Use Of Traditional Materials Research Articles

Alternative Materials As an Opportunity to Reduce Environmental Impacts in the Construction Sector

Construction has become a serious environmental problem due to its high demand on natural resources and the massive production of large volumes of waste that require special handling. Because of this, it is necessary to rethink the materials used in the sector, together with the methods of extraction and production, as well as the application of instruments that facilitate the reduction of the impacts associated with construction works, from the design stage or obtaining raw materials. In this way, a bibliographic search of various electronic documents was used, mainly from the databases of the National University, among other academic search engines. The methodological process was based on a qualitative research, where theory and bibliographic review were the frame of reference. The purpose is to identify alternative materials such as adobe, wood, hemp, straw, bamboo, and eco-bricks made from household waste, which can replace the use of traditional materials. In this sense, the present bibliographic research allowed demonstrating that alternative materials are capable of providing the same structural support to a construction work, compared to other conventional materials. It also highlights the added value that these options provide to the construction sector, reducing the associated ecological footprints and improving the environmental balance, since the high environmental costs of resource extraction are reduced and other negative environmental impacts are minimized.

Марсианские хроники «прекрасной эпохи»

The French literature from the late 19th and early 20th centuries that can be classified as “space fiction” centered on missions to Mars and making contact with Martians. The topic’s appeal stems from scientific findings of the time (particularly the so-called Martian canals) as well as the traditional symbolism of the Roman god who gave the Red Planet its name. All authors who wrote about Mars during the “Belle Époque” were inspired, to varying degrees, by the writings of the eminent astronomer Camille Flammarion (both scientific and fictional). The article delves into the specifics of how Joseph Rosnyaîné, André Laurie, Georges Le Faure, Henry de Graffigny, Arnould Galopin, Gustave Le Rouge, and Jean de La Hire interpret the Martian theme in their works. It is demonstrated that the use of traditional materials for popular novels is mixed with a desire to update popular literature’s narrative strategies. Thus, The Extraordinary Adventures of a Russian Scientist Across the Solar System by Le Faure and Graffigny, written between 1888-1896, contrasts the “intergalactic” theme, which was novel in French literature, with its archaic interpretation. The tendency to mix genres, to combine the “merveilleux-scientifique” (scientific marvelous) with Gothic and vampire literature approaches, as well as to augment the story with the occult component, increases. The so-called “martian duology” by G. Le Rouge, which lays the foundation for the poetics of horror – so vital to the 20th-century popular reading – is among the most significant literary works. The modernist bent is particularly evident in J. de La Hire’s 1911 book The Mystery of the Fifteen, which foresaw the rise of the superman hero, a new type of hero for the popular novel (however, this hero did not gain popularity in France).

The Importance of Developing and Promoting the Application of New Wall Materials

For more than two thousand years, clay brick is the traditional material for building walls in our country. In the stage of socialist development, traditional materials have no advantage at all, and the use of traditional materials in modern buildings will cause serious environmental damage, while consuming a large amount of land resources, coal resources and other resources. The rapid development of China's national economy and the development of the whole society, all walks of life are and race to take the lead, especially the rapid development of residential housing construction, developers destroy the land to build houses, the environment is seriously damaged, therefore, the comprehensive development of new wall materials will inevitably become a new field. The new wall materials we are studying now make up for the shortcomings of traditional materials and improve the shortcomings.

Investigation of the stress-strain state of domical masonry vaults

The results of analytical study of stress-strain state of one of the varieties of vaults erected in various function buildings, i.e. domical masonry vaults covering Orthodox churches, are presented in this article. Due to the ongoing restoration of architectural monuments and religious buildings, as well as in connection with the construction of such facilities as Orthodox churches, the study of stress-strain state of masonry arches and vaults has become especially important in recent decades. Despite the rapid development of new building technologies in the construction of temples, use of these new technologies is shown to be limited and focused on the use of traditional materials. The current level of engineering of building structures with the use of software enables to significantly improve the calculation models and to obtain more reliable results, in particular for the structures under consideration. The domical vault considered herein is formed by wall extensions inclined along a given curve, converging in a horizontal crown under rectangular plan or in one point under square plan. The authors of the article have performed calculations of vaults in both linear and nonlinear formulations, with the results thereunder the forces and deformations of vaults have been analyzed. As a result profiles of vertical pressures and lateral pressures of the vault mounting groups, isopoles of principal stresses, vertical displacements, bending moments and normal forces were calculated.

Some Elements of Beldemchi Kyrgyz National Dress as an Embodiment of the Ethnocultural Code

The beldemchiKyrgyz national dress plays an important role in transmitting the ethno-cultural code, reflecting the rich history and traditions of the ethnic group. Article explores various aspects of the beldemchiand their symbolic meaning. One of the key elements is embroidery, which conveys unique motifs and patterns that have deep symbolic meaning. Each pattern in beldemchi embroidery has its own history and symbolizes certain values and representations of the ethnic culture. The use of traditional materials such as cotton, silk or linen is also important. This not only makes the clothes unique and special, but also emphasizes the connection with nature and the traditions of the ethnic group. Beldemchi also plays an important role in the preservation and transmission of cultural traditions. The craftsmen who create beldemchi hand down their skills and knowledge to the next generations, preserving unique techniques and traditions. This helps to preserve and strengthen the cultural heritage of the people. In conclusion, beldemchi is an important component of culture, reflecting the history, traditions and values of the ethnos. Embroidery, the use of traditional materials and the transmission of skills — all these elements help to embody the ethno-cultural code and preserve the rich cultural heritage of Kyrgyzstan.

Physical Properties Of Particle-Reinforced Particle Board And Gaba Fiber Using Pvac (Polyvinyl Acetate) Filler

Traditional materials are often selected and used in the construction of houses and buildings based on local knowledge that has been tested for centuries. The use of sago leaf stalks as a building material has several advantages. They are generally easy to find in tropical areas and have natural properties that allow good air circulation, thereby helping to keep the indoor temperature cool. In addition, this material is also environmentally friendly because it can decompose properly and can be renewed naturally. In an effort to preserve these cultural and traditional values, we can take several steps. First, public education and awareness about the advantages of traditional building materials need to be improved. Organizing workshops or seminars to share knowledge about the use of traditional materials and their benefits can help increase people's appreciation of these materials. The use of sago stalks as building materials can be part of cultural conservation and environmental preservation efforts. By combining traditional knowledge with modern innovation, we can create building solutions that are environmentally friendly, sustainable and maintain our cultural heritage. By using PVAc filler, this study aims to study its effect on the physical properties of the resulting composite material. Variations in the composition of the mix will enable the identification of changes in the characteristics of the composite board and efforts to obtain optimal physical properties.

Slow architecture as a pathway to local sustainability

The article investigates the concept of slow architecture, which is becoming one of the ways to create a sustainable environment. The concept of slow architecture is associated with a critique of today's high-intensity urban life and overconsumption. Slow architecture includes interaction with local resources, use of traditional materials, contextual approach and climate considerations. At the same time, slow architecture is aimed at strengthening social ties, overcoming economic barriers, creating contemplative spaces on a human scale, integrated with nature or the urban environment. Examples of projects help demonstrate various aspects of slow architecture.

Impact of open educational resources on student performance in an introductory Geography course

ABSTRACT There is a growing body of evidence that Open Educational Resources (OERs) are a viable alternative to traditional “for cost” teaching materials. This paper provides a reflection on the process and outcomes of developing and implementing OER within an introduction Human-Environment Geography lecture-laboratory course. Evidence is further provided in support of improvements to the academic performance and completion rates of students enrolled in the course after the implementation of OERs over a period of 4–6 years. Results of the study indicate students’ academic performance significantly increased once OERs were incorporated into the classroom compared to the use of traditional materials purchased by the students. The rate of student withdrawal also was significantly less once OERs were implemented. The improvements to students’ academic performance and retention occurred despite OER being only used in the laboratory component of the course, suggesting that even a partial implementation of OERs can still have significant positive effects. The use of OERs can be considered as a legitimate option to increasing retention and student academic success in the Geography classroom.

Improved menstrual health and the workplace: An RCT with female Bangladeshi garment workers

Menstrual hygiene practices in low-income countries are often limited by lack of finances and information, with potentially adverse consequences for women’s well-being and workplace outcomes. In a randomized controlled trial with around 1,900 female workers from four Bangladeshi garment factories, we relax both constraints individually and jointly by providing free sanitary pads and information on hygienic menstrual practices. Both access to sanitary pads and information improve menstrual practices, either by the adoption of new products, or by knowledge gains and improved use of traditional materials, and both interventions improve health outcomes. However, these positive effects do not translate to better labor outcomes, such as earnings and work attendance.

Experimental Loading of Staircase Made from Cement Fiber Boards with Cellulose Fibers Using Full-Scale Model

The study presents a possible innovative use of cement fiber boards (CFBs) reinforced with cellulose fibers for construction of an interior prefabricated staircase. Regarding the unusual use of traditional material that was used in all bearing elements of the staircase, a numerical simulation with the use of a material model SBETA was carried out and, subsequently, multiple experimental static loading was applied. In order to carry out experimental testing of static load capacity, a full-scale experiment method was chosen and performed on a real staircase structure for family houses. The full-scale experiment is considered the most precise method to test structures or material behavior. The obtained results show that the designed and tested staircase structure of CFBs is able to meet the requirements of technical standards related to static loading of staircases. The load test confirmed the potential use of cement fiber boards produced by the Hatschek process for real bearing structures under static loading.

Smart design of customized hip prostheses in additive manufacturing by combining numerical and experimental methodologies

Thanks to the development of additive manufacturing techniques, prosthetic surgery has reached increasingly advanced levels, revolutionizing the clinical course of patients with joint arthritis. 3D printing has made it possible to obtain customized prostheses based on patient needs, using high-performance materials. However, wear caused by regular gait activities such as walking, sitting, or running, leads to the deterioration of the material used in the joint. Thus, the use of traditional materials has gradually been replaced with more performing ones which have made it possible to obtain customized devices based on patient needs and, therefore, more effective. Numerical techniques have recently been adopted, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM), to support the experimentation, allowing the calculation of the useful life and the optimization of the prostheses’ functionality to accurately evaluate the distribution of the load on the prosthesis. The present work aims to develop an algorithm that optimizes hip replacement mechanically using a machine learning algorithm coupled with multi-body and finite element model simulations.

The chita, handicrafts in vegetable fibers

Objective: Identify the vegetable fibers and activities carried out in the production of basketry, in particular the chita, as the most significant craft of the community of San Miguel Tenango (SMT), in Zacatlán, Puebla. Disign/methodology/approach: A phenomenological study oriented to the artisan production of San Miguel Tenango was carried out, through documentary research, observation and interviews with artisans and key informants. The value chain approach was used to understand the process, the inputs and the actors involved in the elaboration of the chita, the main handicraft in vegetable fibers in the study site. Results: The vegetable fibers used in the elaboration of traditional crafts were identified, the "chita" was distinguished as the most significant. The links of the value chain in production were recognized, as well as the perception that artisans have about their work. Study limitations/implications: Most of the people dedicated to basketry do not recognize themselves as artisans, moreover, they are not organized or adequately account for the cost of their work. Findings/conclusions: The plant species used in the elaboration of handicrafts are easily accessible for their use; although discrimination against native (ethnic) peoples and the use of traditional materials persists. They are biodegradable, highly resistant, flexible and can be an ecological option in the face of the indiscriminate use of synthetic materials.

Composite Spur Gear Static Stress Analysis using First Order Shear Deformation

Due to its benefits and superior capabilities, composite laminate is one of the most widely utilized materials today. With the use of this cutting-edge technology, the world will be less dependent on the use of traditional materials, particularly metal. In the current work, the behaviour of laminated composite gear with different fibre reinforcing configurations is covered. For the current FE formulation, first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used. The focus of fibre orientation on gear stress behaviour is highlighted in the current work. In the current FE formulation, which is a new development in the field of composite gears and deflection behaviour of the composite gear, focus is placed on the accurate computation of material properties with respect to fibre orientation in gears.

Development of a Methodology for the Quality Management of Duplex Stainless Steels.

The use of traditional materials leads to failures and breakdowns of expensive equipment, so advanced materials are needed that can provide reliable and durable solutions. The ability to control the quality of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) can greatly help with the development of new compositions or choosing existing DSSs. In this case, it is necessary to consider the final consumer properties—corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, which depend on the phase composition, contamination with non-metallic inclusions (NMIs), and the presence of undesirable secondary phases. In this research, specimens of cast DSSs of different grades, produced at laboratory and industrial scales, were studied. A technique for quantifying the microstructure of DSSs was developed. A thermodynamic database was chosen that adequately describes the processes of phase formation in DSSs. The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion properties of cast DSSs were studied. The effects of the structural state on the changes in consumer properties of the final product are shown. It is shown that using various deoxidation technologies, it is possible to obtain both NMIs that are dangerous in terms of corrosive activity and ones that are relatively safe.

Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment of restoration and renovation of a traditional Danish farmer house

Construction and operation of buildings are a major contributor to environmental impacts. Assessments of environmental impacts of buildings often focus on new buildings, while studies on the existing building stock often focus on energy efficiency renovation. However, historical and traditional buildings are of cultural and visual importance, which should be kept. Hence, a key question is if maintaining original aesthetic via restoration is at the expense of the environment or if it is possible maintain the original appearance of the building while keeping environmental impacts comparable to that of energy renovation. To investigate this, we conducted a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) of two options: a restoration and a renovation of an old building from 1887 located on Bornholm, Denmark. The restoration scenario focuses on the use of traditional materials and maintaining the original appearance of the house. The renovation scenario focuses on the use of modern materials and complying with energy requirements for renovated buildings. The results show that, while the impacts of the two scenarios are of similar magnitude, the restoration scenario performs slightly better in the majority of the impact categories in the default LCA-model. A Monte Carlo simulation showed that the restoration scenario performs better in, at least, 90% of the simulations for 8 of the 15 impact categories. This study indicates that restoration is a potentially viable alternative to renovation as a means for maintaining the original appearance of historical buildings to keep cultural heritage while also keeping environmental impacts at levels similar to renovation.

Post-Earthquake Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building after the Zagreb Earthquake—Case Study

After the Zagreb earthquakes in March 2020, around 25,000 buildings were estimated damaged, most of them being in the historic city center. This fact is not that surprising since most of the city center buildings are unreinforced masonry structures that have not been assessed in quite some time and usually no retrofitting methods were ever applied. The rapid post-disaster assessment began the same day after the first earthquake occurred. Through mostly visual assessment methods, the basic idea is to identify the safety and usability of buildings in general. This type of assessment was also conducted in one of the oldest Croatian cultural institutions, Matica Hrvatska. It is a building of great historical significance and cultural value, as is most of the city center. Accordingly, this building was constructed with no consideration given to seismic events and with the use of traditional materials and building techniques. In the scope of this paper, urgent actions that were taken are shown with problems and challenges that occurred. Furthermore, the decision-making process after an earthquake is elaborated. In addition, a numerical model is developed in 3Muri software for structural modeling. A non-linear static pushover analysis is performed, and possible failure mechanisms are examined. Furthermore, real-life damage is compared to the software results, and a conclusion process of the building’s usability is explained. In the end, the results obtained are analyzed and conclusions regarding the efficiency of the used software are drawn.

Történelmi kérdések és építészeti válaszok

Grafting into the urban fabric of Székesfehérvár, this building seems to justify the use of traditional materials and spatial form. The balanced use of cut stone and brick reflects the cities past, whilst enhancing the play on perspective created by the ramp adjacent to the public side of the building. The sense of harmony found within this building’s walls present the best form of backdrop for its exhibition of religious and historical artefacts.

Vol4 num4-7 Delamination behavior under mode I and mode II of adhesive bonded joints for different surface treatments

The automotive, aerospace and renewable energy generation industries have replaced significantly the use of traditional materials, such as steel and aluminum, by reinforced fiber composites. It has recognized that joints drilling and screwing joints damage the fibers introducing a higher concentration of stresses. That is why the application of structural adhesives, as a method of joining in reinforced composites, has increased in recent years. Delamination is the most critical failure mode of composite materials resulting in stiffness and structural strength losses. This works studies the behavior against delamination under mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture of adhesive bonded joints in carbon-epoxy composite materials, using structural adhesives of epoxy and acrylic bases. For the execution of the joints, different surface treatments have been employed: sanding, grit blasting and peel ply technique, allowing to make a fracture resistance comparision study. The double cantilever beam (DCB) and end notched flexure (ENF) tests configuration were used to determine stress-strain behavior and fracture toughness for mode I (GIC) and mode II (GIIC), respectively. Surface modifications have been evaluated by  contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results are shown in the same situation. The experimental results obtained show that, even if not showing the same delamination tendency for both fracture modes, the strain energy release rate are higher for an improved of wetting properties and an increase of surface roughness.

Supporting innovation processes using material artefacts: Comparing the use of LEGO bricks and moderation cards as boundary objects

Various collaborative innovation methods are increasingly used in strategy development and the implementation of organizational challenges. The aim of applying them is to involve different agents of an organization and support them in generating new ideas in a joint effort. For this research, an experimental field study was conducted in the course of an innovation workshop for 80 top managers in the public sector using a quantitative questionnaire and an ethnographic observation. A novel workshop format was designed using different materials to support the beginning of this innovation process. The groups used either traditional workshop materials, that is, moderation cards (small sheets of colored paper), or novel workshop materials, that is, LEGO bricks. Our results show that both materials significantly influenced the human experience in the workshop. The use of LEGO bricks was perceived as more enjoyable, active, and inspiring than the use of moderation cards. However, the perceived group outcome using moderation cards was rated higher than that working with LEGO bricks. We discuss how using novel workshop materials changes the experience of an innovation workshop, but we also highlight that additional factors, including translation effects, trained facilitators, and specific innovation phases, must be considered to outperform the use of traditional materials.

Contextual parameters of contemporary modernist house in the Mediterranean

Dealing with environmental sustainability in architecture is often the presentation of technological and financial power or just a reflection of some fashionable experimentation. Contrary to such developments in architecture is the pursuit of understanding the different contextual determinations of every place on which we build. Ideas that respecting regional cultural-historical, social, climatic, topographic and other natural parameters dating from the very beginnings of the modern movement in architecture. There are especially pronounced in the area of the Mediterranean countries, in contrast to the wealthier, north and west European countries where the modern is initially impressed with machine and technology and more oriented to internationalism. Traditional Mediterranean architecture is essentially rational, with recognizable materialization and technology, formally purified and conceptually clear. Mediterranean vernacular architecture became the basis for the emergence of the Mediterranean modernism recognizable by a specific attitude towards human needs, regional characteristics, design and organization of space, respecting nature and adapting to climate factors and use of traditional material and its combination with new technologically advanced materials. Modern architecture has evolved in its development especially in its relation to the context. Neo-modern expression, especially the one present in some of the Mediterranean countries insists on a bioclimatic definition, integration with the environment and mixture of local and modern in concept, design, materialization, but primarily in understanding the essence of these relationships.