Use Of Wind Research Articles

Degree of sulfation of freeze-dried calcium alginate sulfate scaffolds dramatically influence healing rate of full-thickness diabetic wounds.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic and non-healing wound in all age categories with a high prevalence and mortality in the world. An ideal wound dressing for DFU should possess the ability of adsorbing high contents of exudate and actively promote wound healing. Here, we introduced the calcium alginate sulfate as a new biomaterial appropriate for use in wound dressing to promote the healing of full-thickness ulcers in a diabetic mouse model. In this regard, alginate sulfate (Alg-S) solutions with different degree of substitution (DS) of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.9 were synthesized, freeze-dried, crosslinked by calcium cations, purified by washing and refreeze-dried. Primary analyses including swelling ratio, porosity content and mechanical properties revealed that all Alg-S scaffolds possess necessities for use as a wound dressing. After confirming the cytocompatibility of both alginate and alginate sulfate-based scaffolds by MTT assay, they were used as wound dressing for healing of full-thickness ulcers in diabetic mice. The results of wound healing process confirmed that calcium alginate sulfate scaffolds can heal the wounds faster than both alginate-treated and non-treated wounds. Furthermore, the histological analyses of healed tissues reveled normal regeneration of the skin tissue layers and collagen deposition similar to the healthy tissue.

Preparation of a chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol-based dual-network hydrogel for use as a potential wound-healing material for the sustainable release of drugs

Treating chronic wounds poses significant challenges in clinical medicine due to bacterial infection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and excessive inflammation. This study aimed to address these issues by developing a wound dressing with antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Chitosan was functionally modified with acrolein to covalently bind to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), enabling a high EGCG load. Subsequently, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and EGCG-modified chitosan were crosslinked to prepare a new double-network hydrogel with added cysteine (CSAEC/P50). CSAEC/P50 demonstrated optimal mechanical properties (low swelling rate, high water retention, and optimal flexibility), low hemolysis, high coagulation properties, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Cell scratch tests indicated that CSAEC/P50 can promote NIH3T3 cell migration. Immunofluorescence results showed that CSAEC/P50 promoted the transformation of proinflammatory M1 macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. These findings suggest that CSAEC/P50 has significant potential for use in wound dressing applications.

Development and characterization of three-dimensional antibacterial nanocomposite sponges of chitosan, silver nanoparticles and halloysite nanotubes.

In this work, we developed novel nanocomposite three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds composed of chitosan (CTS), halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with enhanced antimicrobial activity and fibroblast cell compatibility for their potential use in wound dressing applications. A stock CTS-HNT solution was obtained by mixing water-dispersed HNTs with CTS aqueous-acid solution, and then, AgNPs, in different concentrations, were synthesized in the CTS-HNT solution via a CTS-mediated in situ reduction method. Finally, freeze-gelation was used to obtain CTS-HNT-AgNP 3D porous scaffolds (sponges). Morphology analysis showed that synthesized AgNPs were spherical with an average diameter of 11 nm. HNTs' presence did not affect the AgNPs morphology or size but improved the mechanical properties of the scaffolds, where CTS-HNT sponges exhibited a 5 times larger compression stress than bare-CTS sponges. AgNPs in the scaffolds further increased their mechanical strength in correlation to the AgNP concentration, and conferred them improved antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, inhibiting the planktonic proliferation and adhesion of bacteria in a AgNP concentration depending on manner. In vitro cell viability and immunofluorescence assays exhibited that human fibroblast (HF) culture was supported by the sponges, where HF retained their phenotype upon culture on the sponges. Present CTS-HNT-AgNP sponges showed promising mechanical, antibacterial and cytocompatibility properties to be used as potential scaffolds for wound dressing applications.

A novel nanocomposite hydrogel with excellent photo-thermal and enhanced antibacterial properties based on China wood oil soot for acute wound healing

A hydrogel intended for potential use in wound dressing necessitates specific properties, including notable self-healing abilities, mechanical durability, and the ability to combat bacteria to address muscle and skin damage effectively. Moreover, the hydrogel must exhibit superior tissue adhesiveness to ensure seamless integration with the wound tissue during practical application scenarios. In this study, a novel photothermal China wood oil soot (CWOS)--based hydrogel (CH) dressing with high-strength and excellent photothermal performance was developed. Unlike traditional synthetic polymer networks, the novel nano-crosslinker fabricated by the CWOS optimized the dispersion of crosslinking points in the polymer network, resulting in outstanding mechanical properties (2000 % stretchability, 1.88 MPa strength). Massively reversible interactions between metal coordination (Ag-S) and hydrogen bonds gave the hydrogel excellent self-healing behavior. Besides excellent adhesiveness and biocompatible ability, the CH hydrogel combined with near-infrared ray radiation endowed highly antibacterial, alleviated inflammation, promoted angiogenesis, and promoted acute wound healing. Briefly, this multifunctional hydrogel can potentially aid wound healing for patients susceptible to bacterial infections. Its versatile properties offer promising prospects for its application in treating acute wounds.

Preparation and Characterization of Amoxicillin-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol/Sodium Alginate Nanofibrous Mat: Drug Release Properties, Antibacterial Activity, and Cytotoxicity

AbstractThis study aimed to prepare a polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate (PVSA) nanofibrous mat as an amoxicillin (AMOX) delivery system. AMOX was loaded to the PVSA nanofibers during electrospinning, and the AMOX-loaded PVSA (PVSA/AMOX) nanofibrous mat was cross-linked by glutaraldehyde (GA). The PVSA/AMOX nanofibrous mat was characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and mercury porosimetry analyses. The thickness, air permeability, and water vapor transmission rate of the PVSA/AMOX nanofibrous mat were 0.43 ± 0.08 mm, 17.2 ± 4.91 L/m2/s, and 1485 ± 13.6 g/m2/d, respectively, which were suitable for wound dressing applications. The tensile strength was 6.73 ± 0.48 MPa and elongation at a maximum load was 81.9 ± 17.0%, within the ranges of human skin’s values. The total porosity was 59.4%, enabling cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. The PVSA/AMOX nanofibrous mat has high swelling (319 ± 4.2%) and low degradation (2.2 ± 0.1% in 10 days) ratios. The nanofibrous mat cross-linked with 0.25% GA solution for 20 min had a 73.07% cumulative release for 90 min. The drug release kinetics were obeyed to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The nanofibrous mat presented antibacterial activity on S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. coli ATCC 25922, and there was no cytotoxic effect on the human normal keratinocyte cells, demonstrating the potential for use in wound dressing applications.

Signal transduction in wound healing: The effects of plant-derived biologically active substances

Wounds are among the most common skin diseases. They are formed after tissue injury and result in severe damage to the epidermis. The application of plants for wound healing is not only a cheap and accessible way of treatment, but also provides a reliable natural resource of medicinal substances with fewer side effects. Biologically active substances such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds demonstrate a wide spectrum of action: wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant effects. This review article examines the chemical composition of three plants - Calendula officinalis, Marrubium vulgare, Vitis vinifera and the signal transduction in skin wound healing. Studies have shown that they have a strong antioxidant effect, hemostatic activity, powerful vasoconstrictor effect, pro-angiogenic and cell-protective effects. Because of the mentioned benefits of these plants, more scientific research and well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish their wider use in wound treating medicaments.

Production and antioxidant activity of electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrous mats containing naringenin (NAR) for potential wound healing applications

In tissue engineering applications, the use of natural compounds without undesired side effects is highly preferred compared to chemical drugs. Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds distributed widely in plant-based foods, exert diverse biological effects in cultured cells and in vivo. Flavonoids exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancerous, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic activities, enzyme modulating activities with minimal toxicity issues. Naringenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) (NAR) is a flavonoid belonging to the class flavanone, predominantly found in grape fruit, bitter orange, and other citrus fruits. It has very prominent pharmacological actions like antitumor, vasoprotective, antihypertension, antiviral, and dantishockactions. As NAR can scavenge reactive oxygen species, its use in wound dressing studies is increasing. In recent years, many studies have been carried out to produce nanofibrous materials by the electrospinning method. Electrospun nanofibers have very large surface areas, controllable pore sizes, and tunable drug release profiles. Several biocompatible polymers with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability including polylactic acid (PLA) have been widely used for the synthesis of nanofibers using the electrospun technique. In this study, nanofibers were obtained by adding NAR at different concentrations into PLA by electrospinning technique. Morphological (Scanning electron microscopy, SEM), molecular interaction (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR), thermal analysis (Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC), antioxidant activity, and physical analysis were carried out after the production process. Meanwhile, the PLA nanofibers showed the largest swelling value of 220% after immersion in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution for 10 days. Overall, this study demonstrates that our PLA/NAR nanofiber mats are attractive candidates for wound dressing material research and application.

Enhanced drug delivery and wound healing potential of berberine-loaded chitosan-alginate nanocomposite gel: characterization and in vivo assessment.

Berberine-encapsulated polyelectrolyte nanocomposite (BR-PolyET-NC) gel was developed as a long-acting improved wound healing therapy. BR-PolyET-NC was developed using an ionic gelation/complexation method and thereafter loaded into Carbopol gel. Formulation was optimized using Design-Expert® software implementing a three-level, three-factor Box Behnken design (BBD). The concentrations of polymers, namely, chitosan and alginate, and calcium chloride were investigated based on particle size and %EE. Moreover, formulation characterized in vitro for biopharmaceutical performances and their wound healing potency was evaluated in vivo in adult BALB/c mice. The particle distribution analysis showed a nanocomposite size of 71 ± 3.5 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.45, ζ-potential of +22 mV, BR entrapment of 91 ± 1.6%, and loading efficiency of 12.5 ± 0.91%. Percentage drug release was recorded as 89.50 ± 6.9% with pH 6.8, thereby simulating the wound microenvironment. The in vitro investigation of the nanocomposite gel revealed uniform consistency, well spreadability, and extrudability, which are ideal for topical wound use. The analytical estimation executed using FT-IR, DSC, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated successful formulation with no drug excipients and without the amorphous state. The colony count of microbes was greatly reduced in the BR-PolyET-NC treated group on the 15th day from up to 6 CFU compared to 20 CFU observed in the BR gel treated group. The numbers of monocytes and lymphocytes counts were significantly reduced following healing progression, which reached to a peak level and vanished on the 15th day. The observed experimental characterization and in vivo study indicated the effectiveness of the developed BR-PolyET-NC gel toward wound closure and healing process, and it was found that >99% of the wound closed by 15th day, stimulated via various anti-inflammatory and angiogenic factors.

Electrospun Cellulose Acetate Nanofibers Containing Clinacanthus nutans (Phayayo) Crude Extract as Potential Wound Dressings

Extraction of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) lindau (C. nutans) or Phayayo (PY) leaves was performed by maceration using ethanol as an extractant. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The inhibitory concentration at 50% antioxidant activity (IC50) of PY extract was 15.62 mg/mL. The electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibers containing PY extract at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 7.5% w/v and silver (Ag) nanoparticles at 0.1% w/v were fabricated. The addition of PY extract and Ag influenced the viscosities of solutions and therefore affected the morphology and fiber diameters. The electrospun CA fiber mat containing 0.1% Ag and 7.5% PY extract was chosen to investigate its potential for use in wound dressing applications. The degrees of weight loss and water swelling of the electrospun CA/PY7.5/Ag fiber mat after immersion in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) at 37°C were examined in a range of 2-24 h, and found to increase with immersion time. The antioxidant activity of the fiber mat at the same period of immersion time was also studied, which corresponded with the trends of weight loss and water swelling. The antioxidant activity at 24 h of immersion was 68.3±9.2%. The CA/PY7.5/Ag fiber mat had no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli but slightly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The fiber mat also possesses high hydrophilicity, as examined by the contact angle measurement. These results indicate that the CA/PY7.5/Ag fiber mat is a promising material for use as a topical transdermal patch or wound dressing.

Success in treating wounds with local boric acid: a case study.

Wounds are difficult to treat in patients with diabetes, affecting their quality of life (QoL) and requiring a multidisciplinary approach to their treatment. In addition to systemic treatments such as intravenous antibiotics and debridement, local therapies used in appropriate cases help prevent situations that may result in the need for amputation. Boric acid, an easily accessible agent in local wound care, was considered for use in wounds because of its bactericidal and fungicidal properties, as well as its positive effects on angiogenesis, collagen synthesis and re-epithelialisation. While there are data on the use of boric acid solution in the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds in the literature, its use in wounds is limited. Moreover, although 2-3% boric acid solutions have been used in previous studies, boric acid powder (BAP) was used in this present case study. In this article, BAP was used in the treatment of two patients with diabetic wounds. The application of BAP effectively cleared the necrosis and accelerated wound healing. Boric acid is easily accessible, easy to use and an effective agent that should be considered because of its beneficial effects on wounds patients when used in addition to systemic therapy.

Further advancements in the near infrared lightemitting diode: review

During the last decade, significant advances have been made in the application of using a near infrared LED light-emitting diode over the use of low-level laser light therapy for a wide range of healing and rehabilitation processes. Near infrared LED has been shown to represent a novel, non-invasive, and effective coadjutant therapeutic intervention for the treatment of numerous diseases. With the discovery of the use of gallium arsenate (red light), the near infrared light-emitting diode has shown to be an effective therapy in the use of wound, bone, and traumatic brain injuries. Specific applications include wound healing, dentistry, peripheral nerve injury, depression, neurological disease (including Parkinson’s Disease, depression, and dementia), aging cerebrovascular disease, and traumatic brain injury. Most recently, the application of infrared light on brain tumors (photodynamic therapy) has started to provide a positive result. More evidence-based research is required to support this growing coadjutant therapeutic intervention.

FOAM DRESSING ON WOUND HEALING PROSES IN POST FRACTURE OPERATION PATIENTS

Modern wound dressing is a technique of wound care that focuses on moist principles so that the use of wound dressing plays an important role in accelerating the wound healing process. This study aims to determine the Effect of Modern Wound Care with Foam Dressing on the Wound Healing Process of Post Patient's Femur Fracture Surgery. The study used a pre-experiment one group pretest posttest design. The sampling used was accident sampling. The independent variable of the study was modern wound care with foam dressing, and the dependent variable of the study was the wound healing process, assessed by Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment tools. The results of the study before the intervention, the mean Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment score was 23.50 with a standard deviation of 1.080, a minimum value of 23.00 and a maximum value of 26.00. The results of the study after the intervention, the mean score was 15.50 with a standard deviation of 0.850, a minimum value of 15.50 and a maximum value of 17.00. Post operative wound care with foam dressings is expected to be applied and routinely carried out according to the wound care schedule of postoperative patients in order to improve the quality of health services.

A Miniaturized, Battery-Free, Wireless Wound Monitor That Predicts Wound Closure Rate Early.

Diabetic foot ulcers are chronic wounds that affect millions and increase the risk of amputation and mortality, highlighting the critical need for their early detection. Recent demonstrations of wearable sensors enable real-time wound assessment, but they rely on bulky electronics, making them difficult to interface with wounds. Herein, a miniaturized, wireless, battery-free wound monitor that measures lactate in real-time and seamlessly integrates with bandages for conformal attachment to the wound bed is introduced. Lactate is selected due to its multifaceted role in initiating healing. Studies in healthy and diabetic mice reveal distinct lactate profiles for normal and impaired healing wounds. A mathematical model based on the sensor data predicts wound closure rate within the first 3 days post-injury with ≈76% accuracy, which increases to ≈83% when pH is included. These studies underscore the significance of monitoring biomarkers during the inflammation phase, which can offer several benefits, including short-term use of wound monitors and their easy removal, resulting in lower risks of injury and infection at the wound site. Improvements in prediction accuracy can be achieved by designing mathematical models that build on multiple wound parameters such as pro-inflammatory and metabolic markers. Achieving this goal will require designing multi-analyte wound monitors.

Development, physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation of chitosan-fish gelatin-glycerol hydrogel membranes for wound treatment applications.

Chitosan and fish gelatin, two natural polymers, coupled with glycerol, were used to develop hydrogel membranes. The membrane properties of the prepared membranes, have been improved after heat treatment, leading to materials with ameliorated mechanical performance and lower degradation rate. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were conducted to study the interactions between the biopolymers and the plasticizer. Biopolymers and plasticizer interact via secondary interactions with all plasticized materials being amorphous. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphology of the materials and showed that increase in fish gelatin concentration leads to rougher surface morphologies. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements and tensile testing, indicated that increase in fish gelatin concentration leads to improved mechanical performance and in particular in terms of maximum strain at break as well as stress at break. Water absorption and degradation rates were found to be fully dependent on fish gelatin concentration as expected. Antimicrobial testing via the measurement of an inhibition zone, as well as ,endothelial cell attachment and proliferation results (in vitro endothelial cell colonization tests) indicate that the hydrogel membranes show promising potential for use in wound healing/care applications (protection against bacteria, providing a moist environment, etc.).

EFEKTIVITAS AIR MINERAL SEBAGAI CAIRAN PENCUCI LUKA UNTUK PENYEMBUHAN LUKA KRONIS

Background: Chronic wounds occur as a result of a failure in the wound healing process and until now have become a health problem that requires proper management. Several types of chronic wounds include venous leg ulcers (VLU), pressure ulcers (PU), diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). The use of wound cleansing fluid is one of the factors that plays an important role in chronic wound healing. Wound cleansing aims to clean the wound from the remains of previous dressings and reduce the number of bacteria. Mineral water is a type of liquid that can be used for cleansing chronic wounds and is easy to gain.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using mineral water as a wound washing fluid in the process of chronic wound healing. The research method was a quasi-experimental without a control group for 20 samples using PUSH (pressure ulcer scale for healing)tool assessment, processing data using the SPSS program with the Wilcoxon test. Result: The study result showed that a mean difference before (12.4) and after (1.9) wound care with mineral water as a wound washing fluid with p-value = 0.000. Conclusion: Mineral water has been proven effective as a wound washing fluid to support the healing process of chronic wounds. Keywords: Mineral Water ; Chronic Wound ; Wound Healing

Antimicrobial PVA Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanical Properties and Antimicrobial Release Profiles.

Hydrogels are broadly employed in wound healing applications due to their high water content and tissue-mimicking mechanical properties. Healing is hindered by infection in many types of wound, including Crohn's fistulas, tunneling wounds that form between different portions of the digestive system in Crohn's disease patients. Owing to the rise of drug-resistant infections, alternate approaches are required to treat wound infections beyond traditional antibiotics. To address this clinical need, we designed a water-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP) hydrogel, with natural antimicrobials in the form of phenolic acids (PAs), for potential use in wound filling and healing. The shape memory properties could allow for implantation in a low-profile shape, followed by expansion and would filling, while the PAs provide localized delivery of antimicrobials. Here, we developed a urethane-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with cinnamic (CA), p-coumaric (PCA), and caffeic (Ca-A) acid chemically or physically incorporated at varied concentrations. We examined the effects of incorporated PAs on antimicrobial, mechanical, and shape memory properties, and on cell viability. Materials with physically incorporated PAs showed improved antibacterial properties with lower biofilm formation on hydrogel surfaces. Both modulus and elongation at break could be increased simultaneously in hydrogels after both forms of PA incorporation. Cellular response in terms of initial viability and growth over time varied based on PA structure and concentration. Shape memory properties were not negatively affected by PA incorporation. These PA-containing hydrogels with antimicrobial properties could provide a new option for wound filling, infection control, and healing. Furthermore, PA content and structure provide novel tools for tuning material properties independently of network chemistry, which could be harnessed in a range of materials systems and biomedical applications.

Influence of alginate-fabric coating with silver nanoparticles on the course of wound process in laboratory animals

Alginates with various modifying additives (for example, chitosan) and various methods of physical treatment are used in the design of prototypes of innovative wound dressing. The aim of this study was to create and explore the properties of a prototype of textile-based sodium alginate wound dressing containing silver nanoparticles subjected to10 freeze cycles, and to evaluate its efficacy on the course of the purulent wound process in rats. The study showed that the developed technology of 10-fold cyclic freezing makes it possible to significantly increase the amount of silver nanoparticles in the composition of textile-based sodium alginate wound dressing, primarily due to silver nanoparticles that have a diameter not larger than 15 nm, and are characterized by the highest antibacterial activity. The use of the developed wound dressing with silver nanoparticles reduces metabolic disturbances when the nonspecific defense system response occurs in the wound tissue; on the 3rd and 5th day after wounding less pronounced changes in free radical oxidation indices were found, the levels of antioxidant defence enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) in wound tissue were lower than those observed after the use of wound dressing with silver nanoparticles, but not containing alginate, or after wound debridement without alginate or nanoparticles done every day.

Histological Assessment of the Oral Soft Tissue Regenerative Capacity of Hyaluronic Acid and Ozonated Oil in Vivo.

Aims: The objective of this study is to compare the wound healing potential between two different biomaterials after induced surgical intraoral incisions. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on (12) male New Zealand rabbits, randomly divided into two groups (6 animals per group) according to the healing periods (3rd,7th, and 14th) days. Two incisions were made on the buccal mucosa of each rabbit bilaterally. For the first group, the defects were filled with (PerioKIN Hyaluronic 1%) gel, O3OHEAL-M gel for the second group, applied three times daily, two rabbits were randomly selected each group at the (3rd, 7th, and 14th) days, and biopsies were taken. The biopsy specimens were subjected to histological evaluation to assess the physiological parameters of the wound-healing process. Results: median results of Inflammatory Cells Infiltration grading in which day 3 group II was the highest and day 14 was lowest and Granulation tissue formation in which day 7 was highest and re-epithelization scoring showed highest at day 14, according to the time period and their were no significant differences of Group versus group (within the same day). So, there is very close activity of the two materials in relation to their use in wounds with tissue loss. Conclusions: use of PerioKIN Hyaluronic 1% gel and O3OHEAL-M gel application three times daily for bare wounds give a satisfactory result for better healing and isolation to get rid of the infection in the appropriate time.

Development of antibacterial carboxymethyl cellulose/quaternized starch bionanocomposites based on cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion for wound healing applications

Infectious diseases of skin wound–based bacteria are a considerable issue that often hinders the wound closure, thereby delaying the healing process. The use of wound dressing based-renewable polymers with natural essential oil could overcome the deficiencies of skin wounds. In this work, wound dressings from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/quaternized starch (MS-Q188) in presence antimicrobial cinnamon essential oil (CIEO) nanoemulsion were prepared. Three variable ratios of CIEO (i.e., 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) in nanoemulsion forms were used to fabricate CMC/MS-Q188 bionanocomposites. The resulting bionanocomposites were investigated by XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. The mechanical, hydrophilicity, and barrier properties were evaluated, the outcomes of which demonstrated the tensile properties were achieved. However, the hydrophilicity, water vapor, and oxygen barrier properties were affected when the CIEO nanoemulsion added to the matrix. The migration of polymer components to the skin tissue and cytotoxic effect were investigated by cytotoxicity assays. The outcomes showed that the cell viability was located in the range of ~ 92–100% even at all studied concentrations, indicating there was no cytotoxicity to the cells. The inhibitory effects of CIEO nanoemulsion ratios on different pathogenic microbes were also verified. The developed bionanocomposites open opportunities for their use in smart skin wound dressings and biomedical applications.

Nanostructured Electrospun Polycaprolactone-Propolis Mats Composed of Different Morphologies for Potential Use in Wound Healing.

This study aimed to investigate different types of morphologies obtained using the electrospinning process to produce a material that enables wound healing while performing a controlled release. Using benign solvents, the authors prepared and characterised electrospun polycaprolactone mats loaded with propolis, a popular extract in traditional medicine with potential for skin repair. Different morphologies were obtained from distinct storage periods of the solution before electrospinning to investigate the effect of PCL hydrolysis (average diameters of fibres and beads: 159.2–280.5 nm and 1.9–5.6 μm, respectively). Phytochemical and FTIR analyses of the extract confirmed propolis composition. GPC and viscosity analyses showed a decrease in polymer molecular weight over the storage period (about a 70% reduction over 14 days) and confirmed that it was responsible for the nanostructure diversity. Moreover, propolis acted as a lubricant agent, affecting the spun solutions’ viscosity and the thermal properties and hydrophilicity of the mats. All samples were within the value range of the water vapour transpiration rate of the commercial products (1263.08 to 2179.84 g/m2·day). Even though the presence of beads did not affect the propolis release pattern, an in vitro wound-healing assay showed that propolis-loaded mats composed of beaded fibres increased the cell migration process. Thus, these films could present the potential for use in wound dressing applications.