Use Of Waste Products Research Articles

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Components from Apple Peels and Their Modulation of Complex I Activity in Isolated Mitochondria.

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used to extract bioactive compounds from apple (Malus domestica) peel waste from three different Italian cultivars. The bioactive fractions were extracted applying a temperature of 60 °C and a pressure of 250 bar for 15 min with 20% ethanol as co-solvent, at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. The total polyphenol (TP), anthocyanin (TA), ascorbic acid (AA), and antioxidant activity contents (TACs) were measured, while chromatographic analyses were performed to highlight the differences between the extracts. The Stark cultivar had the highest levels of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid, while the Royal Gala cultivar showed the highest total antioxidant activity. SFE extracts were then tested for their effect on the mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) activity on mitochondria isolated from human embryonic kidney cells (HEK239). The Stark extract showed the most positive response in terms of NADH oxidation. The results obtained in this work highlight the potential of apple peel waste as a source of functional phytocompounds and suggest that Stark cultivar extracts may be exploited for pharmacological applications. This study supports the circular bioeconomy by promoting the use of waste products as a valuable resource.

Enhancing sustainability: co-pyrolysis of date palm branches and wastewater microalgae for tailored biochar production

The use of waste products in different applications contains prime importance in today’s research and industry. Researchers are working on producing innovative technologies and processes to utilize waste and produce valuable products for different applications. Microalgae-derived char contains low aromaticity and heating values with relatively higher nitrogen content than lignocellulosic char. This study presents the use of waste from date palm branches and wastewater-derived microalgae through co-pyrolysis to produce char of improved properties. Two batches of experiments were conducted (a) single-step pyrolysis (SSP) and (b) two-step pyrolysis, in the range of highest treatment temperature of 400–600 °C. Single-step pyrolysed char showed lower aromaticity, higher yield, ash content and heating values of the char than two-step pyrolysed char. Similarly, ignition temperature and activation energy were higher during combustion by single-step pyrolysed char than two-step char. Economic analysis also showed slightly higher prices for single-step pyrolysed char. Hence, two-step pyrolysed char is suitable for energy applications, whereas low-temperature processing (400–500 °C) will result in optimum properties in terms of yield and heating values.

Novel framework for assessing economic viability and environmental impacts: Use of waste products in soil stabilization

This study developed a framework that evaluated the carbon emission and cost-effectiveness of fly ash, rice husk ash, and face masks as additives for soil stabilization. The research scope of this study included modification of soil using varying dosages of additives, quantification of improvement in soil properties, pavement design under different traffic conditions, and estimation of cost and emission. In this process, a total of 30 pavement sections were considered, and Euclidean distance method was employed to develop a combined ranking of the pavement alternatives based on their resource consumption and environmental impacts. The study findings showed that Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash offered lower costs of construction and carbon footprint than the control pavement sections under all traffic conditions. Additionally, face mask was found to be suitable under low traffic conditions at minimum content. It is envisaged that the framework developed in this study would provide important insights to the policymakers, engineers, practitioners, road agencies, and other stakeholders in assessing various pavement alternatives that ensure the economic and sustainable development of transportation infrastructure.

Impact of pre-treated recycled concrete aggregate on performance of bituminous mix composed of reclaimed asphalt pavement with waste polyethylene

The goal of the current study is to create environmentally friendly bituminous paving mixes that make extensive use of waste products like recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and waste polyethylene. A control mix with conventional stone aggregates (CSA) and VG40 bitumen was taken into consideration for the comparison study. It was noticed that the modified RAP mixes significantly enhanced the performance of the control mix in terms of Marshall stability and rutting resistance. Waste polyethylene was shown to be less prone to moisture-induced damage when added to modify the RAP mixes made with pre-treated recycled concrete aggregate (PRCA) or CSA. The performances of modified RAP mixes incorporating waste polyethylene and CSA or PRCA showed significant improvements. The modified RAP mixes made using various combinations of PRCA-CSA and waste polyethylene can be considered as good substitute for the CSA-VG40 control mix, and can therefore improve the high and intermediate temperature performance.

Investigation of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances of fruits and meal of red currant (Ribes rubrum), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), and feijoa (Acca sellowiana)

pectin is a polysaccharide found in fruits, vegetables, and roots. It is a gelling agent, thickener and stabilizer (De-Qiang Li etc, 2021). Pectin substances are natural enterosorbents. At the moment, according to the literature analysis (Olufunke D.Akin-Ajani etc, 2021; Paola Foti etc, 2022; Annie Stuart 2021; Yao J. etc, 2022; Welela Meka Kedir etc, 2022) the following pharmacological effects of pectins can be mentioned: they regulate digestion, improve intestinal microflora, have antibacterial effects, are used as prebiotics, regulate blood glucose, help lower blood cholesterol and eliminate toxic substances.
 For the study of pectins, we chose plant materials: fruits and waste products of red currant (Ribes rubrum), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), and feijoa (Acca sellowiana).
 The aim of the study was to investigate the water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances of the selected raw materials. The technological parameters of the raw materials were determined, the correlation between fresh and dried fruits and waste products, and losses after juice extraction were established. The yield of the finished product - dried waste products - was obtained: red currant (Ribes rubrum) - 12 ± 0.25%, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) - 15 ± 0.32%, feijoa (Acca sellowiana) - 18 ± 0.38%. It was found that the use of waste products as a secondary raw material can be used as a waste-free, resource-saving production.
 The research methods were the method of determining the swelling index and the fractionation method. it was found that grinding reduces the swelling index, during studying plant materials by determining the swelling index. It was found by the method of fractionation that quantitatively PS are most contained in feijoa: 3.55 ± 0.15% in fruits, and 4.05 ± 0.17% in waste products; red currant fruits contain 2.63 ± 0.07% of PS, and 3.73 ± 0.11% in waste products; and sea buckthorn has the lowest number of PS: 1.07 ± 0.04% in fruits, and 2.38 ± 0.09% in waste products.
 The results of the research give grounds to conclude that the fruits and waste products of red currant (Ribes rubrum), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), and feijoa (Acca sellowiana) are a powerful source of pectin.

Gasification of MSW and Biomass using Aspen Plus®

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) refers to solid waste generated by towns and cities from different types of household activities1. Over 2 billion tons of MSW are produced annually. Improper disposal can lead to adverse health outcomes through water, soil and air contamination. Hazardous waste or unsafe waste treatment such as open burning can directly harm waste workers or other people involved in waste burning and neighbouring communities. At the same time, in order to keep up with the need in development, the energy demand also increasing. Therefore, utilize MSW to produce energy is gaining more recognition from public interest. Gasification offers some advantages over traditional method of utilize MSW (incineration, compost). Gasification plants produce significantly lower quantities of air pollutants. The process reduces the environmental impact of waste disposal because it allows for the use of waste products as a feedstock. In this paper, Aspen Plus software was deployed to assess and predict the outcome of the gasification process of MSW. The model was calibrated and validated with various observed data. The condition of input MSW and biomass, as well as the gasification agent were considered. The results revealed that primary products of gasification process are similar to other previously conducted experiments.

Bioexposure assays to assess uptake and survival of viruses in mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae

Insects represent a sustainable source of food and feed. In order to increase the sustainability of insect production, new feed substrates should be explored including waste materials that contain animal by-products. However, the use of waste products does come with potential risks for transmission of pathogens. Experimental exposure studies of insects with selected pathogens can provide knowledge of some of these risks for future quantitative risk assessments. In this study, we have developed virus bioexposure assays to examine the uptake and survival of two different strains of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) in the larvae of two key insect species that are grown for the production of food and feed, namely the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, and the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. T. molitor larvae were exposed to PRCV via oral uptake of virus suspensions while H. illucens larvae were exposed to PRCV via spiking of their feed. Using RT-qPCR assays, the amount of viral RNA extracted from individual larvae immediately after exposure varied from ~104.6 to 107.1 genome copies per insect. The PRCV RNA was detectable in the larvae of both T. molitor and H. illucens for up to 3 days post exposure but no longer. The assays applied to T. molitor and H. illucens for exposure to PRCV should be applicable for the exposure of further insect larvae to other viruses, and potentially also to other types of pathogens.

Experimental investigation of strength of concrete with GGBS, granite powder and treated wastewater

In the current scenario, there is a continuous increase in population, rapid industrialization, and the accompanying technologies involving waste disposal, waste-product disposal, and the rate of discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere. All of these activities are carried out on a large scale. This is the root cause of the pollution of these natural resources. Therefore, there are two different things that need to be taken into careful consideration. The first option is to make use of waste products that are generated by industries, such as granite powder, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and so on. The second issue is the consumption of water that has been tainted. The swift ascent in the cost of industry led to an increase in the utilization of materials, which in turn led to an enormous demand for materials, which in turn led to an ascent in the cost of materials. In this study, we are going to partially replace the cement with GGBS, fine aggregates with granite powder, and water with treated water. Then, we are going to compare the properties of the new concrete to those of traditional concrete. The strength of concrete made with treated water is comparable to that of conventional concrete.

Study on strength properties of concrete by partial replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash and coarse aggregate with coconut shells

At this time, researchers from all corners of the world are focusing their attention on developing strategies that may make use of waste products from either industrial or agricultural operations as a supply of raw materials for the construction sector. The production of these wastes may have originated in either the industrial or agricultural sectors. The majority of researchers are working toward the goal of producing high-strength concrete by continuing to increase the compressive strength of concrete through the use of a variety of techniques, such as the incorporation of fibre reinforcement into the concrete mixture and the addition of specific admixtures, which may include super plasticizers. This will allow for the production of concrete with a greater capacity to withstand loads. The majority of researchers are concentrating their efforts on developing more cost-effective strategies for increasing the strength of concrete by incorporating philosophical considerations into the design process and making use of contemporary techniques. This is due to the fact that the expense of these methods cannot be weighed against the benefits that they provide. Ash from sugarcane bagasse and broken coconut shells may be used as a substitute for fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, respectively, as one such approach that may be used. During the process of refining sugar, a variety of fibrous waste products are produced, in addition to ethanol vapour. One of these waste products is bagasse, which originates from sugar cane. Ash produced from bagasse mostly consists of aluminium ions and silica in its composition. The viability of using ash derived from sugarcane bagasse as a partial replacement for fine aggregate and coconut shells as a source of coarse material was investigated through a series of controlled laboratory experiments. The experiments were carried out in order to start investigating the viability of using ash derived from sugarcane bagasse.

An investigation on the use of waste materials from industrial processes in clay brick production

Clay brick manufacturing is an industry that often makes use of several types of high-temperature firing processes. In order to maintain this temperature in the kiln, large amounts of wood, coal, biomass and other fuels are burned, which is a substantial source of air pollution. The manufacture of bricks needs to make use of waste products in order to accomplish the goal of lowering the amount of trash produced in the environment. In India, the usage of textile sludge and quarry dust are helping the country to get less clay than it would otherwise need. This is due to the fact that there is an inadequate supply of clay. The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the possibility of using textile sludge and quarry dust as supplementary ingredients for the clay used in the production of bricks, in addition to determining the mechanical qualities of the bricks themselves. The percentages of weight contributed by quarry dust and textile sludge were, respectively, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The test is conducted as per BIS standards to determine the compressive strength, water absorption, and efflorescence of the material. It is noticed that the compressive strength of the brick decreases if there is a rise in the quantity of sludge, quarry dust, water absorption, or efflorescence that they contain. These materials could help to reduce the amount of waste that contributes to the contamination of natural and industrial settings.

Автоматизация теплового расчета реактора для производства серосодержащего сорбента при разогреве реакционной смеси

The article highlights the problem of automation the thermal design of a reactor for the synthesis of a sulfur-containing sorbent obtained from the use of waste products of epichlorohydrin, chlorinated lignin and sodium polysulfides is considered. Automated design helps to reduce the intensity of the process, improve the quality of design decisions, significantly reduce production costs, which has a positive effect on the cost of finished products. It has been found that due to the incompatibility of the similarity criteria of chemical and mass transfer processes there is little possibility to carry out a large-scale transition in a reactor based on physical similarity. In the course of a large-scale transition from a laboratory unit to a small production unit there were used the computational methods based on engineering experience that allow increasing the reliability of the results obtained. There have been determined the initial values, which will be used in the design for a reactor with a propeller agitator to mix a working mass having a dynamic viscosity coefficient of 6.01 sP and a solid phase content of 31.8%. The agitator type was determined by calculating the physical properties of the ingredients and selecting the mixer designs. A flowchart and a formal description of the algorithm for calculating heat transfer during a reaction mixture heating are given; the program interface is written in C# displaying the results of thermal design of the working mixture heating. As a result of the calculation, there has been calculated the amount of heat and time required to heat the working mixture, coefficient of heat transfer from the working mass to the reactor wall, mass flow rate of water and its costs, velocity of water in the thermal jacket, mode of water flow in the jacket and other similarity criteria.

Assessing Processing Waste from the Sea Urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii) Fishery as an Organic Fertilizer

The longspined sea urchin, Centrostephanus rodgersii, is a climate-driven pest species in south-eastern Australia. The harvest of this species is highly encouraged and in Tasmania, the existing fishery is expanding resulting in a large amount of waste that needs disposal. Research into use of waste products as inputs for organic or biodynamic farming systems can help reduce costs of disposal and keep the industry profitable; by sustaining or incrementing sea urchin harvest the industry can assist in their control. In the current study, urchin waste was dried and finely ground to a powder and applied to tomato plants in a greenhouse to examine the effect on growth and productivity. Urchin waste powder (UWP) had a mineral composition of Ca (40 g 100 g−1), Mg (1.7 g 100 g−1), P (0.03 g 100 g−1), Fe (19.34 mg kg−1) and B (38 mg kg−1), a pH 8.06 in water and an Electrical Conductivity (EC) value of 7.64 dSm−1. Seven different treatment rates of UWP (0.3%; 0.5%; 0.8%; 1%; 2%; 3%; 5%), were added to 10 replicate pots containing 4 kg nutrient-poor potting mix planted with tomato (Variety K1) seedlings. Plant growth, yield, quality attributes and mineral content of tomato were measured under UWP treatments with comparison against a Hoagland solution control. UWP influenced tomato growth and productivity proportional to the quantity applied, however, the Hoagland solution control had a significantly greater yield. Potting mix pH increased from 6.8 to 7 and higher available P was detected in potting mix receiving higher rates of UWP. No phytotoxic effects were detected. The highest UWP treatment matched the Hoagland control in fruit quality and nutritional composition. Processing waste from the sea urchin fishery has potential as organic fertiliser or amendment providing plant-available Ca and some microelements such as Boron.

Ensuring the Durability of Buildings through the Use of Insulation Systems Based on Polyethylene Foam

In modern polymer composite technology, the use of waste products from other industries or processed waste is reasonable, but this requires more research. The purpose of the research presented in the article was to develop a methodology for selecting the composition of modified polyethylene foam and to assess the flammability of the materials obtained. In these studies, the content of recycled polyethylene, as a result of solving optimization problems, was taken to be equal to 23% of the mass of the polymer. CO2 was used as the foaming gas. The structure of the polymer was modified with flame retardant. This made it possible to obtain materials belonging to the group of flammable, self-extinguishing materials, which significantly expanded the field of application of products based on polyethylene foam. Taking into account the possibilities of seamless insulation casings, the following systems of application of products based on polyethylene foam are considered: floors under mechanical load on the ground; permafrost soil insulation; insulation of external building elements in harsh climatic conditions; floating floors.

High-Performance Concrete Nanomodified with Recycled Rice Straw Biochar

The development of new and improvement of existing technologies based on the use of waste products from various industries or recyclable materials is a current trend in the construction industry. Including in the composition of binders and concrete by-products of industry, reducing the proportion of Portland cement, it is crucial to maintain and improve the resulting products’ mechanical characteristics and life cycle. The main aim of the study was to investigate the influence of biochar additive on the microstructure and properties of the concrete and obtain the composition with improved characteristics due to nanomodification of rice straw recycled biochar. An environmentally friendly technology for concrete manufacture was obtained, using agricultural waste, rice straw, as its components, developing a composition of concrete nanomodified with processed rice straw biochar, identifying the dependences of concrete properties on their nanomodification with processed rice straw coal. It has been established that the most effective dosage is the addition of rice straw biochar in the amount of 6% by weight of cement. The improvement in the properties of concrete was expressed in the increase in its physical and mechanical characteristics and changes in deformability according to the results of the analysis of the stress-strain diagrams. The increase in strength characteristics ranged from 17% to 25%. The modulus of elasticity increased to 14%. The deformation characteristics decreased from 12% to 24%. Introducing a finely dispersed additive of rice straw biochar modified by the electromagnetic method leads to a decrease in cement consumption by up to 10%.

The use of waste products of the forestry sector for energy purposes in the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area

We analyze the problems of using waste products of the forestry sector for energy purposes with the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area as the case study. From the standpoint of the energy sector, the two main problems that hinder the spread of wood fuel are discussed: pricing and transport of the end product. From the standpoint of the forestry sector, the main problem is the transport of wood from logging sites. We investigate the influence of the annual amount of wood feedstock at wood processing enterprises on the optimal method of wood waste recycling. It is concluded that, at present, wide adoption of fuel pellets and wood chips proves impossible unless supported by state measures.

An experimental study on evaluation of fiber Reinforced-Fly ash stabilized black cotton soil as a sustainable subgrade material

With population escalation and the reduction in availability of land, there is a growing demand for structures on weak or soft soils. Black cotton (BC) soil has been considered as a problematic soil because of high swelling potential. Pavements constructed on BC soil subgrade suffer from severe rutting and cracking on the pavement surface. With a focus on avoiding this type of failure in the BC soil, stabilization with reinforcement is preferred recently. The aim of the current work is to check the efficiency of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) fiber reinforced-fly ash stabilized black cotton soil as a sustainable subgrade material. PVC fiber as reinforcing material and Fly ash as the admixture for stabilizing the BC soil is used. For minimizing the impact of fly ash on environment, use of waste products in construction work is inevitable and a sustainable solution.In the current research work, Black cotton soil from three different places of Odisha have been collected and treated with different percentage of fly ash and PVC fiber so as to improve different properties of soil. From the results it is found that there is an increase in Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the treated soil and the optimum value of fly ash is found to be 30% and PVC fiber to be 1.5%.

Using Waste Plastics as Asphalt Modifier: A Review.

The use of waste products in the production of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures has become widespread due to economic and environmental benefits. In particular, the use of recycled waste plastic in asphalt binders and mixtures is gaining more attention. This review presents analyses and comparisons of various forms of waste plastic used in asphalt modification, and approaches to incorporating waste plastic into asphalt mixtures, both for single and composite modifications. It focuses on the properties of waste plastics, asphalt binders, and asphalt mixtures. Overall, the incorporation of plastic waste into asphalt mixtures can significantly improve high-temperature performance and has potential economic and environmental benefits. The performance of modified asphalt is highly dependent on multiple factors, such as waste sources, waste plastic dosages, blending conditions, and the pretreatment methods for waste plastic. There are different ways to apply waste plastics to blend into a mixture. In addition, this paper discusses the current challenges for waste plastic-modified asphalt, including the stability, low-temperature performance, modification mechanism, and laboratory problems of the blends. The use of chemical methods, such as additives and functionalization, is considered an effective way to achieve better interactions between waste plastics and the binder, as well as achieving a higher sufficiency utilization rate of waste plastics. Although both methods provide alternative options to produce waste plastic-modified asphalt with stability and high performance, the optimal proportion of materials used in the blends and the microcosmic mechanism of composite modified asphalt are not clear, and should be explored further.

Production of Light Weight Blocks Using Rice Husk

Affordable housing has remained a major challenge in Nigeria, as housing costs have continued to rise beyond the reach of the low income population. This paper explores the use of waste products like rice husk as alternative materials for housing construction. Rice husk is abundant as a waste product in areas where rice is processed commercially in Southeast Nigeria. The aim of the study is to create rice husk blocks that are cheap, lightweight, and appropriate for use in low income housing construction. The study was conducted through experimentation in the Building Technology workshop of Federal Polytechnic Nekede. A series of trial mixes were done involving a wide range of materials and mix proportions. Rice husk, Portland cement, and cassava starch, were found to be the most appropriate components for the blocks. The blocks produced were of good appearance, and lightweight. Five samples of solid core blocks measuring 150x150x150mm were tested in Strength of Materials laboratory of the Federal University of Technology Owerri. The average compressive strength of the blocks was 0.26N/mm2, which is below the Nigerian Industrial Standard NIS 87:2007. The blocks produced were considered appropriate for use as non-load bearing partitions and not structural walls. The result of the study is promising because the rice husk blocks help address the waste management problem in affected areas, and could also be an important component of a potentially useful material. This paper recommends further research in the area of improving the strength of the blocks, to make them usable as structural components in low rise buildings.

Comprehensive review study for the effect of utilizing waste ma-terials on the thermal conductivity of concretes

Since concrete is one of the most popularly utilized building mixtures in construction, a high demand of natural resources is significantly emerged. Therefore, a skyrocketed attention has been paid to create new opportunities for the use of recycle materials to develop a new construc-tion substance with more satisfactory properties. The use of waste products in concrete is not only economical, but it helps in solid waste management as well. Among various properties of concrete, thermal conductivity is a crucial factor that plays an important role in in building insu-lation by evaluating a material's capacity to transfer heat. This paper aims to review the potential application of waste materials in concrete as additive ingredients and investigate the effect of this waste material on thermal conductivity of concrete. The review of literature revealed that the application of most of the waste materials exhibited an obvious potential as thermal insulator. However, further investigated work is needed to highlight the advantages of utilizing waste mate-rials in concrete containing various type of waste materials

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СУБСТРАТОВ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКУЮ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ ТОМАТОВ МЕТОДОМ МАЛООБЪЕМНОЙ ГИДРОПОНИКИ

Currently, low-volume hydroponics is the most intensive system for vegetable plant cultivation in a greenhouse, the effective use of which largely depends on the selection of a substrate. The wide variety of substrates used for this technology suggests that when cultivating tomatoes in different regions, substrates from local raw materials can be used, making it possible to preserve all the positive properties of low-volume hydroponics and to get a high yield of tomatoes. This paper presents the results of a study on cultivating Lilos F1 tomatoes hybrid using substrates of peat (control option) and sawdust (SD) and rice husk (RH) in various ratios (SD 100%; RH 100%; SD: RH 50:50; SD: RH 75:25 and SD: RH 25:75). It was found that the highest tomato yield was received when growing tomatoes using a peat substrate (25.54 kg/m2) and in ratios SD: RH 75:25 and SD: RH 50:50 (27.70 and 24.57 kg/m2). The calcu-lation of the economical efficiency of tomato cultivation showed that the level of production profitability was deter-mined not so much by the yield as by the cost of the substrate, therefore the most effective was the use of composite substrates SD: RH 75:25 and SD: RH 50:50, which ensured the production profitability of 14.7% and 14.0%. The obtained results confirmed the expediency of using substrates from sawdust and rice husk to increase the efficiency of low-volume cultivation of tomatoes in regional conditions. It has been established that the use of substrates based on sawdust and rice husk for low-volume cultivation allows preserving all the positive properties of the technology and to get a rich yield of high-quality tomato fruits. The cost-effectiveness analysis of low-volume tomato cultivation using various substrates showed that the level of production profitability was influenced not so much by the yield as by the cost of the substrate. Since the region lacks natural reserves of organic substrates, when peat is used as a substrate, it has to be purchased from the CIS countries, which significantly affects the cost of production. The use of waste products from processing industries such as sawdust and rice husk as substrates, on the contrary, allows you to reduce this cost item in the cost of production and thereby increase the production profitability. The ground for doing research: Source of funding - grant of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan AP08956053 «Improving the production efficiency of greenhouse production in the Aral Sea region through the introduction of adapted innovative technology for low-volume tomato cultivation».