Use Of Triangulation Research Articles

Fifty years of methodological trends in JIBS: Why future IB research needs more triangulation

We analyze methodological trends in empirical research in JIBS from 1970 to 2019. Our results point to the prevalence of the following patterns: there has been an increase in the use of (1) large-scale longitudinal, cross-national datasets, (2) complex analytical techniques, including the incorporation of multiple analytical techniques within the same study, but (3) a decline in the diversity of methods in use. We relate these trends to the underlying social, technical, and communicative conventions in the journal during the 50-year period. The observed patterns are consistent with theory that posits scientific fields entrench a dominant paradigm over time, resulting in a restricted set of methodological options being selected. Such restrictions jeopardize the quality of research because the study of any phenomenon requires the use of multiple methodological procedures to avoid the systematic biases, errors, omissions, and limitations introduced by any single option. Therefore, we propose the use of triangulation as a strategy for building methodological alternatives into research designs. Institutionalization of this principle in the field of international business has the potential to enhance both the rigor and scope of future inquiry.

Patterns of behaviour in nursing staff actioning the afferent limb of the rapid response system (RRS): A focused ethnography.

To improve understanding of afferent limb behaviour in acute hospital ward settings, to define and specify who needs to do what differently and to report what afferent limb behaviours should be targeted in a subsequent multi-phase, theory-based, intervention development process. Focused ethnography was used including direct observation of nursing staff enacting afferent limb behaviours and review of vital signs charts. An observation guide focused observation on "key moments" of the afferent limb. Descriptions of observations from between 7 January 2019-18 December 2019 were recorded in a field journal alongside reflexive notes. Vital signs and early warning scores from charts were reviewed and recorded. Field notes were analysed using structured content analysis. Observed behaviour was compared with expected (policy-specified) behaviour. Observation was conducted for 300hr. Four hundred and ninety-nine items of data (e.g., an episode of observation or a set of vital signs) were collected. Two hundred and eighty-nine (58%) items of data were associated with expected (i.e. policy-specified) afferent limb behaviour; 210 (42%) items of data were associated with unexpected afferent limb behaviour (i.e. alternative behaviour or no behaviour). Ten specific behaviours were identified where the behaviour observed deviated (negatively) from policy or where no action was taken when it should have been. One further behaviour was seen to expedite the assessment of a deteriorating patient by an appropriate responder and was therefore considered a positive deviance. Afferent limb failure has been described as a problem of inconsistent staff behaviour. Eleven potential target behaviours for change are reported and specified using a published framework. Clear specification of target behaviour will allow further enquiry into the determinants of these behaviours and the development of a theory-based intervention that is more likely to result in behaviour change and can be tested empirically in future research.

The use of multiple triangulations as a validation strategy in a qualitative study.

This paper aims to present the use of triangulation in qualitative research as a strategy to achieve the proposed objectives, to ensure credibility, reliability, and greater scientific accuracy in its achievement. In this sense, triangulation - since it is not restricted to the use of only one method, theory, data source or researcher in the process of analyzing an event - allows the apprehension of a given reality from several angles, enabling information confrontation, in order to minimize bias resulting from a single analytical perspective. Thus, aiming at evidencing the possibilities of using such a methodological design, we used as an example a qualitative study about experiences of caregivers for patients with head and neck neoplasms, developed through multiple triangulation, namely: methodological (intra-method), data, researcher and environmental triangulation. When demonstrating a structured study in the form of triangulation, one aims to guide researchers interested in conducting qualitative studies with greater depth and methodological rigor in qualitative research.

Tomorrow’s HIV Prevention Trials of Vaccines and Antibodies

Abstract Effective HIV prevention has the potential to change the landscape of HIV prevention trials. Low infection rates will make superiority studies necessarily large while non-inferiority trials will need some evidence that a counterfactual placebo group had a meaningful HIV infection rate in order to provide evidence of effective interventions. This paper explores these challenges in the context of immune related interventions of mAbs and vaccines. We discuss the issue of effect modification in the presence of PrEP, where subjects on PrEP may have less of a benefit of a mAb or (vaccine) than subjects off PrEP. We also discuss different methods of placebo infection rate imputation. We estimate infection risk as a function of mAb level (or vaccine induced immune response) in the mAb (or vaccine) arm and then extrapolate this infection risk to zero mAbs as a proxy for the placebo infection rate. Important aspects are the use of triangulation or multiple methods to impute the placebo infection rate, concern about extrapolation if few mAbs are close to zero, and the use of currently available data with placebo groups to rigorously evaluate the accuracy of imputation methods. We also discuss use of historical controls and some generalizations of the idea of (DMurray, J. 2019. “Regulatory Perspectives for Streamlining HIV Prevention Trials.” Statistical Communications in Infectious Diseases.) to use rectal gonorrhea rates to impute HIV infection rate. Generalizations include regression adjustment to calibrate for potential differences in baseline covariates for ongoing vs historical studies and the use of the gonorrhea, HIV relationship in a contemporaneous observational study. Examples of recent and ongoing trials of malaria chemoprophylaxis and HPV vaccines, where extremely effect prevention methods are available, are provided.

Situated Practice in CLIL: Voices from Colombian Teachers

The purpose of this exploratory qualitative study was to determine the factors and conditions that intervene in the implementation of CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) in diverse Colombian educational contexts. This study was conducted at five private schools from different cities and towns in the country (Bogotá, Chía, Tenjo, Facatativá, and Girardot). Data was collected from three sources (interviews, questionnaires, and field journals). Data analysis procedures included the use of triangulation and validation procedures through the grounded theory approach. Findings revealed that teachers still have complications understanding CLIL as an approach that goes beyond the mere usage of the target language in content. Instead, the study advocates for the inclusion of essential lifelong skills (i.e. creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and communication) when implementing CLIL in the classroom. Results also indicated that staged lesson planning is scarce, and that teachers’ practices still emphasize the scope and sequence plan provided by the textbook used in the institutions. Hence, the study supports the design and implementation of CLIL professional development programs that through scaffolding can assist teachers in viewing and situatuating CLIL as a dialogic pedagogical approach. Not only does the approach help teachers make use of their existing knowledge of CLIL, but also helps them materialize ways through which language and content can be integrated. It does so by making use of students’ primary knowledge and mapping achievable routes for effective educational enrichment not restricted to language and content classrooms but expanded into other formal and non-formal learning contexts. Key words: CLIL, professional development, CLIL planning, lifelong learning.

The use of triangulation in qualitative studies employing elite interviews

Elite interviews provide valuable information from perspectives of power and privilege. However, the information elites provide may be biased or inaccurate, and researchers must be knowledgeable about the elites they interview. Therefore, the use of triangulation in studies using elite interviews is crucial. This article analyzes more than 120 peer-reviewed articles that reported the findings of elite interview research to understand the researchers’ use of triangulation. This analysis found that triangulation was common in studies that involved elite interviews, particularly by combining interviews with document review. This analysis also found that the purpose and value of triangulation in these studies varied based on the researchers’ interpretive frameworks.

O Uso da Triangulação em Teses e Dissertações de Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração no Brasil

O uso da triangulação em estudos qualitativos na área da Administração tem sido visto como um procedimento relacionado ao rigor metodológico e incremento da qualidade de pesquisas, incluindo teses e dissertações. Não obstante, devido às diversas possibilidades de empregá-la, a concepção e prática da triangulação aparentam ainda não estar completamente compreendidas. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar, analisar e exemplificar o uso da triangulação em teses e dissertações da área da Administração no Brasil. Com base nos trabalhos encontrados no banco de teses e dissertações da CAPES, foi realizada a análise dos trabalhos, buscando identificar as metodologias empregadas nos estudos e, posteriormente, analisar e exemplificar a utilização dos diferentes tipos de triangulação nas pesquisas encontradas. Os resultados demonstram ser possível encontrar, no escopo de teses e dissertações brasileiras da área da administração, a utilização de todas as tipologias (entre métodos, intra-método, de dados, de teorias e de pesquisadores) presentes na literatura, com predomínio da triangulação entre métodos. Por outro lado, identificou-se uso escasso da triangulação de teorias. Conclui-se que a triangulação é um procedimento que tem contribuído com o rigor científico, em teses e dissertações, e possibilitado a ampliação do entendimento de diversos temas e fenômenos na área da Administração no país.

Triangulação em Estudos de Caso: incidência, apropriações e mal-entendidos em pesquisas da área de Administração

O artigo apresenta uma análise bibliométrica em que se identifica a incidência do uso e apropriações da triangulação como estratégia metodológica em Estudos de Caso publicados em periódicos científicos da área de Administração no Brasil. Entende-se a triangulação como uma estratégia importante para aumentar a compreensão em profundidade dos fenômenos estudados, bem como atribuir maior confiabilidade e fidedignidade aos Estudos de Caso e discutem-se cinco modalidades de triangulação: (i) triangulação de fontes de evidência, (ii) de métodos, (iii) de investigadores, (iv) teórica, e (v) a técnica de triangulação tal como proposta por Triviños (1987). A pesquisa analisou uma amostra de 1384 Estudos de Caso publicados entre os anos de 2008 e 2012 em periódicos da área classificados como A1 até B1 pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES (conforme evento de qualificação Qualis 2013). Os resultados permitem concluir que a triangulação é pouco utilizada em Estudo de Caso na área de Administração nacional (é relatada em apenas 12% dos estudos analisados). Nos poucos casos em que é utilizada, os tipos de triangulação privilegiadas são as de fontes de evidência (100%) e as de método (86,72%), sendo raros estudos de caso que relatam a realização de triangulação teórica, de investigadores, ou técnicas de triangulação sistematizadas, como a proposta por Triviños (1987). Além da incidência e da apropriação que se faz da triangulação, foram identificados diversos equívocos no relato da utilização de triangulação. O texto explora esses mal-entendidos e apresenta sugestões para garantir o correto uso e relato da triangulação. Justifica-se a relevância do artigo dada a necessidade de refletir sobre a qualidade dos procedimentos metodológicos e dos relatos de pesquisa que se tem realizado na área de Administração.

Application of a Line Laser Scanner for Bed Form Tracking in a Laboratory Flume

AbstractA new measurement method for continuous detection of bed forms in movable bed laboratory experiments is presented and tested. The device consists of a line laser coupled to a 3‐D camera, which makes use of triangulation. This allows to measure bed forms during morphodynamic experiments, without removing the water from the flume. A correction is applied for the effect of laser refraction at the air‐water interface. We conclude that the absolute measurement error increases with increasing flow velocity, its standard deviation increases with water depth and flow velocity, and the percentage of missing values increases with water depth. Although 71% of the data is lost in a pilot moving bed experiment with sand, still high agreement between flowing water and dry bed measurements is found when a robust LOcally weighted regrESSion (LOESS) procedure is applied. This is promising for bed form tracking applications in laboratory experiments, especially when lightweight sediments like polystyrene are used, which require smaller flow velocities to achieve dynamic similarity to the prototype. This is confirmed in a moving bed experiment with polystyrene.

Attitudes of Present Generation towards Marriage: A Survey of Marriageable College Students

Marriage is an important personal and social affair. A qualitative research was conducted to study attitude of present generation towards marriage. Sample size was 51. There was the use of triangulation of data and methods. When the study was carried out first, the qualitative data were collected by in-depth interview and analyzed manually in the interpretive-thematic analysis framework. Data saturated after 16 persons of marriageable age, those between 18 and 35, were interviewed. Some were interviewed twice or thrice. After five years, survey questionnaire was given to 35 individuals of marriageable age who were between 19 and 24. It consisted of five open-ended questions. Both samples comprised of the men and women living in Kathmandu valley at the time of research. Non-random convenience sampling method was used. Some themes were identified on why people marry. For current generation, marriage is needed for support, company, fulfillment of sex motive and conscious or unconscious social pressure. It was found that present generation perceives that parent generation married to continue customs, to obey parental orders and to settle permanently meaning to start a new family by bearing children. Race continuity is the common theme seen on both generations. The intention, beliefs and feelings of participants about marriage have been inquired to know the conative, cognitive and affective components of attitude.

Research Approaches in Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Publications: A Systematic Literature Review

The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) has been described as the fastest growing academic development movement in higher education. As this field of inquiry matures, there is a need to understand how SoTL research is conducted. The purpose of our study was toinform this debate by investigating research approaches used in SoTL publications. We analysed 223 empirical research studies published from 2012 to 2014 in three explicitly focused SoTL journals. We classified the studies as either qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods using an analytical framework devised from existing literature on research methods. We found that the use of the three research designs was fairly evenly distributed across the papers examined: qualitative (37.2%), quantitative (29.6%), and mixed methods (33.2%). However, there was an over-reliance on data collection from a single source in 83.9% of papers analysed, and this source was primarily students. There was some, but limited, evidence of the use of triangulation through the use of multiple data collection instruments (e.g. survey, assessment tasks, grade databases). Similarly, only one-third of publications classified as mixed methods integrated the analysis and interpretation of the qualitative and quantitative data equally within the study. We conclude that current SoTL research is characterised by methodological pluralism but could be advanced through inclusion of more diverse approaches, such as close reading, and adoption of strategies known to enhance the quality of research, for example, triangulation and visual representation.

Два юбилея 2017 г.: книга Снеллиуса, дуга Струве

First use of triangulation in "measurements of degrees" by Willebrord Snel in the Netherlands and Karl F. Tenner in the Russian empire are briefly described in connection with their "round-number" anniversaries in 2017 (quadricentennial and bicentennial respectively). A special emphasis is placed on significance of the Tenner triangulation chains which made up the largest segment of the "Russian arc" ("Struve arc").

Hunting the Light in the High Arctic: Interest Development Among English Tourists Aboard the Coastal Steamer Hurtigruten

This article explores the dynamics of interest as an emotion-related component of the tourism experience. The research site was the Norwegian coastal steamer Hurtigruten and the subjects were English visitors "hunting the northern light." The latter experience has become a pillar of regional tourism development over the Arctic winter. The effectiveness of Hurtigruten in attempting to trigger and sustain interest is measured through the use of questionnaires, observations, and interviews. There were two main findings. First, existing theory is extended through the characterization of interest as a form of "wanting schismogenesis," which occurs in the absence of the object of interest, namely the northern lights. Second, the use of triangulation has highlighted the importance of distinguishing between the "remembering self" and the "experiencing self" in the study of emotions. By combining observations, which capture representations of the experiencing self, with interviews and questionnaires, which capture representations of the remembering self, and deviations between these phenomena, the researchers offer a new perspective on the study of emotions in the tourism context.

Psychodynamic Theory and the Treatment of Autism: The Case of Austin

Autism spectrum disorders include difficulties with social interaction, repetitive behavior, sensory sensitivity, and, often, concomitant language deficits. Psychodynamic theory is a powerful tool in explaining and treating the behavioral symptoms of autism. Specifically, the object relations theories of Melanie Klein and Wilfred Bion explicate the meanings and developmental challenges associated with autism. The epistemology of heuristics, with the use of triangulation, supports psychodynamic theory as one of multiple ways of interpreting phenomena. In this particular situation, the symptoms and presenting issues associated with autism evident in this composite clinical case are drawn from one of the author’s practice. This report illustrates the use of psychodynamic formulations and treatment in the psychotherapeutic work with a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with autism whom we call Austin.

ANALYSIS OF DIAGRID STRUCTURE IN COMPARISON WITH EXTERIOR BRACED FRAME STRUCTURE

Over the last 10 years, diagrid structures have proven to be highly adaptable in structuring a wide range of building types, spans and forms. In most applications, diagrids provide structural support to buildings that are non rectilinear, adapting well to highly angular buildings and curved forms. The origin of the diagrid structural technology lies at the crossroads of engineering and architecture. The term “diagrid” have come from perimeter diagonals which have good structural efficiency and is gaining new interests in designing of tall structures because of its lattice like look. The term “diagrid” is a blending of the words “diagonal” and “grid” and refers to a structural system that gains its structural integrity through use of triangulation. In the diagrid structures, the vertical columns from the periphery are eliminated and this constructs the main difference between diagrids and exterior braced frames. Having triangulated configuration, the diagrids are able to carry the gravity and lateral loads. They also effectively minimize shear deformation as the diagonals carry the loads axially. The diagrid structural system is adopted these days for tall buildings because of its stiffness and flexibility in the architectural planning. This paper presents the study of 20storey diagrid structure in comparison with exterior braced frame structure.Analysis results and design of both the models are presented in terms of storey shear, displacement, drift and summary of lateral and gravity forces.

Cultural Approximation, Alienation and the Role of English as a Second Language in Canadian Society

This study examined acculturation and adaptation of the immigrants in their new intercultural setting in Toronto, Canada, as well as the role of English language in their lives. The research made use of triangulation of methods as three types of instruments were used to collect the data: structured questionnaire, open-ended questionnaire and interview. Data were collected based on the immigrants’ perceptions on numerous variables for instance, acculturation attitudes, cultural identity, perceived discrimination, sociocultural adaptation, importance of English language, language proficiency and language difficulties, scope and facilities in Canada, immigrants’ point of view towards the society, their attempts to integrate with natives and so on. Sixty four immigrants from different countries participated in the study. It was discovered from the research findings that Canadian immigrants initially feel alienated and face numerous difficulties to adjust their lives in a new and unfamiliar surrounding, but as soon as they acculturate with the existing environment, they feel contented and find themselves a part of the society though many impositions due to social norms, lack of English language proficiency, discrimination and stigma being an immigrant often result in hindrance. The study also exposed the importance of English language in the immigrants’ lives. Results show that the immigrants who are well educated and fluent in English are more involved and accepted in the Canadian society.

O USO DA TRIANGULAÇÃO NA PESQUISA CIENTÍFICA BRASILEIRA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO

O objetivo do presente artigo é investigar o uso dos procedimentos de triangulação em pesquisas científicas em Administração feitas no Brasil. Entende-se a triangulação como um procedimento que combina diferentes métodos de coleta de dados, distintas populações (ou amostras), diferentes perspectivas teóricas e diferentes momentos no tempo, para consolidar suas conclusões a respeito do fenômeno que está sendo investigado. Existem diversos tipos de triangulação, mas, de modo geral, segue-se a classificação de Denzin (2005), que distinguiu a triangulação de dados, da teoria, de investigadores e metodológica, posteriormente ampliada e explicada por diferentes autores. Na análise realizada em artigos obtidos junto à base de dados Scielo Brasil, verificou-se uma diversificação no uso do método, por vezes aplicado de forma distorcida, havendo, sobretudo, confusão entre a triangulação de dados e a metodológica. Nesse sentido, o artigo conclui que são poucos os trabalhos que reconhecem o uso da triangulação com base nas diferentes perspectivas e propósitos apontados na literatura, embora se tenha observado um número significativo de estudos que a utilizam enquanto técnica de análise de dados baseada em fontes distintas de evidência empírica.

Panorama da Pesquisa em Marketing no Brasil: uma análise da produção funcionalista em periódicos Qualis Capes A2, B1 e B2.

Diante da tradio da pesquisa qualitativa ter abordagens paradigmticas construtivistas ou no funcionalistas, o questionamento principal deste artigo saber como se d a apropriao de critrios de qualidade na pesquisa funcionalista, tendo como objetivo principal apresentar um panorama dos artigos publicados nas revistas nacionais classificadas com Qualis A2, B1 e B2 dos anos de 2003 a 2013. Para este fim, a anlise debruou-se sobre os artigos que apresentavam em seu escopo caractersticas qualitativas funcionalistas, tendo como objetivo avaliar como esto sendo trabalhados os critrios de qualidade nas publicaes de marketing no Brasil, nos ltimos 11 anos.

Sharing the Ideas of Meta – Science to Improve Quality of Research

Meta-Science is an interdisciplinary science which provides plenty of oppurtunity to cooperate on better understanding of micro-social dimension of science. It plays vital role to justify the conclusion, which helps to improve quality of research as well as to health services. There are various applications of meta-science for improving quality of research namely: applying theories of philosophy and different disciplines, the use of triangulation ,inductive and deductive reasoning ,ethical issues and finally fundamentals of scientific research.

The use of triangulation in qualitative research.

Triangulation refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to develop a comprehensive understanding of phenomena (Patton, 1999). Triangulation also has been viewed as a qualitative research strategy to test validity through the convergence of information from different sources. Denzin (1978) and Patton (1999) identified four types of triangulation: (a) method triangulation, (b) investigator triangulation, (c) theory triangulation, and (d) data source triangulation. The current article will present the four types of triangulation followed by a discussion of the use of focus groups (FGs) and in-depth individual (IDI) interviews as an example of data source triangulation in qualitative inquiry.