Water Use Research Articles

Why Do Farmers Disadopt Successful Innovations? Socio-Ecological Niches and Rice Intensification

The adoption of innovations in rice cultivation is presumed to operate in a rational manner, wherein new technologies or practices that successfully increase productivity or resource efficiency are adopted by target farmers based on cost-benefit calculations. In contrast, this paper examines a case of a public initiative to promote the system of rice intensification (SRI), wherein farmers widely disadopted the technique despite reporting increasing yields and reduced water consumption. To explain this paradox, we use the concept of the socio-ecological niche to examine a range of social and institutional factors that shape farmers’ decision-making. These included (1) access to land and labour; (2) water management capacity; (3) the quality of networks for knowledge sharing. The research suggests that small variations in these categories among otherwise similar smallholder households can markedly shape farmers’ risk perceptions and tangible outcomes with SRI. The implication is that agricultural innovations should be judged within their wider social context rather than on narrow evaluations of agronomic efficiency. Importantly, this must involve greater feedback mechanisms from smallholders with a variety of socio-economic profiles to help shape the character of agricultural innovations and extension strategies.

Industrial water consumption index: A new bridge between water consumption and socioeconomic development

Regional water consumption is closely linked to socioeconomic development trends; however, studies that analyze and evaluate socioeconomic development trends based on water consumption data are lacking. This study established a new general index, the industrial water consumption index (IWCI), using several variables from water consumption data through the entropy weight method and tested the index in Jiaxing City, China. The results showed that the relationship between water consumption and socioeconomic development varied depending on different industrial divisions. The IWCI, established based on water consumption data was highly sensitive to changes in socioeconomic development, especially rapid changes. Compared to the raw water consumption data, the IWCI presented a better performance in evaluation indicators for the selected several divisions, with a Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from 0.70 to 0.85 and a normalized mutual information ranging from 0.31 to 0.45. Overall, the IWCI provides an effective way to evaluate socioeconomic development trends by relying solely on water consumption data, particularly for industrial divisions where water plays an important role in production. The index allows managers to quickly assess and analyze socioeconomic development trends and develop corresponding response measures.

CDNF Exerts Anxiolytic, Antidepressant-like, and Procognitive Effects and Modulates Serotonin Turnover and Neuroplasticity-Related Genes.

Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is an unconventional neurotrophic factor because it does not bind to a known specific receptor on the plasma membrane and functions primarily as an unfolded protein response (UPR) regulator in the endoplasmic reticulum. Data on the effects of CDNF on nonmotor behavior and monoamine metabolism are limited. Here, we performed the intracerebroventricular injection of a recombinant CDNF protein at doses of 3, 10, and 30 μg in C57BL/6 mice. No adverse effects of the CDNF injection on feed and water consumption or locomotor activity were observed for 3 days afterwards. Decreases in body weight and sleep duration were transient. CDNF-treated animals demonstrated improved performance on the operant learning task and a substantial decrease in anxiety and behavioral despair. CDNF in all the doses enhanced serotonin (5-HT) turnover in the murine frontal cortex, hippocampus, and midbrain. This alteration was accompanied by changes in the mRNA levels of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors and in monoamine oxidase A mRNA and protein levels. We found that CDNF dramatically increased c-Fos mRNA levels in all investigated brain areas but elevated the phosphorylated-c-Fos level only in the midbrain. Similarly, enhanced CREB phosphorylation was found in the midbrain in experimental animals. Additionally, the upregulation of a spliced transcript of XBP1 (UPR regulator) was detected in the midbrain and frontal cortex. Thus, we can hypothesize that exogenous CDNF modulates the UPR pathway and overall neuronal activation and enhances 5-HT turnover, thereby affecting learning and emotion-related behavior.

Leveraging multi-output modelling for CIELAB using colour difference formula towards sustainable textile dyeing

Textile dyeing requires optimizing combinations of ingredients and process parameters to achieve target colour properties. Modelling the complex relationships between these factors and the resulting colour is challenging. In this case, a physics-informed approach for multi-output regression to model CIELAB colour values from dyeing ingredient and process inputs is proposed. Leveraging attention mechanisms and multi-task learning, the model outperforms baseline methods at predicting multiple colour outputs jointly. Specifically, the Transformer model’s attention mechanism captures the complex interactions between dyeing ingredients and process parameters, while the multi-task learning framework exploits the intrinsic correlations among the L*, a*, and b* dimensions of the CIELAB colour space. In addition, the incorporation of physical knowledge through a physics-informed loss function integrates the CMC colour difference formula. This loss function, along with the attention mechanisms, enables the model to learn the nuanced relationships between the dyeing process variables and the final colour output, thereby improving the overall prediction accuracy. This reduces trial-and-error costs and resource waste, contributing to environmental sustainability by minimizing water and energy consumption and chemical emissions.

Exploring the Experience of Guo Yi Master Lei Zhongyi in Dialectical Treatment of Heart Failure Based on the Theory of "Yang Wei Yin Xian"

The term "heart failure" first appeared in Wang Shuhe's "Meridian: Spleen and Stomach Diseases". The related description of heart failure is recorded in the "Huangdi Neijing", which is a disease mainly characterized by palpitations, asthma, and edema. It is often the terminal stage of chronic heart disease that cannot be cured. Its basic pathogenesis is prolonged illness with deficiency of heart qi, loss of nourishment in the heart, weakness in blood circulation, prolonged stagnation of the heart meridians, cessation of water consumption, and the generation of phlegm and dampness, resulting in heart failure. The theory of "Yang Wei Yin Xian" is a highly summarized understanding by Zhang Zhongjing of the etiology and pathogenesis of chest pain and heartache. Chinese medical master Lei Zhongyi has been practicing medicine for more than 60 years and has unique insights in the prevention and treatment of heart failure, with considerable clinical efficacy. He believes that heart failure belongs to the principle of deficiency and excess, and the theory of "yang micro yin string" is also applicable to this disease. Its onset is closely related to the pathological changes of substances such as qi, blood, and body fluids. The method of treating phlegm and blood stasis together should run through the treatment process, especially for patients who consume qi and yin in the later stage. Emphasis should be placed on promoting blood circulation and nourishing qi and yin, and the treatment should focus on both attacking and tonifying, with Qi and blood regulating simultaneously. Based on clinical experience, the original Yangxin Huoxue Tang has achieved significant clinical efficacy.

Identification of driving mechanisms of actual evapotranspiration in the Yiluo River Basin based on structural equation modeling

BackgroundActual evapotranspiration (ETa) is a crucial aspect of the hydrological cycle. It serves as a vital link between the soil–vegetation–atmosphere continuum. Quantifying the leading factors of regional ETa change and revealing the multi-factor compound driving mechanism of ETa evolution is necessary. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been widely used to study the structural relationships between variables in large-scale areas. However, there is an urgent need for more in-depth exploration of these complex relationships at the grid scale. Therefore, the Yiluo River Basin, a representative area of soil and water conservation engineering demonstration in the Loess Plateau, was selected as the study area, and the SEM at the basin scale and grid-scale were constructed to carry out the research.ResultsThe data indicate that ETa decreased at 1.97 mm per year at the watershed scale from 1982 to 2020. Climate change had the greatest impact on the change of ETa in the watershed, with a total impact coefficient of over 0.9. The direct impact of climate change on ETa increased by 0.571 from 1982–1992 to 1993–2020. The direct impact coefficients of vegetation cover and soil moisture decreased by 0.402 and 0.102, respectively, while the impact coefficient of the water body factors increased by 0.096. At the scale of individual grid cells, the ETa in the watershed was affected by changes in watershed climate, vegetation, and soil moisture, with contributions ranging from − 0.31 to 0.22, − 1.09 to − 0.08, and 0.61 to 0.90, respectively. Spatially, vegetation and soil moisture had a stronger impact on ETa in the upstream area, while climate change had a negative effect, and the downstream region had the opposite effect. Furthermore, the regulatory impact of large reservoirs mitigated the response of water surface evaporation to climate change in the upstream region.ConclusionsThe application of SEM at different spatial and temporal scales has effectively quantified the driving mechanisms behind actual evapotranspiration in the Yiluo River Basin, while visually representing the spatial distribution characteristics of various influencing factors on ETa. This research provides a theoretical foundation for studying slope water consumption processes and circulation mechanisms.

Effects of Xerophytic Vegetation-Salix on Soil Water Redistribution in Semiarid Region

Xerophytic vegetation re-regulates and allocates water resources through canopy interception, root water uptake and transpiration, and changes the water budget among precipitation, runoff, interception and infiltration, thus having a significant impact on the processes of the hydrological cycle. In this study, we investigated the effect of xerophytic shrub-Salix on soil water redistribution and water budget through an in situ monitoring experiment combined with two-dimensional vegetation water consumption modeling. The results showed that, due to the interception effect of root water uptake, it was difficult for precipitation infiltration to recharge deep soil water and groundwater. The measured data of soil moisture content, hydraulic head and precipitation were used to verify and calibrate the performance of the soil water flow model in the vadose zone by HYDRUS-2D. The effect of roots system on soil water was simulated, and the appropriate spacing of Salix replanting was estimated. Combined with the relationship between the transverse roots system and the crown width obtained by the investigation, it was determined that the spacing between the Salix should be greater than five times the crown width, so that the balance between the water consumption of Salix and the water supply of deep soil by precipitation could be considered. The results of this study are important for estimating groundwater recharge in arid areas and provide practical vegetation replanting options for similar regions.

Water Consumption and Disposal in the Russian Part of the Transboundary Ural River: Trends and the Effect on Water Quality

Water Consumption and Disposal in the Russian Part of the Transboundary Ural River: Trends and the Effect on Water Quality

Examining Drinking Water Preferences among University Students: A Comparative Assessment

In recent years, there has been a clear increase in bottled water consumption globally, which has led to significant health and environmental concerns. This cross-sectional study aims to understand the attitude and preferences of university students in Qatar towards the use of bottled and tap drinking water using an online survey questionnaire (September and October 2022). The number of students who responded to the online survey was 14% (n = 688) of the student population, with a mean age of 22.23 ± 5.15 years from the different colleges. Overall, a higher fraction of students preferred plastic bottled water as the main drinking source on campus (n = 468; 68.02%), with a majority of them being females (72.08%). Out of the 468 students who preferred plastic bottled water, safety was the most important factor (43.80%), followed by convenience (16.88%) and taste (15.60%). Cost (15.17%), personal/family habits (5.13%), environmental concerns (2.14%), and mineral content (1.28%) were found to be the least important factors. Among the 45 students (6.54%) who preferred tap water over plastic bottled water, cost (46.67%) was the dominant factor, followed by convenience (20.00%), environmental concerns and safety (13.33% each), taste (4.44%), and personal/family habits (2.22%). Around 72% believed that plastic water bottles were more harmful to the environment, yet the greater majority still resorted to this source. The research study underscores safety as the major factor favoring bottled water over tap water. Further, it suggests that knowledge alone does not fully explain student behavior, implying other influential factors. This study recommends campaigns focus on attitude and behavior change and not solely emphasize knowledge. There is an immediate need to further educate students through environmental and health literacy programs on water consumption and quality. Enabling the population to understand the positive and negative aspects of their choices may be an effective remedy for ensuring a healthy population and healthy environment.

Modelling Eucalyptus globulus spatial distribution in the upper Blue Nile basin using multi spectral Sentinel-2 and environmental data

Eucalyptus plantations are widespread in the highlands of northern Ethiopia. The species has been used for centuries for various purposes. However, there are controversies surrounding the species with excessive soil nutrient and water consumption. Modelling the spatial distribution of the species is fundamental to understand its ecological and hydrological effects in the region for policy inputs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a model for mapping the spatial distribution of Eucalyptus globulus. We used the spectral bands of Sentinel-2 data, vegetation indices, and environmental data as predictor variables and three machine learning algorithms (Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Boosted Regression Trees) to model the current distribution of Eucalyptus globulus. Eleven of the twenty-five predictor variables were filtered using a variance inflation factor (VIF). 419 in situ georeferenced data points were used for training, and validating the models. The area under the curve (AUC), kappa statistic (K), true skill statistic (TSS), Root Mean Squared Error and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to validate the models’ performance. The model validation metrics confirmed the highest performance of Random Forest. The prediction map of Random Forest revealed that Eucalyptus globulus was fairly detected in non-Eucalyptus globulus woody vegetation (R2 = 0.86, P < 0.001; RMSE = 0.31). We found that the Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and environmental variables, such as elevation and distance from the road, were the most important predictor variables in explaining the distribution of Eucalyptus globulus. Our findings demonstrate that machine learning algorithms with Sentinel-2 spectral bands and vegetation indices compounded with environmental data can effectively model the spatial distribution of Eucalyptus globulus.

Assessment of Radioactivity Levels in Bottled Drinking Water Consumed by Different Age Groups of People in Kampala City, Uganda

The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in drinking water may be enhanced depending on the geological strata from which it is extracted. The demand and consumption of bottled drinking water is increasing every year in Uganda mainly in Kampala city. Therefore, the study was purposed to assess the levels of natural radioactivity using a gamma spectrometer in commonly bottled drinking water in Kampala City. The mean specific activities for Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 in bottled drinking water were 4.45±0.20, 1.32±0.27, and 46.33±0.24 Bq/l respectively which exceeded the specific World Health Organization recommended guidance level of 1.0 Bq/l except for K-40. The mean activity concentrations were however comparable to the mean concentration of tap water used in Kampala City, that is 4.00±0.16, 1.4±0.19, and 47.05±0.21 Bq/l for Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 respectively. The annual effective dose contributed by two radionuclides of Ra-226 and Th-232 in the bottled water exceeded the maximum dose limit of 0.1 mSv/y recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The mean estimated excess lifetime cancer risk due to Ra-226 (0.00177) exceeded the recommended limit of 0.001 while that due to Th-232 (0.0001) was below the recommended limit. Therefore, the main contributor to the total annual ingestion dose was Ra-226. Due to the high solubility and toxicity of Ra-226, there is a significant concern warranting further investigation. Finally, the results from the study revealed that there was not any trace of contamination from artificial radionuclides in the bottled drinking water manufactured and consumed within Kampala City. With the growing populational demand for bottled drinking water, it's recommended that radioactivity levels comply with the WHO recommended radioactivity levels. Therefore, this study contributes to the revision of standards and development of regulations for radiological protection of the public and the environment from risks of radiation exposure associated with bottled drinking water.

Life Cycle Analysis of a Pediatric Surgical Kit-A Target to Reduce Operating Room Waste.

This study uses life cycle analysis to comprehensively evaluate the environmental impact of a pediatric surgical kit, including water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Place attachment, spirituality and residential water conservation behaviour in Australia’s Northern Territory: application of an extended protection motivation theory

ABSTRACT Despite warnings of impending water scarcity concerns, most residents persistently engage in excessive water consumption behaviours, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This has spurred interest in understanding why water demand management strategies fail to foster voluntary residential conservation behaviours. Recent literature indicates a lack of consideration of cultural factors that may influence residential water conservation. Thus, this study draws on and extends the protection motivation theory with place attachment and spirituality to examine how cultural and psychological factors influence residential water conservation intention and behaviour. Analysing 346 survey responses, the study reveals that place attachment amplifies vulnerability and severity perceptions regarding water scarcity concerns and significantly drives perceptions of self and response efficacies for water conservation intention and behaviour. In particular, the study reveals that as a resident’s spirituality increases, the intention for water conservation behaviour reduces. The study highlights theoretical and practical implications for scholars and policymakers.

AMI water meters deliver end-use water and financial savings in leaky households: experimental evidence from California

Abstract Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) for residential water consumption is exploding globally giving water utilities the ability to improve their water tracking, billing, and distribution systems’ leak detection. With AMI, utilities have also gained the opportunity to provide real-time high-resolution water consumption information to their customers to induce conservation. Using a randomized controlled trial we find that on average homes that install AMI and receive conservation based messaging significantly reduce water consumption by 5.24 gallons per household per day beyond savings already obtained from home water reports. Of the estimated water savings we attribute 92.8% to leak reduction. While the payback period from the deployment of AMI meters and treatment in all homes is over 41 years, homes that experience leaks realize financial savings of $60/year and a treatment payback period of four years. This is because treatment did not induce water or financial savings in homes without leaks. These findings indicate that even on top of existing conservation programs, AMI messaging that targets end-user leaks could result in significant water savings, economic benefits to end-users, and advance conservation goals.

Environmental life cycle assessment of drink and yoghurt products using non-nutritive sweeteners and sweetness enhancers in place of added sugar: the SWEET project

Abstract Purpose There are increasing concerns regarding detrimental health effects of added sugar in food and drink products. Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) and sweetness enhancers (SE) are seen as viable alternatives. Much work has been done on health and safety of NNS&amp;SE when consumed in place of sugar, but very little on their sustainability. This work aims to bridge that gap with an environmental study of replacing added sugar with NNS&amp;SE in the context of drink and yoghurt. Methods A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to compare environmental impact of a drink and yoghurt, sweetened with sucrose, to those sweetened with NNSs or an SE: stevia rebaudioside A, sucralose, aspartame, neotame, and thaumatin. Primary ingredients data were taken from preparation of foodstuffs for clinical trials. Results are reported via the ReCiPe 2016 (H) method, with focus on land use, global warming potential (GWP), marine eutrophication, mineral resource scarcity, and water consumption. Impacts are reported in terms of 1 kg product. Scenarios explore sensitivity of the LCA results to change in background processes, functional unit, and sweetener type. This research was conducted as part of the EU Horizon 2020 project SWEET (sweeteners and sweetness enhancers: impact on health, obesity, safety, and sustainability). Results and discussion Replacing sugar with an NNS or part-replacing with an SE is shown to reduce environmental impact across most impact categories, for example, on a mass basis, GWP for a drink reduces from 0.61 to approx. 0.51 kgCO2-eq/kg and for a yoghurt from 4.15 to approx. 3.73 kgCO2-eq/kg. Variability in environmental impact is shown to be relatively small between the NNSs, indicating that choice of NNS is less important than the reformulation changes required to accommodate the loss of sugar. Reporting impact in terms of calorie density, instead of mass, shows greater reduction in environmental impact when using an NNS or SE and shows how important functional unit is when reporting impact of these products. Conclusion This study is the first to compare food or drink products sweetened with sugar, NNS, or SE. Results show that there is great potential to reduce environmental impact of sweetened drinks and yoghurts. Moreover, the choice of NNS does not greatly affect the environmental impact of either product. Therefore, this research shows that choices relating to replacing added sugar may be based more upon health or formulation needs and less on environmental concerns.

Rainwater harvesting through roofs and stormwater harvesting through pervious pavements: A Life Cycle Assessment and decision-making comparison

Water consumption and the building sector are among the top contributors to environmental impacts worldwide. Also, sustainable practices have been constantly encouraged in both sectors to mitigate water scarcity and provide resilience to cities. Thus, studies that provide an environmental assessment and discuss the decision-making process are essential for enabling the augmentation of sustainable practices. This research aims to contribute to the discussion on sustainability by conducting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) examples. LCA is the main methodology applied to perform environmental comparisons. First, a thorough inventory was obtained from previous works with different alternatives for water management within a university building, including drainage, paving and water supply functions. The inventory contemplates alternatives using rainwater and stormwater harvesting for non-potable water supply, including pervious pavements. Such alternatives were compared with Brazil's usual water supply systems, aiming at diminishing the total environmental burden. The methodology aspects of LCA were also regarded, such as an uncertainty assessment and a quality matrix of the processes used. Midpoint and endpoint categories were also regarded with their decision-making and uncertainty analysis. The main result is the understanding of the trade-offs between the proposed systems, with a significant reduction in water stress obtained in the alternative scenarios. However, such a decrease is accompanied by a slight increase in some impact categories. Rainwater harvesting through roofs is the most environmentally friendly alternative, although the Cultural Theory parameter definition impacts on the sustainability ranking. Alternative sustainable systems for water management still need validation in terms of LCA, while decision-making for sustainable and resilient cities also requires a robust scientific basis. Thus, in conclusion, alternative systems such as SUDS were obtained to be more sustainable than conventional paving, drainage and water supply in the case study, and the understanding of different benefits found in the LCA is important to the decision-making process.

Prediction of regional water resources carrying capacity based on stochastic simulation: A case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration

Study regionBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration in China Study focusThe prediction of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) can provide an effective reference for the rational allocation and efficient utilization of water resources. Traditional prediction methods obtained a definite WRCC value but fail to reflect the uncertainty of WRCC changes and limit reference for the optimal allocation of water resources. To ensure the accuracy, availability and comprehensiveness of prediction, this paper adopts the improved principal component analysis (PCA) to screen indicators, and predicts the WRCC through the coupled model of Monte Carlo and Grey Wolf Optimization-Support Vector Machine(GWO-SVM), addressing single result issues and computational complexity. At the same time, various regulation schemes for sensitive indicators are designed to provide an effective guidance for the optimal allocation and sustainable use of water resources. New hydrological insights for the regionIn 2025, the probability of WRCC in Tianjin, Handan, Xingtai, Hengshui, Cangzhou, Langfang to maintain grade III is more than 80 %, and that in Beijing, Baoding, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Zhangjiakou, Chengde to reach grade IV is more than 50 %. The sensitivity analysis shows that the sensitive indicators mainly focus on water supply and consumption, water use efficiency and pollutant gas emissions. The WRCC can be further improved under different schemes. The results can provide effective guidance for the optimal allocation of water resources and maintain sustainable economic and social development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration.

Developing a water budget for the Amman-Zarqa basin using water accounting plus and the pixel-based soil water balance model

AbstractWater resources assessments are essential for effective planning in water-scarce regions such as Jordan. Such assessments require sufficient data in space and time. The WaPOR-based Water Accounting Plus (WA +) framework is relevant as it integrates remote sensing data and the Pixel-Based Soil Water Balance model to simulate a basin’s water balance. However, since it relies on remote sensing, this framework only tracks water consumption in irrigated agriculture and does not consider non-irrigation water use and its return flow. This paper modifies the WaPOR-based WA + framework to include non-irrigation manmade consumption and its return flows. The modified framework provides a more comprehensive water budget for the Amman-Zarqa (AZ) basin, presented in a modified WA + resource base sheet for 2018 through 2021. The results show that water availability in the AZ basin is highly responsive to precipitation changes. Average precipitation was approximately 926 Mm3/year between 2018 and 2020, corresponding to an average available water of 485 Mm3/year. However, a reduction in average precipitation by 28% in 2021 corresponded to a reduction in available water to 243 Mm3/year. Nevertheless, substantial groundwater outflows to neighbouring basins may indicate that available water is being overestimated. Manmade consumption increased by 18% from 2018 to 2021, and the total demand exceeded the available supply by 150%. This underscores the pressing need to investigate supply augmentation and conservation methods. Future studies could focus on improving the representation of groundwater dynamics in the modified framework by improving groundwater dynamics in PixSWAB and testing the modified framework with other remote sensing datasets.

Hypertuning-Based Ensemble Machine Learning Approach for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring and Prediction

In the present day, the health of the populace is significantly jeopardized by the presence of contaminated water, and the majority of the population is unaware of the distinction between safe and unsafe water consumption. Agricultural, industrial, and other human-induced activities are causing a significant decline in the availability of drinking water. Consequently, the issue of ensuring the safety of ingesting water is becoming increasingly prevalent. People should be aware of the purity of the water and the locations where it can be used in order to resolve this situation. There are numerous IoT-based system architectures that are capable of monitoring water parameters; however, the majority of these architectures do not allow for real-time water quality prediction or visualization. In order to achieve this, we suggest a wireless framework that is based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The sensors are able to capture water parameters and transmit the data to the cloud, where a machine learning (ML) model operates to classify the water quality. After that, Grafana enables us to effortlessly visualize the real-time data and predictions from any location. We employed a multi-class dataset from China for the model’s construction. GridSearchCV was implemented to identify the optimal parameters for model optimization. The proposed model is a combination of the Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Histogram Gradient Boosting (HGB) models. The accuracy of the model for the China dataset was 99.80%. To assess the robustness of the proposed model, we acquired a new dataset from the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and used it to test the proposed model. The model’s accuracy for this dataset was 99.72%. In summary, the proposed wireless IoT framework enables individuals to effortlessly monitor the purity of water and view its parameters from any location.

Effect of Anti-Transpiration and Potassium on Water Use Efficiency and Water Consumption under Water Stress Conditions to Climate Change Resistance

Climate change impact serious threats to global food security due to changes in water requirements resulting from the variation and instability of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall and the lack of water availability. Therefore, our research aims to use anti-transpiration agents that reduce plant water consumption, thus providing adequate amounts of water for agriculture in arid areas. A field experiment was conducted under water stress conditions during the winter seasons 2022-2023 and 2023-2024. The study included three levels of water stress, which are depletion of 40, 55 and 70% of the available water at a depth of 20 cm for the first three irrigations and a depth of 30 cm for the remaining irrigations and for the three treatments in succession. Anti-transpiration was added from different sources, which are kaolin, paraffin wax, silicon and potassium, in addition to the comparison treatment (spraying with water only). The results showed significant differences between the depletion treatments, as the 40% depletion treatment of the available water was significantly superior in most of the characteristics of the crop and its components, as the amount of increase in the grain yield was 62.24 and 64.22% for the two seasons in succession, compared to the 70% depletion treatment of the available water, which gave the lowest averages for all the studied characteristics. The irrigation treatment after depleting 40% of the available water was characterized by the best water use efficiency of 1.60 and 1.44 kg m-3 for the two seasons respectively, compared to the treatment of depleting 70% of the available water, which gave the lowest water use efficiency of 1.14 and 1.02 kg m-3 for the two seasons respectively. Spraying with anti-transpiration and potassium led to a significant increase in the yield and all its components compared to the comparison treatment (spraying with water only), which gave the lowest averages for all the studied traits, as spraying with potassium and kaolin gave a significant increase in most of the studied traits. Also, anti-transpiration and potassium, represented by potassium and kaolin, had a significant effect on water use efficiency, as the increase amount when spraying with potassium was 45.87 and 46.93% for the two seasons respectively compared to the comparison treatment (spraying with water only). As for the actual water consumption, we find an increase in the values ​​of water consumption and the number of irrigations in the comparison treatment (spraying with water only) compared to the anti-transpiration and potassium treatments, as the anti-transpiration and potassium provided water at a depth of 550, 414 and 405 m3 ha-1 for the first season and 615, 375 and 393 m3 ha-1 for the second season for the depletion treatments of 40, 55 and 70% of the available water, respectively, compared to the comparison treatment (spraying with water only). This increase is not small when applied to large areas and providing additional agricultural areas that can be invested. These findings suggest that targeted use of these treatments can effectively mitigate the effects of water stress, improving wheat production and resource efficiency in water-limited environments.