Use Of Ultrasonic Waves Research Articles

Application of therapeutic ultrasonic waves across the dialyzer membrane: A pilot study on the impact on dialyzer clearance and safety.

Progressive clogging of the dialyzer membrane during hemodialysis can compromise solute removal efficiency. Existing solutions fall short in addressing intradialytic reduction of dialyzer clearance. This pilot study aims to assess the impact and safety of applying therapeutic ultrasonic waves to dialyzers for mitigating intradialytic clogging. In this pilot study, 15 stable maintenance hemodialysis patients (12 males and 3 females) were enrolled. Each patient served as their own control. They underwent one session of hemodialysis with the application of therapeutic ultrasonic waves (Ultrasonic session) and were crossed-over to a second session without the use of ultrasonic waves (Control session). All the study sessions operated at a fixed dialysate flow rate of 500 mL/min and a blood flow rate of 250 or 300 mL/min. The adequacy of dialysis achieved during each session was monitored using Online Clearance Monitoring of the dialysis machines, and clearance K values, varying between 135 and 209 mL/min, were recorded, and plotted. A direct comparison between Control and Ultrasonic sessions was performed to assess the impact and safety of using ultrasonic waves during hemodialysis. The mean percentage decline in dialyzer clearance values was 4.41% for Ultrasonic sessions (SD: 5.3) and 12.69% for Control sessions (SD: 6.35) (p-value <0.001). This indicates that the application of ultrasonic waves reduced the decline in clearance values. The mean differences of the blood component parameters were comparable between both Ultrasonic sessions and Control sessions, suggesting the safety of utilizing ultrasonic waves during dialysis. Microscopic membrane analysis corroborated the safety. Intradialytic clogging of dialyzer membranes is a significant problem that can cause dialysis inadequacy. Our study tackles this issue by introducing therapeutic ultrasonic waves to improve dialyzer clearance during hemodialysis sessions in patients.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Use of Ultrasonic Waves to Assist Laser Welding.

This study evaluates the enhancement of laser welding using ultrasonic waves aimed at reorganising the intermetallic position in such a fashion that leads to increased mechanical properties of welds in battery pack assemblies for electric vehicles. The experiment employed 20 kHz and 40 kHz High-Power Ultrasound Transducers (HPUTs) in both contact and contactless modes. A simplified experimental configuration is suggested to represent conditions similar to those found in electric vehicle battery pack assemblies. Measurements of vibration transmission to aluminium alloy 1050 plates revealed more than a 1000-fold increase in acceleration amplitude in contact mode compared to contactless mode. The 20 kHz transducer in contactless mode demonstrated superior performance, showing a 10% increase in load and 27% increase in extension compared to welding without ultrasonic assistance. On the other hand, the 40 kHz transducer, while still improved over non-ultrasonic methods, showed less pronounced benefits. This suggests that lower-frequency ultrasonic assistance (20 kHz) is more effective in this specific context. The study explores ultrasonic assistance in laser welding copper (Cu101) to aluminium alloy 1050 using 20 kHz and 40 kHz HPUTs, showing that both transducers enhance microstructural integrity by reducing copper homogenisation into aluminium, with the 20 kHz frequency proving more effective in this context. A numerical simulation was conducted to evaluate the transmission of pressure into the molten pool of the weld, correlated with the vibration results obtained from the 20 kHz transducer. The numerical simulation confirms that no cavitation is initiated in the molten pool area, and all improvements are solely due to the ultrasonic waves.

Sustainable Utilization of Fe(Ⅲ) Isolated from Laterite Hydrochloric Acid Lixivium via Ultrasonic-Assisted Precipitation to Synthesize LiFePO4/C for Batteries.

Ultrasonic-assisted precipitation was employed to sustainably isolate Fe in the hydrochloric acid lixivium of low-grade laterite for the synthesis of battery-grade iron phosphate. The recovery efficiency of Ni and Co exceeded 99%, while the removal efficiency of the Fe impurity reached a maximum of 95%. Precipitation parameters for the selective isolation of Fe (MgO precipitant, pH 1, 70-80 °C) were optimized and used in ultrasonic precipitation experiments. The use of ultrasonic waves in the precipitation process enhanced micromixing by reducing the size of primary grains and mitigating particle agglomeration, thereby significantly improving the purity of the isolated compound and providing high-quality iron phosphate (FePO4·2H2O). The LiFePO4/C composite prepared from as-precipitated FePO4 exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, with a discharge capacity of 149.7 mAh/g at 0.1 C and 136.3 mAh/g at 0.5 C after 100 cycles, retaining almost 100% cycling efficiency. This novel and facile method for iron removal from laterite acid lixivium not only efficiently removes excess iron impurities leached due to the poor selectivity of hydrochloric acid, but also enables the high-value utilization of these iron impurities. It enhances economic benefits while simultaneously alleviating environmental pressure.

Continuous adsorption process of [formula omitted]/[formula omitted]/[formula omitted] from [formula omitted] flow using type A zeolite adsorbents in the presence of ultrasonic waves

In this study, the adsorption capacity of different types of zeolite (3A, 4A, and 5A) for adsorbing CO2 from a mixture of CH4, N2, and water vapor was investigated with and without the use of ultrasonic waves. In this study, functional groups of O–H, Si–O–Al and Si–O–Si bands were identified in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of these adsorbents. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) for zeolite 3A and 5A showed the structure of chabazite and for zeolite 4A the structure of sodalite. In the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) test, the specific surface area of zeolites was measured as 16, 11.96 and 437 m2g−1, respectively. Ultrasonic waves increased the adsorption capacity of zeolites to adsorb CO2 at lower temperatures 80.64 to 175.44 mgg−1. Zeolite 5A has a higher affinity for CO2 than CH4 or N2, the selectivity of CO2/ N2 and CO2/ CH4 were 19.55 and 24.17, respectively. Data from adsorption experiments were used to learn an artificial neural network (ANN), and the ANN provided acceptable results for predicting the adsorption process.

Structure Prediction and Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis of Coordination Compound Cadmium (II) Bromide with N,N’-diethylthiourea Ligand

Cadmium (II) halides with N,N'-diethylthiourea (detu) ligands at a stoichiometry of 1: 2 tend to form molecular complexes [Cd(detu)2X2] with a distorted tetrahedral geometry at the central atom. Generally, these complex compounds are prepared by the conventional method of reflux for 4 hour. The use of ultrasonic waves for complex synthesis can be an alternative to make the reaction time more efficient and environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize complex compounds from CdBr2 and detu ligands using the ultrasonication method that have not previously reported. The synthesis of complex compounds was carried out by reacting CdBr2 and detu (1:2) in methanol solvent. In the synthesized compounds, a melting point test, electrical conductivity test, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Xray (SEM-EDX), qualitative test of bromide ion and calculation of free energy using Spartan'14 software were carried out for the complex structure prediction. The complex compound resulted has colorless needle crystals with a melting point of 93-94°C. The results of the EDX analysis provide the empirical formula C10H24CdBr2N4S2. The electrical conductivity test data and the bromide ion qualitative test proved that the synthesized complex compound was a molecular complex compound with the molecular formula [Cd(detu)2Br2]. The complex compound has two possible structures, namely a distorted tetrahedral and a square planar. Free energy calculations showed that complex compounds with a distorted tetrahedral structure and a square planar have free energies of -527.5574 kJ/mol and -408.7424 kJ/mol, respectively.

Chitosan-Activated Charcoal of Modified Corn Cobs as an Antibiotics Adsorbent

Excessive use of tetracycline hydrochloride can cause water pollution. The concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride in an aqueous solution can be reduced by an adsorption method that utilizes activated charcoal as an adsorbent. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of chitosan on the characteristics of activated charcoal, the effect of pH, adsorption kinetics, the adsorption isotherm, and the effect of sonication on adsorption ability. The method used in this research is the batch method combined with the sonication method. Based on this research, it is known that the use of ultrasonic waves (sonication) can streamline the adsorption process of tetracycline hydrochloride. The time required for the adsorption process is faster with greater adsorption capacity and efficiency. Tetracycline solution can be absorbed optimally at an acidic pH, which is pH 4. The adsorption process using the sonication method can increase the adsorption capacity from 2.092 mg.g-1 to 5.330 mg.g-1. The adsorption mechanism in both methods (batch and sonication) that occurs follows the kinetic equation of the two Ho pessaries. In contrast to adsorption kinetics, the adsorption isotherm for the batch method corresponds to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation (R2 = 0.950), while the use of the sonication method corresponds to the Freundlich isotherm equation (R2 = 0.859). Thus, corn cob waste can be utilized by converting it into activated charcoal modified by chitosan as an adsorbent for antibiotic waste, especially tetracycline hydrochloride.

The contribution of numerical models to Lamb wave driven NDT processes – part I: model building

Components made of fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) may suffer from various types of damages, such as cracks or delamination. In order to monitor the structures’ material condition, non destructive testing (NDT) methods have emerged – among them, the use of ultrasonic waves. Inter alia, research focused on Lamb waves (LW), which offer promising conditions for NDT processes. However, prior implementation in a specific production environment, practitioners are faced with many open questions such as excitation frequencies to be used or which mode to select for defect identification. Therefore, the study aimed at demonstrating how a finite element analysis (FEA) can assist the experimental design of an LW driven NDT process. For that, a numerical model was developed, capable of computing LW propagations in an exemplary component: Stringer-stiffened C-FRP panels. The study was divided into two parts: In this part, all information regarding the model building is presented and principal functionality demonstrated. In the second part, the FEA is validated and then used to perform parameter studies, highlighting important conditions for practical application. The results of the present paper showed that stiffeners provoke varying interactions with LW modes – effects that increase wave field complexity but do not limit defect identification within or behind the stringer.

In Vitro Model for the Evaluation of Innovative Transcatheter Debridement Device (TDD): Pericardium-Based Scaffold and Stem Cells to Reproduce Calcificated Valves.

Aortic valve stenosis has become the most common valvular disease in elderly patients. Several treatments are available such as surgical aortic valve replacement and transcatheter aortic valve implantation. To date, however, there is a need to discover alternative treatments that can delay the disease progression and, therefore, the implant of a prosthetic valve. In this regard, a decalcification procedure based on the use of ultrasonic waves could represent an innovative solution in transcatheter cardiovascular therapies. In this article, we describe an innovative transcatheter debridement device (TDD) that uses low-intensity ultrasound shock waves for calcium ablation from the native aortic valve and bioprosthetic valve. Mesenchymal stem cells were seeded onto pericardium-based scaffolds and committed into an osteogenic phenotype. After treatment with TDD, cell proliferation was analyzed, as well as lactate dehydrogenase release and cell morphology. The release of calcium and inflammation events were detected. The results confirmed that the TDD was able to induce a safe decalcification without any adverse inflammatory events.

Design and Development of Wearable Eye for the Visually Impaired

The wearable eye for the blind or visually impaired persons is a technological advancement, which is aided by multidisciplinary courses like software engineering and hardware design. It aids the visually impaired to explore their surroundings as quickly as possible and assuresthem safety by sensing nearby deterrents with the use of ultrasonic waves and alerting them with a beeping sound and audio support. It also incorporates face recognition for identifying known people through a voice message when they appear before the visually impaired person. For a long time, the white stick, despite its power, still possesses a significantamount of weakness. This limitation is overcome by the design and development ofthis wearable innovation. The wearable eye deviceuses a little computer, the Raspberry Pi 4 module, ultrasonic sensors and a Raspberry Pi camera.

A Review of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Focal Therapy Results Using the MRI Ultrasound Fusion

To provide its therapeutic effects, High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) treatment makes use of ultrasonic waves that are transmitted through tissue medium. This non-invasive technology shows capacity for a variety of medical applications, including tumor ablation, vascular coagulation, and gene and drug delivery. Nonetheless, there are many problems that can arise from using this technology. The goal of this research was to examine the effectiveness of focused HIFU treatment for prostate cancer by employing an MRI-US fusion platform to pinpoint the precise location of the tumor and administer the therapy. Focal HIFU treatment for locally advanced prostate cancer is a prospective case series employed in this article. There must not be a Gleason 5 signal on the prostatic biopsy and the focal lesion must be less than 20 mm in size on multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for inclusion. The first half of the series were treated with traditional HIFU focused treatment, whereas the second half were treated using an MRI-US fusion platform. Requirement for salvage treatment was used as the major outcome measure of treatment efficacy. Results of supplementary interest were Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) change, intraoperative morbidity, postoperative clinical outcome, and tumor resurgence in follow-up biopsies.

Use of ultrasound treatment to extract mannan polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

AbstractThe threat of food shortages has increased the demand for sustainable technology worldwide. We investigated the use of ultrasonic waves to extract polysaccharides from yeast for use as a feed source. Saccharomyces cerevisiae polysaccharides were extracted using ultrasound treatment (output: 400–1000 W, frequency: 20 kHz, operating hour: 2–8 h, and operating temperature: 70°C). To extract polysaccharides from the ultrasonic extract, the supernatant was recovered by treatment with .4% α‐amylase and 1% alcalase after ethanol precipitation. Monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and structure of crude polysaccharide were analyzed using ion chromatography, rapid separation liquid chromatography, and H1‐nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in RAW 264.7 cells using Griess reagent. The ultrasonicated extracts comprised mannose polysaccharides with an α‐(1→6) backbone and α‐(1→2) and α‐(1→3) side chain linkages with molecular weight of 31–34 kDa. This extract increased the nitric oxide content in RAW264.7 cells. Although the ultrasonic intensity did not significantly affect polysaccharide structure or NO production, extraction time did. Overall, our findings established a strategy to enable the eco‐friendly production of feed materials with immune enhancement effects.Practical ApplicationsIt is a well‐established fact that yeast polysaccharides exhibit immune‐enhancing effects. Chemical and physical extraction methods are used to extract these polysaccharides. In this study, we employed ultrasonic extraction technology to meet the demand for eco‐friendly technology development. Consequently, we were able to reduce the use of chemical solvents and obtain high polysaccharide yields. Notably, we discovered that polysaccharides of 31–34 kDa molecular weights had potent immune‐enhancing effects. Lastly, we developed functional polysaccharide materials as alternatives to antibiotics used in the animal feed industry.

The influence of sonication times on bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity values, and phenolic compounds of immature and mature types linden blossoms

The total phenolic contents of immature and ripe linden sonicated at different times were measured between 307.74 (10 min) and 365.87 mgGAE/100 g (30 min) to 364.48 (10 min) and 403.97 mgGAE/100 g (30 min), respectively. In addition, total flavonoid contents of immature and ripe linden sonicated were detected between 938.99 (10 min) and 1236.01 mg/100 g (30 min) to 1200.89 (40 min) and 1483.04 mg/100 g (20 min), respectively. The gallic acid contents of sonicated immature and ripe linden were detected between 11.49 (10 min) 14.70 mg/100 g (40 min) to 6.92 (20 min) and 12.62 mg/100 g (10 min), respectively. While 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of immature linden sonicated vary between 19.78 (20 min) and 24.33 mg/100 g (30 min), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of sonicated-ripe linden were tested between 17.14 (30 min) and 19.62 mg/100 g (20 min). In addition, sonication affected the quantities of phenolic constituents. Practical applications The use of herbal supplements has increased tremendously over the past two decades. The use of herbs has increased due to the lack of side effects compared to synthetics. Linden is rich in phenolic compounds and these compounds. Tilia cordata has sedative, diuretic, and diaphoretic properties in folk medicine. The use of ultrasonic waves is a new processing technology for extraction of foods.

Ultrasonic Unit for Reducing the Toxicity of Diesel Vehicle Exhaust Gases

The article presents materials on use of ultrasonic waves to reduce the smoke and toxicity of diesel engine exhaust gases. The results of the experiments are presented. The hypothesis on the reduction of smoke and toxicity of the exhaust gas due to the acceleration of the coagulation of its particles under the action of ultrasound has been confirmed.

Development of an analytical model for optimisation of the ultrasonic consolidation of composite prepreg

Mechanical properties of composite laminates are directly affected by the level of porosity of the part. Therefore, it is important to ensure that an adequate air debulking is provided during the manufacturing in order to obtain high quality products. The use of ultrasonic waves during the hand lay-up of prepreg layers can enhance this step. In a previous work we have demonstrated that this technique, named ultrasonic consolidation (UC), can lead to a large reduction in terms of manufacturing time and improvements of the Interlaminar Shear Strength (ILSS) of the final part. In this work, a model is proposed to analytically describe the influence of the ultrasonic stimulation on the air flux through the material and optimise the procedure, showing how the use of ultrasonic waves significantly increases the net air flow rate, particularly for small radius voids. The study provided some guidelines for the optimisation of the process parameters such as the frequency and location of the transducers. The efficiency of the method was experimentally validated by manufacturing several samples using UC debulking procedure with three exposition times (5-10-15 min). Microscope images showed a large decrement (up to 96%) of the voids projected area in samples section in comparison with reference. Flexural and Charpy impact properties were evaluated through mechanical tests, showing properties comparable to the reference samples, with improvements in terms of flexural modulus (up to 9%). Results from the analytical study and experimental tests indicate that the UC process is a reliable debulking procedure for the hand lay-up of prepreg that largely reduces manufacturing time and voids content, leading to improvements of the mechanical properties of the final part.

Facile and selective approach towards synthesis of a series ZSM-5/ZSM-12 catalysts for methanol to hydrocarbons reactions: Applying different synthesis driving force and conditions

The use of ultrasonic waves was developed for synthesis of zeolites at shorter crystallization time with improving their desirable properties. A series of nanostructured ZSM-5/ZSM-12 composite zeolites with different Si/Al ratios and alkalinity using organic templates were prepared by hydrothermal and sonochemical synthesis methods. The physicochemical properties of synthesized nanocatalysts such as structure, morphology, textural, and acidity were characterized via XRD, FESEM, N2 physisorption, FTIR, TPD-NH3, TGA-DTG techniques. The results revealed that increasing the Si/Al ratio and alkalinity in the hydrothermal samples enhanced the crystallization, formation of amorphous microcrystals, and dominant phase of MFI with decreasing MTW competitive phase. Zeolites synthesized by high-temperature and short-time sonochemical method had higher crystallinity, less dominant phase of ZSM-5, smaller crystals, greater surface areas, higher concentration of Brønsted acid sites, and stronger strength of moderate/strong acid sites. The catalytic performance of the zeolites for MTH conversion was evaluated under a reaction temperature of 450 °C at different times on stream. The results showed that the sonochemical zeolite had a higher methanol conversion (100%), higher selectivity toward olefins (28% vs. 19%) with more C3=/C2= ratio (0.79 vs. 0.58), and lower alkanes selectivity (66% vs. 72%) after 240 min TOS.

A comparative study of mathematical and ANFIS models to determine the effect of ultrasonic waves on the viscosity of crude oil

Increasing fuel consumption, industrial development, and population have led to energy supply problems. Hence, the recovery of oil reservoirs has been considered in recent years. One of the most effective methods in crude oil recovery is the use of ultrasonic waves. Viscosity is a significant physical property of crude oil because the crude oil with high viscosity can make serious problems in transportation pipelines. In addition to the effect of ultrasonic waves on viscosity, ultrasonic radiation leads to molecular bond vibrations in the oil and reduces paraffin deposition and clogged pores. In this study, the effect of ultrasonic waves on the viscosity of crude oil was investigated. Three transmission functions such as Inverse Square Root, Natural Log and Square Root, and ANFIS model were used to predict the viscosity of crude oil. The adequacy of the three mathematical models and the ANFIS model were proved by statistical analysis including low P-values (<0.05), high F-values and R 2 values. According to the results, the ANFIS model and Inverse Square Root transmission function showed better agreement with experimental data compared to the other two models.

Study and determination of regularities in variability of oil rheological properties to enhance oil recovery

The processes of oil production, collection and treatment are complicated by a complex of problems associated with the formation of stable oil emulsions, deposits of asphalt-resin substances and paraffinic hydrocarbons, inorganic salts. Moreover, the formed sediments often have a complex blend composition. Especially, at the late stage of oil field development, as a rule, procedures of gathering and processing of oil are complicated, in particular, by wall mud cake, low pressure, and also by an increase in the water cut of the product, with an increase in the volume of chemicals used during repair works and for production stimulation. Under these conditions, it becomes relevant to determine the regularities in changes of the rheological properties of oil to prevent complications in pumping equipment and flow strings, pipelines, equipment, and tank farm of oil gathering systems. The use of ultrasonic waves in electrophysical advanced recovery has a number of advantages, including simple and fast application, protection from wellbore damage, high profitability, low operating costs, significant compatibility with other enhanced oil recovery methods, and widespread application. This paper provides a technical and economic assessment of the effectiveness of electrophysical stimulation in the production field in Western Kazakhstan. The use of electrophysical stimulation technology in the production fields shows high technological efficiency. A decrease in the oil viscosity in a bottomhole zone of a production well during the use of ultrasound leads to an increase in the flood front during the water-driven operation of the reservoir. This matter was addressed in the present paper.

Antimicrobial Activity of Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Withania somnifera Prepared by Ultrasound Against Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry Stool

Background: Extraction by conventional methods such as Soxhlet requires a long time and the possibility of damage to heat-sensitive compounds. Objectives: In this study, modern ultrasound methods used to perform and investigate the antibacterial properties of plant extracts were compared. Methods: The extracts of Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Withania somnifera were prepared by an ultrasound device. Ten Escherichia coli strains were isolated from poultry stool samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) plant extracts against E. coli were determined using the microdilution method. Results: The results showed that the lowest inhibitory concentrations of rosemary, peppermint, and wind cheese extracts prepared by ultrasound were equal to 3.1 mg/mL, while the highest inhibitory concentrations of these extracts were equal to 25, 25, and 50 mg/mL, respectively. The lowest lethal concentrations of rosemary, peppermint, and wind cheese extracts were 6.25 mg/mL, while the highest inhibitory concentrations of these extracts were 25, 25, and 50 mg/mL, respectively. The lowest bactericidal concentrations of rosemary, peppermint, and wind cheese extracts prepared by ultrasonic waves were equal to 6.25 mg/mL, while the highest lethal concentrations of these extracts were equal to 50, 25, and 100 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: According to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the use of ultrasonic waves is a fast, effective, and economical method for extracting plant components. In addition, the methanolic extract of peppermint has the most inhibitory and lethal properties.

Discharge of lithium-ion batteries in salt solutions for safer storage, transport, and resource recovery

The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has grown in recent years, making them a promising source of secondary raw materials due to their rich composition of valuable materials, such as Cobalt and Nickel. Recycling LIBs can help reduce fossil energy consumption, CO2 emissions, environmental pollution, and consumption of valuable materials with limited supplies. On the other hand, the hazards associated with spent LIBs recycling are mainly due to fires and explosions caused by unwanted short-circuiting. The high voltage and reactive components of end-of-life LIBs pose safety hazards during mechanical processing and crushing stages, as well as during storage and transportation. Electrochemical discharge using salt solutions is a simple, quick, and inexpensive way to eliminate such hazards. In this paper, three different salts (NaCl, Na2S, and MgSO4) from 12% to 20% concentration are investigated as possible candidates. The effectiveness of discharge was shown to be a function of molarity rather than ionic strength of the solution. Experiments also showed that the use of ultrasonic waves can dramatically improve the discharge process and reduce the required time more than 10-fold. This means that the drainage time was reduced from nearly 1 day to under 100 minutes. Finally, a practical setup in which the tips of the batteries are directly immersed inside the salt solution is proposed. This creative configuration can fully discharge the batteries in less than 5 minutes. Due to the fast discharge rates in this configuration, sedimentation and corrosion are also almost entirely avoided.

Ultrasonication-assisted host–guest inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrins and 5-hydroxytryptophan: Enhancement of water solubility, thermal stability, and in vitro anticancer activity

The use of ultrasonic waves for the preparation of inclusion complexes in pharmaceutical industries has increased, owing to their versatility, promising nondestructive capability, and short reaction time. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor of serotonin, is used therapeutically, in the clinical setting, for psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. In this study, 5-HTP is used as a guest molecule to prepare β-cyclodextrins (CDs; β-CD, HPβ-CD, and SBEβ-CD) inclusion complexes with the assistance of the ultrasonic method. The solubility of 5-HTP increases linearly as the concentration of CDs increased, confirming the 1:1 stoichiometry of the complex, obtained using UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The structural characteristics of the solid inclusion complexes are analyzed using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy, PXRD, TGA, and FE-SEM. Molecular modeling elucidates the most stable inclusion model and phase solubility studies indicate that 5-HTP and SBEβ-CD form a 1:1 inclusion complex with an apparent stability constant of 1592.5 M−1. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity studies show that the CDs:5-HTP complex has a better antitumor efficacy than pure 5-HTP. Thus, ultrasonication can be utilized as an advanced, time-saving, and cost-effective method for the generation of CDs:5-HTP inclusion complexes, resulting in the potential development of anticancer drugs.