Use Of Wood Resources Research Articles

Комплексное использование древесных ресурсов как основа перехода к устойчивому развитию лесопромышленных предприятий

Комплексное использование древесных ресурсов как основа перехода к устойчивому развитию лесопромышленных предприятий

Comparative Study Between Theoretical and Experimental Values of Dimensional Quantities for Tropical Brazilian Wood

Brazil presents many wood species that are very useful in several sectors such as civil construction and furniture industry. Rational use of wood resources depends on the wood characterizations process, that can become easier using equations involving properties of interest. Some theoretical equations found in the literature were developed for primarily softwood from the northern hemisphere, but not checked regarding of their accuracy for tropical Brazilian wood species. This paper aims to confront four theoretical equations with the dimensional stability quantities of fifteen tropical Brazilian woods and test the accuracy of them for these wood species. Results showed that experimental values present greater variability than the ones provided by the theoretical equations. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA performed showed that one of the four equations cannot be accurately used for tropical Brazilian wood species at 5% significance level. Keywords: Accuracy. Material. Physical properties. Wood.

Comparative efficiency of wood sources utilisation in selected European countries

Wood belongs among the renewable, ecological resources used in many variants of primary and secondary production. The efficiency and effectiveness of using wood resources is, therefore, one of the important factors of sustainable economic development of the society. Each country should strive to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of the use of raw materials. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the different levels of timber use in international comparison based on the available information of timber resources, production, consumption, import and export in the primary processing in natural and value expressions of wood resources. The results indicate the efficiency of the use of wood resources both for the volume of the total woodworking production and the production value of the woodworking industry in the selected countries.
 Keywords: Wood sources, efficiency, added value, comparative analysis.

WOOD THE POTENTIAL RESOURCE OF COMPLEX USE OF LIGNIN

The aim of the work is to investigate the use of existing wood waste, the most effective method of obtaining lignin and to create composite material made from renewable natural resources. The work looked at the current wider use of wood resources - construction, energy and chemical processing. The current waste from the use of wood - lignin is investigated. And the complex and rational use of this waste without waste. Experimentally, lignin was obtained with two methods, alkali and acid, from different Latvian tree species. Experimentally obtained composite samples with different compositions - alkali / acid lignin (binder) and leafy tree ash / chips (filler). Also, composite materials are considered at different proportions, where the percentage of both binders and fillers changes. Experimental samples were pressed at different temperatures.

Nondestructive Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Oils on Wood Surfaces

The further use of wood resources is expected in an environmentally conscious society. Added-value, such as durability enhancement and preservation by painting, are needed to expand the applicability of wood. Assessment of wood properties such as surface and coat adhesion can be made by studying perviousness to liquid oils, with the aim of developing wood products that deter insects and are weather-resistant; hence, discriminant analysis of oil type is important. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for nondestructive characterization of organic materials and has been widely used in many industries. Here, NIR detection of oil on wood surfaces is applied for the distinguishing of three different types of oil (hereafter, “Oil_1”, “Oil_2” and “Oil_3”) via soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). Oil_1 was antiseptic vehicle or cutting oil. Oil_2 was used as a motor oil for an oil pressure machine. Oil_3 was plant-derived oil. Two types of wood that are commonly used in Japanese construction (Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtuse) were analyzed after applying oil. The NIR spectra measured after the oil was applied were greater in the ranges 1700–1800 nm and 2300–2500 nm than spectra for the bare wood sample. As SIMCA analyses were performed by using spectral data that included the moving average, baseline correction and second derivatives, good results were obtained for Oil_3 for both wood samples. However, the correct classification percentages were low for Oil_1, and the percentage of samples classified within several categories was high. If the components are very different, such as those for Oil_3, NIRS can be a powerful non-destructive method for identifying oil in the context of wood products testing.

Wood exploitation patterns and pastoralist–environment relationships: charcoal remains from Iron Age Ṡhakal, Dhufar, Sultanate of Oman

Pastoralists have played a key role in shaping the landscape of Dhufar, Oman. With woody taxa tightly restricted to ecological zones and evidence of continuity in the structure of these vegetative communities, this region is a good case study for examining the relationships between pastoralists and their environments over time. The ethnobotanical literature of modern Dhufar documents pastoralists’ preferences for woody taxa for particular tasks. What remains uncertain is the time depth of these patterns. The archaeological site of Ṡhakal provides a rich charcoal assemblage, a material culture that allows archaeologists to approach human–landscape relations, even as such assemblages are relatively rare from ancient pastoralist sites. We argue that there is continuity to wood resource use over the last two millennia and this continuity correlates with a self-sufficient herding economy. With statistical analyses of the taxa identified and their respective contexts in the Iron Age occupations at Ṡhakal, we detect continuity in wood resource use over the last two millennia. Our results suggest that the wood exploitation patterns at Ṡhakal reflect preferences for abundant wood types with distinct physical properties. Furthermore, these results are consistent with a long-term self-sufficient pastoral tradition sustainable over millennia in a region that has only recently experienced severe environmental degradation.

Fuel for debating ancient economies. Calculating wood consumption at urban scale in Roman Imperial times

Estimating wood extraction rates from forests based on archaeological and historical evidence is an important step in evaluating the sustainability of past social-ecological systems. In this paper, we present a calculation tool to estimate human wood resource use for a selected location during a defined period in the past. We illustrate the method by its application to the ancient town of Sagalassos (South-west Anatolia, Turkey) during the Roman Imperial period, with a focus on pottery production and the Roman Baths. Based on archaeological data, thermodynamic formulas and calorific values, an estimation is provided of the amount of wood used within a time step of one year. Because quantitative information on ancient technology and lifestyle is rather scarce and uncertain, input values consist of ranges. In order to take this uncertainty into account, a Monte Carlo procedure is included, offering a probability distribution of possible outcomes. Our results indicate that wood consumption in 2nd century Sagalassos was quite high, with a lifestyle including frequent hot bathing, export driven pottery production and a climate that required heating during winter months. Based on the available woodland area, we conclude that the community of Sagalassos was intensively using the surrounding forests.

Use of Wood Resources in Two Rural Communities of Angical do Piauí/PI, Brazil

As populações rurais se utilizam de espécies vegetais para as mais diversas finalidades. De acordo com a forma de extração e a parte utilizada da planta, o uso madeireiro pode trazer danos ambientais, como o desmatamento de florestas, bem como acarretar risco de extinção de determinadas espécies. Objetivou-se avaliar o conhecimento, a preferência e o uso madeireiro nas comunidades rurais Chapada do Hamilton e Novo Horizonte, município de Angical do Piauí/PI. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 27 chefes de famílias residentes nas comunidades, além do emprego da técnica de inventário in situ. No total foram encontradas 62 espécies identificadas, distribuídas em 28 famílias, utilizadas nas categorias de uso construção, tecnologia e fitocombustível. Em relação à riqueza de espécies citadas, a comunidade Chapada do Hamilton apresentou o maior número de espécies conhecidas. Não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre o número de espécies conhecidas, usadas e preferidas entre as comunidades nas três categorias analisadas. A categoria construção apresentou o maior número de espécies citadas no total, com 55 espécies, em comparação com as categorias tecnologia e fitocombustível, com 40 e 28 espécies citadas, respectivamente. Comparando as categorias de uso em relação ao número de espécies citadas nas duas comunidades, verificaram-se diferenças estatísticas entre as categorias construção e fitocombustível, o que não se repetiu entre as categorias construção e tecnologia e tecnologia e fitocombustível. Os usos específicos na categoria fitocombustível ocorrem, predominantemente, na forma de carvão. Foi verificado que as populações de ambas as comunidades conhecem ampla diversidade de espécies fornecedoras de madeira e sugere-se que seja dada prioridade, em futuras estratégias de conservação, para espécies que possuem preferência em mais de uma categoria de uso.

Microscopic characterization of tension wood cell walls of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) treated with ionic liquids

Tension wood that is an abnormal part formed in angiosperms has been barely used for wood industry. In this study, to utilize the tension wood effectively by means of liquefaction using ionic liquid, we performed morphological and topochemical determination of the changes in tension wood of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) during ionic liquid treatment at the cellular level using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and confocal Raman microscopy. Ionic liquid treatment induced cell wall swelling in tension wood. Changes in the tissue morphology treated with ionic liquids were different between normal wood and tension wood, moreover the types of ionic liquids. The ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride liquefied gelatinous layers rapidly, whereas 1-ethylpyridinium bromide liquefied slowly but delignified selectively. These novel insights into the deconstruction behavior of tension wood cell walls during ionic liquid treatment provide better understanding of the liquefaction mechanism. The obtained knowledge will contribute to development of an effective chemical processing of tension wood using ionic liquids and lead to efficient use of wood resources.

Modelling sawn timber volume and strength development at the individual tree level – essential model features by the example of Douglas fir

We designed a streamlined timber growth and quality model that aims at the effect of stand management on the efficiency of wood resource use. Applying the R based module toolbox to experimental plots of Douglas fir ( [Mirb.] Franco) we analysed essential model features for reflecting the influence of planting density on board strength. The current version realistically predicted a significant increase of centre board bending strength at tree age 40 with initial stand density. Model performance gained clear advantage from a) parameterisation of height to diameter allometry as dependent on planting density b) consideration of cambial age and cross‑sectional knot area in board strength computation. Crown shape was less decisive. The model produced a significant effect of planting density even after a whole rotation period of 70 years as well as a realistic spectrum of board bending strength.Pseudotsuga menziesii

ITS and trnH-psbA as Efficient DNA Barcodes to Identify Threatened Commercial Woody Angiosperms from Southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforests.

The Araucaria Forests in southern Brazil are part of the Atlantic Rainforest, a key hotspot for global biodiversity. This habitat has experienced extensive losses of vegetation cover due to commercial logging and the intense use of wood resources for construction and furniture manufacturing. The absence of precise taxonomic tools for identifying Araucaria Forest tree species motivated us to test the ability of DNA barcoding to distinguish species exploited for wood resources and its suitability for use as an alternative testing technique for the inspection of illegal timber shipments. We tested three cpDNA regions (matK, trnH-psbA, and rbcL) and nrITS according to criteria determined by The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL). The efficiency of each marker and selected marker combinations were evaluated for 30 commercially valuable woody species in multiple populations, with a special focus on Lauraceae species. Inter- and intraspecific distances, species discrimination rates, and ability to recover species-specific clusters were evaluated. Among the regions and different combinations, ITS was the most efficient for identifying species based on the ‘best close match’ test; similarly, the trnH-psbA + ITS combination also demonstrated satisfactory results. When combining trnH-psbA + ITS, Maximum Likelihood analysis demonstrated a more resolved topology for internal branches, with 91% of species-specific clusters. DNA barcoding was found to be a practical and rapid method for identifying major threatened woody angiosperms from Araucaria Forests such as Lauraceae species, presenting a high confidence for recognizing members of Ocotea. These molecular tools can assist in screening those botanical families that are most targeted by the timber industry in southern Brazil and detecting certain species protected by Brazilian legislation and could be a useful tool for monitoring wood exploitation.

Present Role of Collective Forests in Fuel Wood Resource Use in Korean-Chinese Villages

Present Role of Collective Forests in Fuel Wood Resource Use in Korean-Chinese Villages

Use of Wood Resources in Central Argentina: A multivariate approach for the study of phytogeography and culture

Changes in land use and forest loss determine not only the loss of biodiversity, but the associated traditional ecological knowledge. Thus, knowing the several uses of forest resources by rural communities might help in guiding conservation efforts. We applied a multivariate approach to evaluate knowledge on uses of wood species­—based on environmental factors and participants’ (N = 114) socioeconomic characteristics—in six rural communities of Córdoba Province, Argentina, located in three different phytogeographical areas. Older men with unstable jobs and low education represent the embodiment of those who know about wood resources. Although the multivariate analysis suggests that socioeconomic factors are important when determining the known uses of wood resources within each area, environmental factors such as the availability of species considerably contribute to the characterization of the different communities. Quantitative analysis, including the socioeconomic characterization of human populations, might provide a valuable tool when planning policies for management and conservation of fuelwood resources.

Carbon storage in HWP. Accounting for Spanish particleboard and fiberboard

Aim of study: The study quantifies carbon stock in particleboard and fibreboard, for the period 1990-2006. It is the first accounting made for the Spanish wood industry using industrial accurate data and it could be comparable to other European studies.Area of study: SpainMaterial and Methods: A comparison of the three different approaches (Stock Change Approach, Production Approach, Atmospheric Flow Approach) of the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas (GHG). Due to the complexity derived from the amount of input variables and the recurrence of the formulas, the Montecarlo simulation method was chosen to compare results.Main results: Between 1990-2006 the carbon stock of the Spanish panel industry has been growing steadily, reaching around 1,000 Gg C in all three approaches studied. During the period 1990-2002, the Stock Change Approach is the one which provides a higher carbon stock accounting. However, since 2002 the Production Approach is the one which presents higher values of carbon stock.Research highlights: The main result of the study shows the important role of carbon stock which play the Spanish wood based panel industry during the period analysed. The results highlight the economic and environmental importance of carbon stock stored in such wood products, as well as its remarkable increase during the study period. They also highlights the importance of good practices such as cascade use of wood resources as well as the need for properly coordination between climate change and forest policies.Key words: climate change; emissions trading system; national greenhouse gas inventories; approach; Monte Carlo; recycled wood; cascade use.

Inuit knowledge and use of wood resources on the west coast of Nunavik, Canada

Driftwood and shrubs are the primary wood resources available in most areas of coastal Nunavik. Today, they are mainly used as fuel for campfires, but historically they were very important for the ancestors of present-day Inuit. This article documents Inuit traditional knowledge about the origin, availability, gathering, and exploitation of wood resources in this region located in the Low Arctic and the Subarctic. Interviews were conducted with 27 Inuit between 60 and 89 years of age in the villages of Ivujivik, Akulivik, Inukjuak, and Umiujaq on the east coast of Hudson Bay. Our data reveal, among other things, that Inuktitut names for pieces of driftwood were based on shape, aspect, colour, and texture. This traditional knowledge was very accurate and highly diverse in the southern villages because of their significant exposure to driftwood. Wood from shrubs (i.e. willows, birches, and alders) was mainly harvested in the fall and used to make fires, mattresses, sleeping mats (alliat), and other objects. According to the participants, driftwood originates in southern Hudson Bay and James Bay and is washed up on the beaches in late summer and the fall. In the far north of Nunavik, where driftwood is small and slender, Inuit used to collect it during the summer from a boat (umiaqorqajaq). Further south, it was gathered during the winter by dogsled.

Charcoals as indicators of ancient tree and fuel strategies: An application of anthracology in the Australian Midwest

Anthracology (charcoal analysis) can inform about palaeoenvironments and human choices concerning the use of wood resources. While charcoal is commonly recovered during excavations, anthracology is poorly developed in Australian archaeology. This paper presents the first application of anthracology in the Midwest of Western Australia, at the Weld-RS-0731 (WA Department of Aboriginal Affairs Site ID 28793) site in the Weld Range. It uses methodological approaches developed by European anthracologists but not previously applied to Australian charcoal assemblages. The diversity andfrequency of taxa identified in the late Holocene Weld-RS-0731 charcoal assemblages correspond to known vegetation communities, similar to those found in the area today. Nevertheless, the assemblages’ compositions demonstrate the targeting of specific habitats, as well as the purposeful selection and avoidance of certain taxa. Our results confirm that wood gathering was not a separate specialist activity, but likely occurred alongside other subsistence tasks.

Intensivere Holzenergienutzung in Europa: Politik- und Forschungsaspekte

Increased use of wood energy in Europe: policy and research issues The contrasting and often conflicting objectives associated with the increased use of bioenergy resources pose significant political and regulatory challenges across Europe. In the EU, wood energy use is not regulated in a dedicated directive, but is part of a variety of directives with different foci, and the individual EU member states implement these directives in very different ways. The challenges lie, on the one hand, in the harmonization of policies, standards and regulation and, on the other hand, in measures for efficiency improvements and minimization of adverse side effects of wood energy use. In this paper, the current EU bioenergy and wood energy legislative framework and specific policies are presented and current research themes in the context of the European wood energy policy highlighted, with a special emphasis on cascadic use of wood resources. It can be concluded that sustainable material and energy use of wood is subject to many restrictions, and that although cascadic use contributes to resource efficiency and CO2 mitigation, it may also affect the prevailing market structures significantly.

How to cope with changing demand conditions — The Swedish forest sector as a case study: an analysis of major drivers of change in the use of wood resources

Promotion of renewable energy sources in Europe is foreseen to result in a dramatic increase in the demand for woody biomass. This paper assesses whether wood resources in the European Union (EU) will support future demand. Possible implications for countries with ample forest resources and a well-developed forest industry, such as Sweden, of an expected mounting demand pressure are discussed. Other drivers of change in global wood product markets posing challenges for the forest sector in general are also addressed. These drivers are reviewed and, together with the results from the EUwood project and econometric wood market models, analyzed as to their impacts on the Swedish forest sector. Demand is foreseen to vastly exceed the potential supply of woody biomass in Europe, putting a tremendous pressure on the Swedish forest resource and necessitating trade-offs between different ecosystem services. Further, projections suggest that Sweden will decrease in importance in production as well as consumption terms for all wood products.

A new Gabor based approach for wood recognition

Correct wood recognition has an important meaning in the rational use of wood resources. To complete this task automatically, based on wood stereogram images, we propose a new Gabor based wood recognition approach in this paper, which has been successfully applied in many pattern recognition fields for its robustness against local distortions. However, only a few approaches can make full use of the information in Gabor patterns. To obtain more information of Gabor feature for wood recognition, we first use a set of 40 Gabor patterns to represent a wood image, which consist of important information at different orientation and scales. Then, we apply the block-based feature extraction with more statistical features besides mean and standard deviation on these Gabor patterns to enhance the discriminative ability of our approach. Finally, we reduce the dimensionality of the proposed feature descriptor by using feature selection. Only a few features are selected to achieve both high recognition performance and computational efficiency. We evaluate our approach on the wood database in Zhejiang A & F University (ZAFU), which contains 24 wood species. Experimental results show that by adopting proper sub-block numbers and blocking schemes, our approach outperforms the most of state-of-the-art approaches.

Pressure Indicators of Wood Resource Use in an Atlantic Forest Area, Northeastern Brazil

Wood resources are often used to support the needs of the local population. In order to protect biodiversity and resources, conservation strategies need to consider what types of wood use have the strongest impacts on forested areas. This study aimed to identify the use categories that put higher pressure on an Atlantic forest region located in the municipality of Igarassu in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. To conduct the study, we measured the volume of all wood products in 62 surveyed residences and registered the average replacement time for such products. The fuelwood category was most important locally and accounted for 92% of annual wood consumption. However, the construction category harvests more destructively and concentrates on the consumption of a few wood species. Therefore we recommend the fuelwood category to be the main focus of conservation effforts. In addition, the most important species for construction purposes (e.g., Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr. and Pogonophora schomburgkiana Miers ex Benth) should also be considered as a priority for conservation.