer Protocol

Data communication over the internet is highly swayed by protocols. So, the protocols have a very crucial role in data communication. Similarly, for the Internet of things (IoT) enabled devices the protocols have also an important role. In the Application-layer of IoT-enabled devices, the protocols have a significant role in the transfer of data from server to IoT devices and vice versa. There are different protocols are there, some are taken from web based internet protocols like Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), etc. And some are exclusively developed for IoT devices like Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Constraint Application Protocol (CoAP), etc. IoT-enabled devices need a lightweight, secure and fast protocols for the transfer of data. When IoT enabled devices are developed there are limited number of protocols developed for communication of IoT devices. Various protocols are developed to fulfil the need of users but they have some advantages as well as disadvantages. In this paper, analysis of the performance and comparision of these protocols through different scenarios are given.

A Dominating Set Routing Scheme for Adaptive Caching in Ad Hoc Network

Current efforts for providing an efficient dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) for use in multi-hop ad-hoc wireless are promising. This is since DSR has a unique characteristic in that it uses source routing, instead of relying on the routing table at each intermediate device. This study addresses the current challenges facing DSR protocol in terms of the dynamic changes of the route and how to update such changes into the route cache of the DSR. The challenges typically persist when a sudden route break occurs resulting in a delay in updating the new node location into the cache of the DSR protocol. For that, this study proposes a novel algorithm to improve the cache updating of DSR protocol in the ad-hoc network using dominating set-based routing (DBR). In DBR, the dominating nodes establish node update cache in accordance with the characteristics of the new route. Network Simulator version 2 (NS2) was used to implement and evaluate the proposed algorithm. A comparison of certain performance metrics was carried among the proposed DSR-DBR, DSR-route-cache, and DSR-original in the transmission control protocol and user datagram protocol. The DSR-DBR performance result showed a significant improvement in the average throughput, average end-to-end delay, average discovery time and routing overhead.

Implementation of P4-Based Schedulers for Multipath Communication

Multipath communication is a well-developed technology that enhances communication effectiveness and resilience. Moreover, it can flexibly utilize network resources through load balancing among available paths. However, traditionally, deploying such load balancing functions on network devices is costly due to the required configuration changes and complicated signaling mechanisms on the devices’ control planes. Programming Protocol-independent Packet Processors (P4) has recently emerged as a programming language that enables programmability on the data plane, with the potential to relieve such issues in multipath communication. This work introduces and implements three P4-based multipath schedulers that can split traffic over several paths in wireless networks. The first is P4-based Random Splitting, which distributes traffic randomly. The second is P4-based Weighted Round Robin, with path scheduling based on weights in accordance with path capability. The last is P4-based Dynamic Weighted Round Robin (DWRR), which can improve bandwidth utilization by shifting the weights following dynamic changes in the available bandwidth (i.e., when congestion occurs). We have extensively evaluated the implementation of these three P4-based schedulers in a Mininet-WiFi/P4 environment with User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic. The results show that these schedulers can achieve multipath communication with the designed scheduling mechanisms.

Optimization of real-time analysis of sleep-wake cycle in mice

Studying the biology of sleep requires accurate and efficient assessment of the sleep stages. However, analysis of sleep-wake cycles in mice and other laboratory animals remains a time-consuming and laborious process. In this study, we developed a Python script and a process for the streamlined analysis of sleep data that includes real-time processing of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) signals that is compatible with commercial sleep-recording software that supports user datagram protocol (UDP) communication. The process consists of EEG/EMG data acquisition, automated threshold calculation for real-time determination of sleep stages, sleep staging and EEG power spectrum analysis. It also allows data storage in the format that facilitates further analysis of the sleep pattern in mice. The described method is aimed at increasing efficiency of sleep stage scoring and analysis in mice thus facilitating sleep research.• A process of EEG/EMG recording and streamline analysis of sleep-wake cycle in real time in mice.• The compatibility with commercial sleep-recording software that can generate a UDP stream.• The capability of further analysis of recorded data by an open-source software.

Abstracts Presented at the 2nd Annual Advancing Healthcare Innovation Summit: Nov 11, 2022, Cincinnati, OH

Abstracts Presented at the 2nd Annual Advancing Healthcare Innovation Summit: Nov 11, 2022, Cincinnati, OH

Access protocol aware controller design for eMBB traffic in SD-CDN

Under a tremendous increase in 5th Generation (5G) traffic, the conventional Domain Name Server(DNS)-based routing in Content Delivery Network (CDN) cannot meet enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) communication requirements. It routes the traffic flow to the local CDN server which is closest to the end-user geographically using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Therefore; the overloading in the local CDN server is inevitable. According to literature, the access types of eMBB content achieve a higher hit-ratio in CDN caching and the anycast-based routing can redirect some of the traffic flows to the original server despite having a geographical disadvantage. Therefore, we consider access protocol types of a user such as TCP-based Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol 2 (HTTP2) and Quick User Datagram Protocol Internet Connections (QUIC) which are commonly used today in iphone Operating System (ioS) and Android-based applications. However, they do not have a central view to select optimal server according to access type in CDN and they are unaware of network dynamics such as protocol-based load and heterogeneity; i.e. the number of total matches packets and the ratio of the packets according to access protocols (HTTP2/QUIC). Therefore, we propose access protocol aware Software Defined Content Delivery Networks (SD-CDN) for eMBB traffic which decouples Data and Control planes and enables easy implementation of anycast routing on this infrastructure. It dynamically takes statistics from OpenFlow switches in the Data plane to calculate a novel load and the heterogeneity metrics per device periodically. It embeds the OpenFlow rules by using a novel access protocol-aware routing algorithm in SD-CDN. According to performance evaluation in a real test-bed environment; the Quality of Server (QoS) of received eMBB content by end-user from either the local or the original CDN servers, the proposed SD-CDN outputs 60% better PSNR than the conventional DNS-based routing with an acceptable rate for 5G requirements.

An XGB-Based Reliable Transmission Method in the mMTC Scenarios

Massive machine-type communications (mMTCs) for Internet of things are being developed thanks to the fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems. Narrowband Internet of things (NB-IoT) is an important communication technology for machine-type communications. It supports many different protocols for communication. The reliability and performance of application layer communication protocols are greatly affected by the retransmission time-out (RTO) algorithm. In order to improve the reliability and performance of machine-type communications, this study proposes a novel RTO algorithm UDP-XGB based on the user datagram protocol (UDP) and NB-IoT. It combines traditional algorithms with machine learning. The simulation results show that real round-trip time (RTT) is close to the RTO, which is obtained by this algorithm, and the reliability and performance of machine-type communications have improved.

Distributed reflection denial of service attack: A critical review

As the world becomes increasingly connected and the number of users grows exponentially and “things” go online, the prospect of cyberspace becoming a significant target for cybercriminals is a reality. Any host or device that is exposed on the internet is a prime target for cyberattacks. A denial-of-service (DoS) attack is accountable for the majority of these cyberattacks. Although various solutions have been proposed by researchers to mitigate this issue, cybercriminals always adapt their attack approach to circumvent countermeasures. One of the modified DoS attacks is known as distributed reflection denial-of-service attack (DRDoS). This type of attack is considered to be a more severe variant of the DoS attack and can be conducted in transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP). However, this attack is not effective in the TCP protocol due to the three-way handshake approach that prevents this type of attack from passing through the network layer to the upper layers in the network stack. On the other hand, UDP is a connectionless protocol, so most of these DRDoS attacks pass through UDP. This study aims to examine and identify the differences between TCP-based and UDP-based DRDoS attacks.

HILS of FPV-2600 UAV using MyRIO-1950 as Optimal Flight Control System

<p class='IJASEITAbtract'>Hardware in the Loop Simulation (HILS) system was successfully implemented to the embedded MyRIO-1950 on board as the flight control system (FCS) in FPV-2600 UAV modeling in X-Plane flight simulator. The modeling is carried out step by step using the Loop Simulation (SILS) and HILS software. In the SILS step, Labview and X-Plane succeeded in combining data communication via User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and controlling the vehicle to autopilot by waypoints mode. The subsequent development is to move the whole SILS results program into HILS, which involves software and hardware directly by combining the Predictive Control Model (MPC) as a linear simulation control model and PID as classical control, successfully controlling the FPV-2600 in a flight mode simulation in manual, stability and autopilot by waypoints. The simulation is done by doing a flight test manually and stability directly using remote control manually and stability using the remote control to analyze flight performance and vehicle stability. Furthermore, the simulation of autopilot by waypoints by tuning the MPC’s predictive and control horizon is related to the inner loop control on the roll and pitch, and the PID gain tuning is related to the altitude and the waypoints target. In this simulation, MyRIO-1950 as hardware can be used as a real-time simulation control for MPC and PID integrated into HILS, and this will be very useful for initial procedural reference before flying the FPV-2600 in the actual flight test.

Design and implementation of a wireless control system applied to a 3-DoF redundant robot using Raspberry Pi interface and User Datagram Protocol

This work addresses the design and implementation of a wireless connection for the remote control of the joints of a redundant 3-DoF11DoF: Degrees of Freedom. manipulator robot. To this end, low-cost devices able to establish master/slave connections are used as closed control loops to calculate both control in the master device and actuation in the slave devices. To test the performance of this wireless connection, classic robot controllers are designed, simulated, analyzed, implemented, and compared through a decentralized structure. The platform Raspberry Pi and UDP22UDP: User Datagram Protocol. protocol are used to obtain and process data sent to the robot control system, and to send control signals to the robot actuators. Additionally, the feasibility of synthetizing control systems for highly non-linear robots and, in turn, of commanding this system through a remote wireless communication system is demonstrated.

Intelligent throughput stabilizer for UDP-based rate-control communication system

In view of the successful application of deep learning, mainly in the field of image recognition, deep learning applications are now being explored in the fields of communication and computer networks. In these fields, systems have been developed by use of proper theoretical calculations and procedures. However, due to the large amount of data to be processed, proper processing takes time and deviations from the theory sometimes occur due to the inclusion of uncertain disturbances. Therefore, deep learning or nonlinear approximation by neural networks may be useful in some cases. We have studied a user datagram protocol (UDP) based rate-control communication system called the simultaneous multipath communication system (SMPC), which measures throughput by a group of packets at the destination node and feeds it back to the source node continuously. By comparing the throughput with the recorded transmission rate, the source node detects congestion on the transmission route and adjusts the packet transmission interval. However, the throughput fluctuates as packets pass through the route, and if it is fed back directly, the transmission rate fluctuates greatly, causing the fluctuation of the throughput to become even larger. In addition, the average throughput becomes even lower. In this study, we tried to stabilize the transmission rate by incorporating prediction and learning performed by a neural network. The prediction is performed using the throughput measured by the destination node, and the result is learned so as to generate a stabilizer. A simple moving average method and a stabilizer using three types of neural networks, namely multilayer perceptrons, recurrent neural networks, and long short-term memory, were built into the transmission controller of the SMPC. The results showed that not only fluctuation reduced but also the average throughput improved. Together, the results demonstrated that deep learning can be used to predict and output stable values from data with complicated time fluctuations that are difficultly analyzed.

Processor-in-the-Loop Architecture Design and Experimental Validation for an Autonomous Racing Vehicle

Self-driving vehicles have experienced an increase in research interest in the last decades. Nevertheless, fully autonomous vehicles are still far from being a common means of transport. This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a processor-in-the-loop (PIL) architecture for an autonomous sports car. The considered vehicle is an all-wheel drive full-electric single-seater prototype. The retained PIL architecture includes all the modules required for autonomous driving at system level: environment perception, trajectory planning, and control. Specifically, the perception pipeline exploits obstacle detection algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the trajectory planning is based on a modified Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm based on Dubins curves, while the vehicle is controlled via a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy. The considered PIL layout is implemented firstly using a low-cost card-sized computer for fast code verification purposes. Furthermore, the proposed PIL architecture is compared in terms of performance to an alternative PIL using high-performance real-time target computing machine. Both PIL architectures exploit User Datagram Protocol (UDP) protocol to properly communicate with a personal computer. The latter PIL architecture is validated in real-time using experimental data. Moreover, they are also validated with respect to the general autonomous pipeline that runs in parallel on the personal computer during numerical simulation.

A Development of a 40-Gb/s Readout Interface STARE for the AGATA Project

The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) multidetector spectrometer will provide precise information for the study of the properties of the exotic nuclear matter (very unbalanced proton (Z) and neutron (N) numbers) along proton- and neutron-drip lines and of super-heavy nuclei. This is done using the latest technology of particle accelerators. The AGATA spectrometer consists of 180 high-purity germanium detectors. Each detector is segmented into 38 segments. The very harsh project requirements are to measure gamma-ray energies with very high resolution ( <; 1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> ) at a high detector counting rate (50 K events/s/crystal). This results in a very high data transfer rate per crystal (5-8 Gb/s). The 38 segments are sampled at 100 MHz with 14 bits of resolution. The samples are continuously transferred to the control and processing (CAP) module, which reduces the data rate from 64 to 5 Gb/s. The CAP module also adds continuous monitoring data, which results in total outgoing data rate of 10 Gb/s. The serial transfer acquisition and readout over Ethernet (STARE) module is designed to fit between the CAP module and the computer farm. It will package the data from the CAP module and transmit it to the server farm using a 10-Gb/s user datagram protocol (UDP) connection with a delivery insurance mechanism implemented to ensure that all data are transferred.

Head tracker using webcam for auralization

Binaural rendering is a technique that seeks to generate virtual auditory environments that replicate the natural listening experience, including the three-dimensional perception of spatialized sound sources. As such, real-time knowledge of the listener's position, or more specifically, their head and ear orientations allow the transfer of movement from the real world to virtual spaces, which consequently enables a richer immersion and interaction with the virtual scene. This study presents the use of a simple laptop integrated camera (webcam) as a head tracker sensor, disregarding the necessity to mount any hardware to the listener's head. The software was built on top of a state-of-the-art face landmark detection model, from Google's MediaPipe library for Python. Manipulations to the coordinate system are performed, in order to translate the origin from the camera to the center of the subject's head and adequately extract rotation matrices and Euler angles. Low-latency communication is enabled via User Datagram Protocol (UDP), allowing the head tracker to run in parallel and asynchronous with the main application. Empirical experiments have demonstrated reasonable accuracy and quick response, indicating suitability to real-time applications that do not necessarily require methodical precision.

Efficient filtering based on Kullback-Leibler divergence for wireless networked control systems with Markovian packet losses

In this paper, the filtering issues are investigated for wireless networked control systems (WNCSs) with Markovian packet losses. In WNCSs, Markovian packet losses often occur in both control and feedback channels, and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is usually used to ensure real-time control and energy saving. First, the optimal filtering algorithm for WNCSs with Markovian packet losses is obtained. However, it cannot be applied in practice as its running time increases exponentially with time. Then a computationally efficient filtering algorithm is developed by approximating the probability density function of the estimated value to a Gaussian distribution, where the approximation is obtained by minimising the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD). Finally, the upper and lower bounds of the performance of the KLD-based approximate filter and sufficient conditions of its stability are obtained. Numerical examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

A study of UDP and TCP FPGA implementation for data acquisition system

Two main protocol stacks for gigabit ethernet are currently widely adopted in the data acquisition system for high energy physics experiments. The first method is based on User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which transfer packets before an agreement is provided by the receiving party. However, the second method, called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), establishes a connection through a process of the three-way handshake. We designed two FPGA projects, based on UDP and TCP respectively, on such a real application as ethernet communication module for ALICE calorimeters. The test of both projects is carried out on the same Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA board, and data is captured through a professional network protocol analyzer. We analyzed the implementation methods and complexity, the variation patterns of data throughput, and the resource utilization of the two designs. The findings obtained under the same application scenario and test platform not only reveals the variation rule of actual data throughput, but also proved that the TCP would require twice as much FPGA resource for implementation as the UDP.

Software in Loop Simulation based Waypoint Navigation for Fixed Wing UAV

Software in loop simulation (SILS) based waypoint navigation test platform being presented in this paper for fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle. The proposed platform helps to test waypoint navigation algorithm before implementing into real time environment. Matlab/Simulink and X-plane flight simulator are chosen for the proposed platform. The interface between these two platforms are done by using user datagram protocol (UDP). The waypoint navigation which is to be tested is run in Matlab/Simulink environment where as fixed wing model runs in X-plane simulator. Inverted T tail fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle configuration is chosen for this research work to verify both its inner loop (attitude control) and outer loop (navigation control). Navigation algorithm executed in Matlab/Simulink compares difference between current and desired latitude longitude position to command flight simulator to reach its desired waypoint. Navigation towards a desired waypoint will be achieved by varying inner loop attitude command of an unmanned aerial vehicle. Finally results are observed and performances are verified in X-plane simulator.

International communication system of acupuncture-moxibustion based on OSI model

Borrowing the open system interconnection (OSI) model of internet protocol and the 5W theory in communication studies, the links in the international communication of acupuncture-moxibustion can be classified into seven layers: physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer, therefore it is built an OSI model of international communication system of acupuncture-moxibustion. It is pointed out that present international communication system of acupuncture-moxibustion is similar to the user datagram protocol (UDP) in internet technology. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) plays a key role to modernize acupuncture- moxibustion theory based upon its clinical effects. According to phenomenon-taking by classified analogy, it is found that the PICO model of EBM agrees pretty well with the "three-way handshakes" mechanism of the internet transmission control protocol (TCP), which is promising to construct an international discourse of acupuncture-moxibustion compatible with western medicine. Thus it will benefit to explore the scientific connotation of acupuncture-moxibustion theory and significantly improve the international prestige of acupuncture-moxibustion.

Model and simulations of multipath bridge routing for inter-swarm UAV communications in EMANE/CORE

ABSTRACT The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) network is a special type of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). 1 There are two types of UAV swarm communications: Communications within a swarm (i.e. intra-swarm) and communication between different swarms (i.e. inter-swarm). This paper proposes the concept of bridge routing to establish the route(s) for efficient inter-swarm communications. The bridge routing scheme is a progressive process with two functions: UAV formation control and data transmissions. Based on the bridge routing topology, we have implemented the multipath user datagram protocol (MP-UDP), as a sub-layer between the transport and application layers. Compared with the multipath transmission control protocol (MP-TCP), MP-UDP is more suitable to the dynamic network topologies, since it does not use the high-overhead sliding window control. We have used the emulator tools, the Extendable Mobile Ad -hoc Network Emulator (EMANE) and Common Open Research Emulator (CORE) to implement and study the QoS performance of MP-UDP and bridge routing in UAV swarm networks. Our results demonstrate the improved throughput performance for inter-swarm communications. Approved for Public Release; distribution unlimited 88ABW-2020-2122 on 13 July 2020. Other requests shall be referred to AFRL/RIT 525 Brooks Rd Rome, NY 13,441