Use Of Zero Research Articles

إستخدام توزيع بواسون ذى الاصفار الزائدة وتوزيع هاردل بواسون في نمذجة تکرار المطالبات في تأمين السيارات

Abstract The aim of this paper is to highlight the use of Zero inflated Poisson distribution and Hurdle Poisson distribution to improve goodness of fit of data with excess zeros. Claim frequency data were used for the Singapore motor insurance database available on the internet. The data are tested for the detection of excess zeros. Parameters of Zero inflated Poisson distribution are estimated using method of moments and method of maximum likelihood. Mean and variance formulas are derived for the distribution of Hurdle Poisson and estimators of method of moment and maximum likelihood of unknown parameters are derived. Parameters of Hurdle Poisson are estimated. The data are modeled using Poisson distribution, Zero inflated Poisson distribution and Hurdle Poisson distribution. Goodness of fit are tested using Chi Square test. The best distribution in the study is selected using AIC & BIC criteria. Hurdle Poisson is the best distribution for modeling the data.

‘Two Roads Diverged in [Soft]wood’ Targeted Dumping, Differential Pricing Methodology, and Zeroing: US – Canada Anti-Dumping in Softwood Lumber

AbstractThe United States and Canada have a long-standing series of disputes over softwood lumber that until now have focused on alleged subsidies and countervailing duties (CVDs). The United States changed things up this time around and the US Department of Commerce (USDOC) found dumping after applying the Differential Pricing Methodology to softwood lumber from Canada. The panel found that the USDOC erroneously aggregated export price differences when applying the differential pricing methodology (DPM), but departed from the WTO Appellate Body's previous ruling in US–Washing Machines regarding the use of zeroing and the inclusion of differential prices under Article 2.4.2 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement. To date, the United States and Canada have not been able to resolve the long-standing softwood lumber dispute, and this time the focus shifts from subsidies and countervailing duties to anti-dumping duties. It remains to be seen what happens in this specific dispute on appeal – if, and when, the WTO Appellate Body starts to function again. It will also be interesting to see whether this panel decision encourages parties to argue for, and future panels to permit departures from, Appellate Body rulings with which they disagree.

Sixth-Grade Students Procedural and Conceptual Understandings of Division Operation in a Real-Life Context

The aim of this study was to reveal the conceptual and operational conceptions of sixth-grade students in the process of division. The focus of the study included the strategies used in the division process, the students' understanding of the division algorithm, and their ability to interpret the remainder in a real-life context. Being qualitative in nature, the current study adopted the case study methodology. The sample of the study consisted of 64 sixth-grade students studying at two middle schools in the province of Kastamonu, Turkey in the 2018-2019 academic year. The data collection tool was a test consisting of five open-ended questions presented to the students. According to the research findings, while most of the students used the division operation in problem solving, some students used different strategies, such as multiplication, addition, subtraction, and mental calculation. The majority of the students using the division algorithm were successful in applying the steps of the division operation, but had difficulty in interpreting the remainder. In this research, it was also seen that the students had difficulties regarding the use of zero as a placeholder in the division operation. The students also encountered more difficulty in the division problems requiring the use of zeros in the last digits of the quotient than using zeros in other digits of the quotient.

Use of zeroing in the W-T comparison methodology and targeted dumping (US anti-dumping measures on large residential washers from Korea (DS464))

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the use of zeroing in the weighted average-to-transaction (W-T) comparison methodology and targeted dumping under the anti-dumping agreement by reviewing the WTO appellate body’s rulings on the use of zeroing in the W-T comparison methodology in the USA – anti-dumping measures on large residential washers from Korea (DS464). Although the appellate body has ruled that the use of zeroing would not be allowed in the weighted-average-to-weighted-average comparison methodology nor in the transaction-to-transaction comparison methodology, it has not ruled on whether the use of zeroing is allowed in the W-T comparison methodology prior to the instant case.Design/methodology/approachThis paper mainly analyzes the WTO appellate body report on the USA – anti-dumping and countervailing measures on large residential washers from Korea’s rulings (DS464) and reviews other WTO appellate body reports on the use of zeroing in anti-dumping measures. This paper reviews the relevant provisions of the WTO anti-dumping agreement and the US Anti-Dumping Act, and also referred prior papers on the use of zeroing.FindingsThe appellate body upheld the panel’s finding that the USA’s use of zeroing in the W-T comparison methodology is inconsistent with Article 2.4.2 of the anti-dumping agreement. As zeroing inflates dumping margins, increases the amount of duty collected, and hinders the expansion of trade in goods. The use of zeroing should be prohibited or permitted only in very limited circumstances.Social implicationsZeroing, which has been the subject of many WTO disputes between the USA and foreign governments, causes dumped sales to be masked by fair value. The WTO appellate body has consistently condemned the US practice of zeroing over the past decade as an unfair commerce practice. The instant case and this paper will help to stop the practice of zeroing in anti-dumping measures.Originality/valueThe text of Article 2.4.2 does not clearly prohibit the use of zeroing. The paper reviews the WTO appellate body’s rulings on the use of zeroing in the W-T comparison methodology in the USA – anti-dumping measures on large residential washers from Korea (DS464). The appellate body report was very recently circulated, on September 9, 2016. The appellate body has not ruled on whether the use of zeroing is allowed in the W-T comparison methodology prior to the instant case. This paper, first, concludes that the W-T comparison methodology is inconsistent with Article 2.4.2 of the anti-dumping agreement.

Japanese Learners’ Use of Zero - case Marking

Japanese Learners’ Use of Zero - case Marking

It's Baaaack: Zeroing, the US Department of Commerce, andUS‒Shrimp II (Viet Nam)

AbstractIn itsFinal Modification for Reviewsthe US DOC announced on 14 February 2012 that it would cease the use of zeroing in the calculation of anti-dumping (AD) margins in all reviews as of 16 April 2012. However, it did not pertain to targeted dumping. In itsFinal Ruleof 22 April 2014, it codified substantial discretion in calculating AD duties, including the use of zeroing, in targeted dumping. Thus the panel inUS‒Shrimp II (Viet Nam)erred in not finding ‘as such’ inconsistency by the US with the AD Agreement, despite this not being a targeted dumping complaint. Given the record of the US in complying with zeroing petitions, it should have incurred the burden of proof, which is not satisfied by these pronouncements. Market structure should be used by panels in ‘as applied’ inconsistency determinations. Viet Nam should have included an Article 3 violation in its complaint.

It's Baaaack Zeroing, the US Department of Commerce, and US Shrimp II (Viet Nam)

In its Final Modification for Reviews the U.S. DOC announced on February 14, 2012 that it would cease the use of zeroing in the calculation of anti-dumping (AD) margins in all reviews as of April 16, 2012. However, it did not pertain to targeted dumping. In its Final Rule of April 22, 2014, it codified substantial discretion in calculating AD duties, including the use of zeroing, in targeted dumping. Thus the panel in Shrimp II erred in not finding “as such” inconsistency by the U.S. with the AD Agreement, despite this not being a targeted dumping complaint. Given the record of the U.S. in complying with zeroing petitions, it should have incurred the burden of proof, which is not satisfied by these pronouncements. Market structure should be used by panels in “as applied” inconsistency determinations. Viet Nam should have included an Art. 3 violation in its complaint.

The U.S. Department of Commerce’s approach to targeted dumping: the wrong test and the wrong response

The U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) defines targeted dumping as a pattern of significant differences in the prices that importers charge in the U.S. to different purchasers, in different regions, or during different periods. If DOC finds targeted dumping, then it calculates the average dumping margin using zeroing, a practice that increases the calculated dumping duty. This article shows that DOC is using an inappropriate statistical test in targeted dumping investigations. The article also shows that a finding of targeted dumping does not justify the use of zeroing, an inherently flawed methodology that DOC has discarded in cases without targeted dumping.

A new spectral difference method using hierarchical polynomial bases for hyperbolic conservation laws

To solve hyperbolic conservation laws, a new method is developed based on the spectral difference (SD) algorithm. The new scheme adopts hierarchical polynomials to represent the solution in each cell instead of Lagrange interpolation polynomials used by the original one. The degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the present scheme are the coefficients of these polynomials, which do not represent the states at the solution points like the original method. Therefore, the solution points defined in the original SD scheme are discarded, while the flux points are preserved to construct a Lagrange interpolation polynomial to approximate flux function in each cell. To update the DOFs, differential operators are applied to the governing equation as well as the Lagrange interpolation polynomial of flux function to evaluate first and higher order derivatives of both solution and flux at the centroid of the cell. The stability property of the current scheme is proved to be the same as the original SD method when the same solution space is adopted. One dimensional methods are always stable by the use of zeros of Legendre polynomials as inner flux points. For two dimensional problems, the introduction of Raviart–Thomas spaces for the interpolation of flux function proves stable schemes for triangles. Accuracy studies are performed with one- and two-dimensional problems. p-Multigrid algorithm is implemented with orthogonal hierarchical bases. The results verify the high efficiency and low memory requirements of implementation of p-multigrid algorithm with the proposed scheme.

The U.S. Department of Commerce's Approach to Targeted Dumping: The Wrong Test and the Wrong Response

The U.S. Department of Commerce defines targeted dumping as a pattern of significant differences in the prices that importers charge in the U.S. to different purchasers, in different regions, or during different periods. If DOC finds targeted dumping, then it calculates the average dumping margin using zeroing, a practice that increases the calculated dumping duty. This paper shows that DOC is using an inappropriate statistical test in targeted dumping investigations. The paper also shows that a finding of targeted dumping does not justify the use of zeroing, an inherently flawed methodology that DOC has discarded in cases without targeted dumping.

Of supermarkets and medical science: getting the product lines right

Every time you mentally subtract the cost of a cup of coffee from the money you hand over, you make use of one of the most remarkable human intellectual achievements - the use of zero in a positional notation. Take an average medical student: in the first year he\she will likely know more physics than Isaac Newton, and half way through his\her degree know more medicine that Osler. It is one of the striking aspects of our culture that we can take insights that have required the greatest leaps of imagination and package and distribute them so that their application is almost effortless. Science, as has been said before, is about making what was once profound, trivial. What is perhaps even more unexpected is that those of us less gifted can not only stand on the shoulders of those who have gone before, but fashion their achievements into new structures, structures that furnish us with new and useful knowledge almost as a matter of routine. Take the modern randomised clinical trial (RCT) as an example.

A note on the Waring–Goldbach problem

The focus of this paper will be the extension of the Waring–Goldbach problem to all sufficiently large integers, without congruence restrictions. By reintroducing the effect of small primes, we are able to consider questions which more naturally resemble Waring's problem and the Goldbach conjecture. We extend the results of S.S. Pillai by considering the problem without the use of zero as an addend and we give a small improvement on the number of additional terms required.

Classical control revisited part II rounding out the basics

The featured articles in this special section, while continuing in the spirit of its predecessor, progress to more advanced levels and with greater breadth. The first article is on the tradeoff between performance and robustness in feedback control systems, a perpetual conflict in feedback design. The second article discusses about the classical design of single-input single-output systems (SISO) with the use of zeros and poles. Next was handling initial conditions in the Laplace transform. Another article in this special issues turns to control education and outreach of nontraditional student groups. Finally, the special section includes a survey of textbooks on classical control, thus imbuing the two-part special issue with a sense of nostalgia and remembrance.

No taming the vernacular! Insights from the relatives in northern Britain

In this article we conduct a quantitative analysis of the markers used to introduce relative clauses in three vernacular varieties of English in Britain. In each variety there is a surprisingly low frequency of WH words in subject relatives and negligible use in nonsubject relatives, suggesting that the WH forms have not yet penetrated the respective vernaculars. Variable rule analyses of the multiple factors conditioning that and zero relative markers reveal that the varieties pattern quite similarly with respect to significance of factors. For the zero variant, there is a favoring effect of (1) sentence structure and (2) indefinite antecedents; however there are dialect specific differences in some nuances of the constraint ranking of factors. On the other hand, the use of zero is also highly correlated with contextual constraints relating to surface level processing, that is, clause length, as well as clause complexity, across all communities. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for both dialect specific and universal constraints on relative marker use, which can be used to further elucidate the task of conducting broad cross-community comparisons. The results also provide support for an important distinction in linguistic change – those changes that are imposed from the outside (like the WH relative markers) and those that arise from within (like that and zero relative markers) proceed very differently in mainstream as compared to peripheral varieties.The first author acknowledges with gratitude the generous support of the Economic and Social Research Council of the United Kingdom (the ESRC) for research grant #R000239097, Back to the Roots: The Legacy of British Dialects. We thank our colleagues Karen Corrigan and Anthony Warner for stimulating and insightful discussion of this article, which greatly improved the final version it has taken. We also are indebted to Jonathan Hope, Terttu Nevalainen, Ronald Macaulay, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Suzanne Romaine, and James Walker for comments, as well as two anonymous reviewers. We dedicate this article to the “northerners” in Cumnock, Culleybackey, Maryport, and Portavogie who took the time to share their stories with us, providing this legacy of British dialects for the future.

Temps et aspect en vietnamien : étude comparative avec le français

Vietnamese is an isolating language and has no tenses. The markers ĐA, ĐANG, RỒI, SAP, VUẢ, MOỈ indicate mainly aspect and not time. There are two opposing situations in Vietnamese : the absence of marker (ZERO or O) and the presence of markers (ĐA, ĐANG, ROI, CHUẢ, TUNG, SAP, SE, VUẢ, MOỈ). In terms of statistics, the frequency of use of ZERO exceeds by far the frequency of use of all the other markers put together, because ZERO and the use of abverbs of time are the main ways of locating events in time. Coming from the verbal meaning put an end to something, ĐA indicates that the end of an event or a state has been reached relative to the chosen points of reference. It is the only marker capable of being combined with the other markers. Arising from the verbal meaning be in the middle of, ĐANG, is used to express that an event or a state is in process at the chosen reference times.

On the deletion of accusative case markers in Japanese

The Japanese accusative case marker o cannot be deleted arbitrarily; rather, it seems that the deletion of o, that is, the use of ZERO, is governed by certain factors. For some languages, it is claimed that both animacy and definiteness play an important role in the accusative case marking system. For example, NPs that are low in animacy and definiteness tend to drop accusative markers. The purpose of the present paper is to show that NPs with ZERO are low in both animacy and definiteness in Japanese.

Leonard bloomfield’s linguistic legacy

Summary Leonard Bloomfield’s system of linguistics was recast by his colleagues and students. His morphophonemic phonology influenced Chomsky’s early generative phonology. His version of Wundt’s psychologically based immediate constituent analysis was adopted by the distributionalists, and later also by the Chomskyans, each for different reasons. His descriptive semantics was left out of American linguistics except for some linguistic anthropologists who came back to it around 1955. Finally, despite the restraint of his descriptions and his principles, the sources of distributionalism can be found in Bloomfield’s denial of lexical synonymy and his use of zeros in morphology.

DC: 0–3 Casebook, a guide to the use of Zero to Three's “Diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood” in assessment and treatment planning

Infant Mental Health JournalVolume 19, Issue 4 p. 449-450 Book Review DC: 0–3 Casebook, a guide to the use of Zero to Three's “Diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood” in assessment and treatment planning Kim Kelsay M.D., Kim Kelsay M.D.Search for more papers by this author Kim Kelsay M.D., Kim Kelsay M.D.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199824)19:4<449::AID-IMHJ7>3.0.CO;2-BAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume19, Issue4Winter 1998Pages 449-450 RelatedInformation

DC: 0–3 Casebook, a guide to the use of Zero to Three's “Diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood” in assessment and treatment planning

DC: 0–3 Casebook, a guide to the use of Zero to Three's “Diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood” in assessment and treatment planning

Structural Optimization under Topological Constraint Represented by Homology Groups. (Topological Constraint on One-Dimensional Complex by Use of Zero- and One-Dimensional Homology Groups).

Topology of any one-dimensional complex can be represented by zero- and one-dimensional homology groups, which are isomorphic to the direct sum of additive groups. In this paper, a method is proposed to impose constraint on the topology of a frame treated as a one-dimensional complex by use of homology groups in the field of structural optimization. As the numerical examples, the total strain energy of the frame is minimized under topological constraints and constant weight. Useless members are eliminated from a ground structure by use of genetic algorithm. Any number of additive groups can be freely set up as a topological constraint because of generalized inverse matrices, and a rule of coding in the genetic algorithm is prescribed so that all strings(corresponding to chromosomes in biological systems)generated in the optimization process could satisfy the topological constraints. As the result it is found that loops in the topology of the optimum structure adjoin each other. The proposed method is also applied to the topology optimization of a square, flat panel board fixed on a rigid wall and loaded vertically on points distant from the wall.