Use Of Ultraviolet Light Research Articles

Storage under combined ultraviolet (UV) and light-emitting diodes (LED) enhances carotenoid concentration in mature green tomatoes

Abstract Tomato is rich in different bioactive compounds, especially the carotenoid lycopene, which intake is associated with various health benefits. Post-harvest use of ultraviolet light (UV) and light-emitting diode (LED) has been shown to increase the concentration of tomato bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet (A and C) and red-blue LED light on the concentration of carotenoids during a 7-days storage trial of mature green tomatoes. Exposure to combined UV and LED light nearly doubled the total carotenoid concentration and had no negative impact on sensory attributes.

A novel formulation of chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Herein, chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) were prepared and functionalized chemically with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) to allow on-demand degradation of CS-NPs, using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as a trigger. This is expected to allow drug release depending on patients' needs or physiological circumstances. Eleven formulations were arranged and their particle size, charge, and polydispersity were determined. The effect of CS-NPs size and the amount of TiO2-NPs, on the system collapse, was studied accordingly. Moreover, the collapse of these systems was examined using a fluorescence microscope after loading CS-NPs with Rhodamine. The formulations showed high monodispersity and had sizes ranged between 170 and 440 nm and charges ranged between +5 and +34 mV. Scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction proved the chemical deposition of TiO2-NPs on CS-NPs. The dye test showed that there are two factors that oppose each other and affected the deposition of TiO2-NPs on CS-NPs, the size of CS-NPs, and the amount of TiO2-NPs used. In addition, the dye test showed that the deposition of TiO2-NPs is a saturated process that relies on the amount of TiO2-NPs used initially. Finally, the intensity of Rhodamine released from these systems after illumination with UV light was related to the amount of TiO2-NPs deposited on CS-NPs. In conclusion, functionalization of CS-NPs with TiO2-NPs can be controlled and used to rupture CS-NPs on demand by illumination with UV light.

Performance Evaluation of Ultra-Violet Light and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Synthetic Petroleum Wastewater: Kinetics of COD Removal.

In this study, the use of ultra-violet (UV) light with or without iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) for the degradation of synthetic petroleum wastewater was investigated. The IONPs was synthesised by sodium borohydride reduction of ferric chloride solution and was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), x-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry (XRF), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The amount of degradation was evaluated by chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination. Experimental results show that the COD removal from synthetic petroleum wastewater by IONPs/UV system was more effective than they were independently. The combination of UV light at a wavelength of 254 nm, pH of 8, and 1.0 g of IONPs resulted in COD removal from 10.5% up to 95.5%. The photocatalytic degradation of synthetic petroleum wastewater is about 1.3–2.0 times faster in comparison to UV light only. The removal of COD from synthetic petroleum wastewater by UV light and IONPs follows the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with rate constant k ranging from 0.0133 min−1 to 0.0269 min−1. Consequently, this study has shown that the use of UV light in the presence of IONPs is favourable and effective for the removal of organic pollutants from petroleum refinery wastewater.

Вплив біотехнологічних процедур трансгенозу на виживаність ембріонів свійської качки

Вплив біотехнологічних процедур трансгенозу на виживаність ембріонів свійської качки

Properties and Structure of UV Light Cured CIPP Composites

One of the methods of curing (Cured-In-Place Pipe) CIPP pipes is the curing using ultraviolet (UV) light. The main difference from common CIPP types is in the structure of the liner material. In terms of material, it is a woven fiber glass fabric which is saturated with vinyl ester or polyester resin. In general, these pipes are more resistant to chemicals and achieve higher values of flexural properties. The paper focuses on the investigation of the short-term mechanical properties using three-point bending test and structure of UV cured CIPP liners. The computed tomography (CT) was used for the analysis of CIPP internal structure and composition.

Fe/S Co-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes: Optimization of the Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of Phenol Red

Photoelectrocatalysis has emerged as a promising technology to degrade recalcitrant pollutants such as textile dyes in wastewater completely. Titanium dioxide is typically used as a photocatalyst, but its wide bandgap constrains its use to the use of ultraviolet light. To extend its use to the visible-light region, we doped titanium dioxide nanotubes with iron and sulfur. We used them as a photoelectrode for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of a model pollutant – phenol red. Response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design of experiments was used to investigate the effects of initial dye concentration, applied potential, and dopant loading on phenol red degradation kinetics. Statistical analysis showed that our reduced cubic model adequately correlates these parameters. The fastest dye degradation rate was achieved at the optimized conditions: initial phenol red concentration = 5.0326 mg L-1, applied voltage = 29.9686 V, and dopant loading = 1.2244 wt.%. Complete degradation of phenol red may be achieved after 11.77 hours of treatment under the optimized conditions in a batch reactor. Our model's robustness enables it to be used for process modeling and a basis for designing scaled-up photoelectrocatalytic reactors.

Investigating the Use of Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes (UV-LEDs) for the Inactivation of Bacteria in Powdered Food Ingredients.

The addition of contaminated powdered spices and seasonings to finished products which do not undergo further processing represents a significant concern for food manufacturers. To reduce the incidence of bacterial contamination, seasoning ingredients should be subjected to a decontamination process. Ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) have been suggested as an alternative to UV lamps for reducing the microbial load of foods, due to their increasing efficiency, robustness and decreasing cost. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of UV-LED devices for the inactivation of four bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella Typhimurium) on a plastic surface and in four powdered seasoning ingredients (onion powder, garlic powder, cheese and onion powder and chilli powder). Surface inactivation experiments with UV mercury lamps, UVC-LEDs and UVA-LEDs emitting at wavelengths of 254 nm, 270 nm and 365 nm, respectively, revealed that treatment with UVC-LEDs were comparable to, or better than those observed using the mercury lamp. Bacterial reductions in the seasoning powders with UVC-LEDs were less than in the surface inactivation experiments, but significant reductions of 0.75–3 log10 colony forming units (CFU) were obtained following longer (40 s) UVC-LED exposure times. Inactivation kinetics were generally nonlinear, and a comparison of the predictive models highlighted that microbial inactivation was dependent on the combination of powder and microorganism. This study is the first to report on the efficacy of UV-LEDs for the inactivation of several different bacterial species in a variety of powdered ingredients, highlighting the potential of the technology as an alternative to the traditional UV lamps used in the food industry.

Post-Harvest Use of Ultraviolet Light (UV) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) to Enhance Bioactive Compounds in Refrigerated Tomatoes

Different strategies have been developed to increase the concentration of bioactive compounds in tomatoes during post-harvest, with ultraviolet light (UV) and light emitting diodes (LEDs) being interesting tools. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet (UVA at 366 nm and UVC at 254 nm) pre-treatment (1 kJ/m2) and red–blue LED light (25.4 µmol/m2/s) on the concentration of carotenoids, (poly)phenols and hydrophilic/lipophilic antioxidant capacity during 7 days of refrigeration storage of green tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivar “Raf”. In addition, special attention was paid to quality parameters (weight loss, colour, acidity, soluble solids and ripening index). Tomatoes exposed to LED light at 6 °C for 7 days increased up to three times the total carotenoids content (mainly β-carotene and E-lycopene) compared to tomatoes refrigerated in the dark, while UV treatments alone did not significantly affect the carotenoid content. Besides, exposure to LEDs increased the hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity of tomatoes by 30%, without affecting phenolic contents. Thus, LED treatments alone during refrigerated storage fostered ripening and improved the nutritional value of tomatoes, without compromising quality parameters. Further studies must be carried out to evaluate the impact on sensory attributes and consumer acceptance.

Description of Haematology and Histopathology of Duck Digestive System With UV Light Irradiated Salmonella sp

Salmonella sp is a cause of Salmonellosis in ducks. One way to kill these bacteria is to use ultraviolet (UV) light. In this study irradiation for 15, 25 and 35 minutes. Salmonella sp bacteria can attack several physiological systems of the body, one of which is the digestive system. This is because bacteria infect ducks through food and drink that has been contaminated with bacteria. To see the effect of Salmonellosis, a blood sample and organ of the ducks were removed every 2 weeks from the treatment. The physiological condition of ducks infected with Salmonella sp can be seen in hematological conditions and histopathological picture of the liver and intestines in ducks that have been infected with Salmonella sp bacteria that have been exposed to ultraviolet. Based on the results of research that has been done, it was found that the illumination of Salmonella sp using UV light for 35 minutes was most effective to weaken the bacteria because the results showed the smallest value compared to other controls and irradiation. Some histological abnormalities were found in the liver and intestines but still in a condition of minor damage because the damage was only found a little. Abnormalities that occur in the liver include bleeding, nucleus picnosis, necrosis and inflammation, while in the intestine found abnormalities include desquamation of epithelial cells, bleeding and proliferation of goblet cells.

Rationale and process for N95 respirator sanitation and reuse in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

The novel severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and is notable for being highly contagious and potentially lethal; and SARS-CoV-2 is mainly spread by droplet transmission. The US healthcare system's response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been challenged by a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE), especially N95 respirators. Restricted use, reuse, and sanitation of PPE have been widely adopted to provide protection for frontline healthcare workers caring for often critically ill and highly contagious patients. Here, we describe our validated process for N95 respirator sanitation. Process development, validation, and implementation. Level 1, urban, academic, medical center. A multidisciplinary team developed a novel evidence-based process for N95 respirator reprocessing and sanitation using ultraviolet (UV) light. Dose measurement, structural integrity, moisture content, particle filtration, fit testing, and environmental testing were performed for both quality control and validation of the process. The process achieved UV light dosing for sanitation while maintaining the functional and structural integrity of the N95 respirators, with a daily potential throughput capacity of ∼12,000 masks. This process has supported our health system to provide respiratory PPE to all frontline team members. This novel method of N95 respirator sanitation can safely enable reuse of the N95 respirators essential for healthcare workers caring for patients with COVID-19. Our high-throughput process can extend local supplies of this critical PPE until the national supply is replenished.

Anatase/brookite biphasic surface fluorinated Fe–TiO2 photocatalysts to enhance photocatalytic removal of VOCs under visible and UV light

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are categorized as a major group of indoor air pollutants with several adverse health effects on humans. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is a promising in-situ air purification technology for removing indoor VOCs. However, the PCO application by using TiO2 photocatalyst is hindered at high humidity and under visible light irradiation. A facile hydrothermal treatment was used to fabricate biphasic anatase-brookite iron-doped TiO2 with different Fe contents (0.2–4 atomic%) to enhance photoactivity of TiO2 under visible and UV light irradiations. Surface fluorination was then applied to reduce the surface hydrophilicity of Fe–TiO2 photocatalyst with the optimum Fe content (FeTi-0.4%). Surface fluorination of FeTi-0.4% moderates the surface hydrophilicity to repel water molecules from adsorption. The performance of developed photocatalysts was studied toward degradation of gaseous methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) using ultraviolet (UV) and visible light irradiations. The results reveal that iron metal dopants and surface fluorination promoted the performance of synthesized photocatalysts. It was found that the best single-pass removal efficiency was obtained at RH = 20% on F–FeTi-0.4% with values of 54% using visible and 70% using UV illumination. To advance the degradation efficiency and lessen the by-product formation rate, three layers of F–FeTi-0.4% and FeTi-0.4% photocatalyst films were examined. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency for three layers of FeTi-0.4% and F–FeTi-0.4% photocatalyst films were respectively 72% and 80% under UV, and 50% and 60% under visible light illumination. This study provided an effective visible-driven photocatalyst for indoor air purification technology. The results revealed the high MEK removal efficiency under visible light as an environmentally sustainable source of energy, leading to lower indoor pollutions to protect human health.

A charge control method for space-mission inertial sensor using differential UV LED emission.

Various space missions and applications require the charge on isolated test masses to be strictly controlled because any unwanted disturbances will introduce acceleration through the Coulomb interaction between the test masses and their surrounding conducting surfaces. In many space missions, charge control has been realized using ultraviolet (UV) photoemission to generate photoelectrons from metal surfaces. The efficiency of photoelectron emission strongly depends on multiple physical parameters of gold-coated surfaces, such as the work function, reflectivity, and quantum yield. Therefore, to achieve satisfactory charge control performance, these parameters need to be measured accurately. This paper describes a charge control method that achieves self-adaptive charge neutralization while removing the need to measure the above-mentioned physical parameters. First, to explain the principle, a differential illumination model is constructed based on the typical structure of an inertial sensor. A charge management system based on a torsion pendulum system is then introduced along with an UV light emitting diode coupling system. Finally, experimental results are obtained in a vacuum chamber system with a pressure of 10-7 mbar, showing that precise calibration allows the test mass potential to be automatically controlled below 10 mV without considering the physical parameters or measuring the potential of the test mass before or after the control process.

Ultraviolet Box: An Innovative In-house Use of Ultraviolet Irradiation for Conservation of Respirators in COVID-19 Pandemic.

AimTo use ultraviolet (UV) radiations in an indigenous method for sterilization of respirators for reuse during COVID-19 outbreak.BackgroundCOVID-19 outbreak has infected more than 200 countries. In India, till now, more than 100,000 cases have been reported. Healthcare workers are at high risk of developing infections being in the frontline of taking care of COVDI-19 cases. The demands of personal protective equipment (PPE) are increasing, but the same is not matched with supply due to various reasons. In such scenarios, reusing respirators and face shields is an alternative. UV radiations have quick action and are able to preserve the quality of respirators. We have developed a UV box for surface sterilization of respirators with an intention to reuse.TechniqueA thermocol box was taken from the central drug store and was fitted with two UV tubes of 254 nm wavelength procured from local service center of water purifiers. The position of the two tubes was such that one was near the base while other was fixed at the top. An aluminum mesh frame was placed in the middle of the box to act as a platform. The roof of the box was converted into a lid. The effectiveness of assembly was tested using culture of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, a biological indicator tube containing test strip with spores of Bacillus atrophaeus was also exposed to UV light for a predefined duration, which did not show any color change after incubation for 48 hours.ConclusionOur prototype assembly with supported efficacy from microbiological tests is an option for use of UV light within available resources for disinfection and reuse of scarce supplies of personal protective equipment.Clinical significanceUV box can help in meeting the demand supply deficit for respirators, face shields, and goggles that are paramount for the protection of HCW.How to cite this articleKumar P, Chaudhry D, Parmar A, Tyagi D, BG Manjunath, Singh PK. Ultraviolet Box: An Innovative In-house Use of Ultraviolet Irradiation for Conservation of Respirators in COVID-19 Pandemic. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(8):713–715.

Vitiligo, From Physiopathology to Emerging Treatments: A Review.

Vitiligo is a chronic inflammatory skin disease leading to the loss of epidermal melanocytes. To date, treatment options for vitiligo patients are limited, lack sustained efficacy, and are mainly based on off-label use of immunosuppressive agents, such as systemic or topical steroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors, in association with the use of ultraviolet light. However, recent insights into the understanding of the immune pathogenesis of the disease have led to the identification of several therapeutic targets and the development of targeted therapies that are now being tested in clinical trials. In this review, based on the physiopathology of the disease, we summarize emerging targets that could be developed for the treatment of vitiligo and discuss recent and ongoing developments of drugs for the management of the disease.

Electrochemical sensor for a photoassisted heterogeneous Fenton self-oxidation signal amplification strategy

Traditional electrochemical immunosensors have stagnated due to the lack of signal tags and single signal amplification strategies. In this work, we propose a new signal amplification strategy, a photoassisted heterogeneous Fenton self-oxidation reaction, for the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). A prepared ferric tetroxide (Fe3O4)@Carbon(C)@Glucose oxidase (GOD) heterogeneous Fenton electrochemical sensor is first immersed in a solution containing glucose, persulfate (S2O82−) and tannic acid (TA), and then it is irradiated with ultraviolet light at 365 nm. Utilizing a coupling reaction, S2O82- promotes the use of ultraviolet light by Fe3O4@C−COOH@GOD to generate more OH radicals; furthermore, the coordination of tannic acid to Fe2+ promotes the oxidation of Fe2+ in Fe3O4 to Fe3+ by OH. This achieves a signal amplification of 3 times the value of the original system. More importantly, the Fenton reagent undergoes a self-oxidation reaction without the need to add a signal tag. The proposed immunosensor uses a new signal amplification strategy that can be used for detecting tumor markers. Additionally, due to the self-oxidation of the Fenton reagent and the C coating, the problem of signal tag leakage is effectively solved. The electrochemical immunosensor detects different concentrations of PSA and exhibits excellent analytical performance, with a detection limit of 0.17 pg/mL and a detection range of 0.5 pg/mL to 40 ng/mL. The prepared immunosensor provides a feasible method for the detection of cancer tumor markers.

Evaluating the Use of Ultraviolet Light to Reduce Transmission of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Emergency Medical Service Vehicles

<h3>Background</h3> Emergency medical service (EMS) vehicles may pose pathogen exposure risks for patients on route to a healthcare facility. One organism, particularly of concern in this environment, is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The objective of this study was to develop a surface transmission model for estimating MRSA infection risk reductions associated with motion-activated ultraviolet (UV-C) light disinfection on surfaces in between hand-to-surface contacts in EMS vehicles. <h3>Methods</h3> A published mathematical transmission model was adapted to estimate MRSA transmission and infection risk for a patient during an emergency call. Two simulated scenarios were explored: 1) Baseline (no UV-C) and 2) UV-C disinfection (intervention) on a heart monitor, keyboard and portable radio in between contacts. The simulation was adapted to estimate the probability of a patient's wound exposure to MRSA and subsequent infection risk during a single transport. Variability and uncertainty in EMS personnel hand-to-medical equipment behavior and in MRSA concentration on high contact surfaces were accounted for within the model using a Monte Carlo simulation approach, where a series of potential outcomes could be considered. <h3>Results</h3> Over a 34-minute period, MRSA concentrations on both patient's wound and paramedics' hands reached a steady state. Baseline infection (no UV-C light) risk was 3.5 × 10-8 on average. The infection risk for the UV-C light disinfection scenario was 2.53 × 10-8 on average. The reduction in mean infection risk was 27.8%. With the UV-C light intervention, there was a decrease in the overall MRSA surface concentrations within the EMS vehicle. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This mathematical simulation demonstrates that UV-C light disinfection within EMS vehicle may reduce MRSA infection risks for patients with when only three surfaces are targeted for treatment. Future studies are planned to better characterize paramedic behaviors that drive surface and hand contamination rates and to evaluate variables of UV-C light efficacy.

Photoassisted degradation of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether in simulated soil washing system containing Triton X series surfactants

This study aims to use ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to decompose polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the elutes and then reuse the surfactants. The results indicate that UV can remove 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) from surfactant eluents and Triton X series surfactants also can remove BDE-47 from the soil. Triton X-100 (TX-100) is the most promising surfactant during the washing and photodegradation processes. Quench experiments suggest that both 1O2 and OH• were involved in the TX-100 decomposition but only 1O2 is responsible for the degradation of BDE-47. In analysis of the photoproducts of BDE-47 by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrum (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), BDE-47 was mainly debrominated to the lower-brominated BDEs and then oxidized to ring-opening products. The little loss of TX-100 can mainly be attributed to the breakage of polyethylene oxide (PEO) chain. Nevertheless, the washing wastes treated by UV light can exhibit higher solubility for BDE-47 than before, indicating they can be reused for BDE-47 removal from soil. The toxicity assessment experiments were performed using Escherichia coli (E.coli) as an indicator. The results indicate that the removal of BDE-47 by UV irradiation can reduce the toxicity of eluent.

Increasing Sterilization Efficiency of Shredder Autoclave on Medical Waste Using Ultraviolet Light Device

This work involved investigating bacterial pollution of medical wastes produced by shredder autoclave at some local hospitals in Iraq. A modulation has been introduced to ensure sterilization performance through the use of Ultraviolet light on the hazardous wastes after being processed by shredder autoclave with different retention times at optical density of 270 nm in order to control the full killing of all kind of microbial life according to the environmental limits. The bacteria recovered from the wastes were identified through routine microscopically and biochemical tests and the results revealed the following species: Acinetobacter baumanii, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium difficilie, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed ability of these bacteria to re-generate in the produced solid medical wastes within the periods of 72 hours that reaches up to 20 cell / ml, while the use of UV light in a retention time of 15 min. was able to destroy all bacterial growth in the same period of 72 hours.

Increasing Sterilization Efficiency of Shredder Autoclave on Medical Waste Using Ultraviolet Light Device

This work involved investigating bacterial pollution of medical wastes produced by shredder autoclave at some local hospitals in Iraq. A modulation has been introduced to ensure sterilization performance through the use of Ultraviolet light on the hazardous wastes after being processed by shredder autoclave with different retention times at optical density of 270 nm in order to control the full killing of all kind of microbial life according to the environmental limits. The bacteria recovered from the wastes were identified through routine microscopically and biochemical tests and the results revealed the following species: Acinetobacter baumanii, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium difficilie, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed ability of these bacteria to re-generate in the produced solid medical wastes within the periods of 72 hours that reaches up to 20 cell / ml, while the use of UV light in a retention time of 15 min. was able to destroy all bacterial growth in the same period of 72 hours&#x0D; &#x0D; http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.25.2020.005

Serum galectin-9 level in patients with atopic dermatitis before and after phototherapy

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a member of galectin family, which is widely distributed in epithelial tissues and binds to various receptors expressed on the cell surface, such as T-cell Ig and Tim −3, CD4, and IgE. Phototherapy is the use of ultraviolet light to treat skin conditions, including AD. It plays important roles in immune suppression. Aim The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum level of Gal-9 in patients with AD before and after treatment with phototherapy. Patients and methods The present study included 20 patients with AD and 20 healthy controls. Blood sample collection was done, and Gal-9 level in sera of patients and controls was measured using ELISA. Patients were subjected to complete history taking, clinical examination, and six area, six sign atopic dermatitis score calculation and received treatment by phototherapy ultravilot B (UVB) sessions for 6–8 weeks. After the end of phototherapy sessions, the authors measured the serum Gal-9 again. Results Serum level of Gal-9 in patients with AD was significantly higher than control group, with significant increase with severity of the disease. There was a decrease in serum Gal-9 level after treatment with phototherapy. Conclusion Serum Gal-9 level was significantly elevated in patients with AD, correlated with disease severity, and decreased after treatment with phototherapy. This suggests a possible role of Gal-9 in the pathogenesis of AD. New treatment strategies directed to lower Gal-9 level may be a hope for future perspectives in the treatment of AD.