Use Of Tin Research Articles

The secret is quartz: technology of production of an eleventh-twelfth century western Mediterranean polychrome glazed ware

A group of a well-known polychrome glazed ceramic, widespread in the western Mediterranean in the eleventh and first half of the twelfth centuries, has been analysed for the first time using Optical Microscopy (OM) and a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), in order to shed some light on the materials, production technology and provenance, about which there are various hypotheses. This ware is characterised by a perfectly drawn and varied iconography, with often stylised zoomorphic and anthropomorphic and nautical motifs. It was produced in an as yet unidentified workshop in North Africa or the Iberian Peninsula. The pottery analysed was found in an archaeological excavation in the Barrio Andalusi of Almería (south-east of Spain). Technologically, the ceramics are fairly homogeneous, with copper-green and manganese-brown pigments applied over the raw tin glaze filled with large undissolved quartz particles. The use of quartz is consistent with a Fatimid-Zirid contribution from Ifriqiya, the use of tin is consistent with an Andalusi Umayyad-Taifas contribution, and the green and brown colours on a white ground to either Ifriqiya or Andalusi. Our study has shown that the use of quartz on the decorated glazed surface is not related to the need for an opacifier, but rather to the need for a highly viscous melt that limits the spread of the pigments during the firing allowing a finer and more detailed drawing. This fusion of different techniques has been identified for the first time. It is intriguing from the historical point of view of medieval technology, and provides the first insights into understanding the technological transfers and technical solutions that took place in the Mediterranean basin during this period.

Preparation of ultra-thin copper–aluminum composite foils for high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries through synergistic electroless plating and electroplating

Copper-aluminum composite foils have the advantages of excellent electrical and mechanical properties, lightweight, and low cost. However, overcoming the equipment limitations of physical preparation methods to produce ultra-thin copper–aluminum composite foils with outstanding properties has been a challenge. Herein, smooth-faced, dense, and tightly bonded copper–aluminum composite foils are prepared using a combination of electroless plating and electroplating. This process involves the use of tin and nickel as transition layers, followed by electroplating the copper-clad layer. Ultra-thin copper–aluminum composite foils with a copper layer thickness ranging from 0.5 to 7 μm and a minimum square resistance of 4.6 mΩ can be prepared with a mass of 36.7 %-70 % of that of pure copper foils of the same thickness. These foils are expected to be used in a variety of energy storage components that require extreme lightweight.

Silymarin-Loaded Tin(IV) Nanoparticles Exhibit Enhanced Bioavailability and Antiproliferative Effects on Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Silymarin (SM) exhibits potential therapeutic effects due to having antioxidant activity. However, the low solubility and bioavailability of SM restrict its biological performance. To overcome this limitation, this study aimed to develop a nanoformulation composed of SM and dimethyltindichloride and investigate the effect of SM-loaded Sn nanoparticles on cancer cell growth and survival. An SM-Sn complex was synthesized and then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), EDS-MAP, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and ζ-potential analysis. After that, the SW480 colorectal cancer cell line was treated with different concentrations of SM and the SM-Sn complex. Cell viability was examined through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, analyzing apoptosis, and live-dead assay. The lipid peroxidation rate was assessed through the measurement of thiobarbituric acid (TBA). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and cell population in the cell cycle were measured using a flow cytometry instrument. To evaluate the colonization ability of SW480 cells, a colony formation assay was performed. Gene expression analysis was also conducted using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The findings of this study revealed the effectiveness of the SM-Sn complex in decreasing SW480 cell viability by inducing cell death-associated mechanisms. We found that the SM-Sn complex increases intracellular ROS level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. It was also revealed that the SM-Sn complex induces cell cycle arrest and the expression of apoptotic genes. In addition, the SM-Sn complex could effectively hinder SW480 cells from constituting colonies. We conclude that the use of tin(IV) as a scaffold for enhanced delivery of SM could be considered an efficient option for inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and survival.

Enhancing chemisorption efficiency and thin-film characteristics via a discrete feeding method in high-k dielectric atomic layer deposition for preventing interfacial layer formation

This study investigates the use of TiN and ZrO2 in metal–insulator–metal capacitors, crucial components in many electronic devices, especially DRAM by averting the formation of an interfacial layer between electrodes and insulators.

Deposition of Base Ore and Alloy Elements in the Bronze Age Metal in the Trans-Urals

The paper studies the problems of the geochemical specialization of the Bronze Age metal items from the eastern flank of the Ural mining and metallurgical province produced at the end of the third millennium BC — the middle of the second millennium BC in the Abashevo, Sintashta, Koptyakov-Seimino and the Alakul centers. The metal geochemical markers determination was performed by means of a local quantitative chemical composition analysis of 101 solid samples with an electron X-ray microanalyzer. The selection consisted of a representative series of copper and bronze items corresponding to various stages of metallurgical conversion process from the classic archaeological sites of the Trans-Urals. Systematization of the analytical data on the chemistry of items from each metal production center made it possible to identify stable compositions of micro-impurities associated with the base ores and alloys. The Abashevo and the Sintashta culture metal demonstrated a stable correlation of excess arsenic and nickel concentrations, which was partly due to the use of the Trans-Urals ores with a high content of these elements, however, the most significant concentration of arsenic (from 2 to 5 %) was observed in the finished items rather than in refined copper ingots or semi-finished products, which may indicate intentional alloying. Tin alloys in the Sintashta culture were quite rare; they demonstrated the same chemistry as the Seimin-Turbino metallurgical traditions. Large-scale use of tin for refined copper alloying was observed only in the Koptyakov-Seimino and the Alakul series. The Alakul series contained some high-tin alloying compositions close to the ideal tin bronzes (18 % Sn). It is possible that the sources of tin for them were the Kazakhstan and the Central Asia deposits. The only impurity integrating the entire ancient metal series, according to microprobe analysis, was sulfur, due to the sulfide feed stock. Sulfur was deposited in blister from the high-copper (above 20 % Cu) sulfide-silica-carbonate mineral blends that met the Bronze Age metal production criteria. The sources of raw materials were associated with the secondary sulfides of the ophiolite deposits hypergenesis zones in the Trans-Urals.

Ultra-broadband absorber based on metamaterial resonators utilizing particle swarm optimization algorithm

In this paper, we propose an ultra-broadband metamaterial absorber optimized by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. A unit cell of the absorber is made of TiN/TiO2/TiN square disks, offering a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) configuration, surrounded by a TiN square ring resonator which all are located on a thin stack of TiO2/TiN films. The optimized structure shows high average absorption of 91.63% over the wavelength range of 200–4500 nm. The over 90% absorption bandwidth is 1590 nm, extended from 200 nm to 1790 nm. Furthermore, the absorber absorbs more than 80% of the incident light with wavelengths from 200 nm to 4480 nm, which covers the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions. The absorber indicates high absorptivity of over 75% under an oblique incidence up to 60° for both TM and TE polarizations. The effect of the presence of the square ring resonators as well as each layer of the MIM on the absorption of the absorber is also studied. It is shown that the use of square ring resonators combined with square disks significantly enhances the absorption of the absorber at wavelengths longer than 1100 nm. The structure has high thermal and chemical stability due to the use of TiN and TiO2. Owing to the outstanding features of the proposed absorber, it can be used in different fields such as imaging, thermal emitting, and solar applications.

Investigation of the Effect of Drill Bit Feature on Hole Surface Quality and Tool Wear

Drilling operations have an important role in manufacturing industries and the application range is about 33% among the machining methods. In drilling processes, hole quality is affected by workpiece material, drilling parameters, drill diameter, drill bit features. In this study, the surface quality of the hole and the drill bit wear were investigated experimentally when drilling AISI 1040 steel and Al7075 aluminum workpieces with twist drills. Three different types of twist drill bits (polished, rolled and TiN coated) with diameters of 8 mm and 10 mm were used for drilling. Hole surface roughness was investigated at the hole entry and hole exit. While revealing the surface quality change at the hole entry-exit, the effect of the drill feature difference on the surface quality has been tried to be determined. In general, hole surface quality decreased with increasing drill bit diameter when drilling both materials. The lowest surface roughness values were obtained in the use of TiN coated drill bits. Drill bit wear was also measured in the study, and it was seen that the drill bit wear increased with increasing drill bit diameter. The least drill bit wear value was also observed in TiN coated drill bits.

Cold Roll Bonding of Tin-Coated Steel Sheets with Subsequent Heat Treatment

One possibility to increase the interface strength of cold roll bonded materials is the application of a thin intermediate layer. In the present study, a tin coating was employed to strengthen the interface formed between cold roll bonded steel sheets, and the impact of subsequent heat treatment on the resulting bonding strength was investigated. To increase the bond strength by diffusion, the tin-coated steel bonds underwent heat post-treatment between temperatures of 150 °C and 300 °C for different dwell times. The results demonstrate that the use of tin as an active intermediate layer increases the bond area established. Moreover, the thin tin coating results in the formation of an active intermediate layer that directly takes part in the joining process by establishing a reactive link between the two substrates. A subsequent heat treatment further affects the bond strength by diffusion of tin at the interface.

Uncovering the evolution of tin use in the United States and its implications

Uncovering the evolution of tin use in the United States and its implications

Induction melt thermoforming of advanced multi-axial thermoplastic composite laminates

Abstract The viability of using induction heating to facilitate the wrinkle-free forming of multi-axial pre-consolidated advanced thermoplastic composites over complex geometries is explored. The research focuses on the use of tin as a medium to both heat and lubricate the forming laminate. Initial tests demonstrate the viability of the fundamental ideas of the process; induction heating is used to melt the tin sheet, which is then shown to melt the matrix phase of carbon-nylon composite laminates when stacked in a hybrid composite/tin layup. A novel low-cost reconfigurable multi-step forming tool is used to demonstrate how most of the tin can be squeezed out of the layup prior to consolidation. The multi-step tool can be augmented with segmented tooling to rapidly manufacture composite parts of high geometric complexity. In this investigation, a 'ripple' geometry containing three 'cavities' is used to demonstrate the technique. Tests demonstrated that at least three sheets of inter-laminar tin can be simultaneously melted using the induction heating system. Initial results indicate complex geometries can be formed with minimal wrinkling while removing interlaminar tin.

금속 판재 작업에서 땜으로써 주석의 활용 방안 연구

금속 판재 작업에서 땜으로써 주석의 활용 방안 연구

Synthesis of pyrroloindolines through formal [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of indoles with chiral N-2-acetamidoacrylyl oxazolidinones

Chiral N-2-acetamidoacrylyl oxazolidinones were produced and reacted with indoles under Lewis acid conditions to generate hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole products in a formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition process. Optimal conditions included the use of tin(IV) chloride in methylene chloride at 0 °C. Pyrroloindoline products were obtained from various indoles with shorter reaction times (12 hr) up to 91% yield with high, >20:1 exo selectivity. A mechanism involving reversible conjugate addition followed by an enamine lone-pair-iminium capture, tautomerization, and tin-enolate protonation accounts for the selectivity. The method enables selective applications to pyrroloindoline targets and further refinement with chiral catalysts.

The technological and social implication of the discriminated use of tin and arsenic noted in EIA copper-based objects of Central Kazakhstan

A bronze assemblage consisting of weapons, tools, ornaments, and horse furnishings from many Early Iron Age (EIA) sites of Central Kazakhstan was examined for microstructure and chemical compositions. All of the objects under investigation were made of copper alloys with the addition of either tin or arsenic or both, but no lead. Tin served as the preferred alloying element for making key functional and prestige items as opposed to arsenic primarily in service to meet a large demand for various horse trappings. Strong evidence has been found of a new method implemented for the mass production of copper alloys containing up to approximately 10% arsenic based on mass. This high arsenic technology was apparently introduced in keeping with the increased demand for bronze, particularly in horse-related objects, as a means to spare costly tin for use in making more important objects in functional and social perspectives. The use of arsenic in this case is indicative of significant technological and social transformations occurring in Central Asian EIA communities. We will present a detailed account of the analytical results to propose that these changes signified the establishment of mature mobility-based societies in the steppes that encompassed more people and larger territories within a setting of enhanced conflicts and social stratification.

Magnetoelectric Multilayer Gallium Arsenide–Nickel–Tin–Nickel Structures

The production process is considered, and the results of a theoretical and experimental study of the magnetoelectric effect in a multilayer structure obtained by galvanic deposition of alternating layers of nickel and tin onto a gallium arsenide substrate are presented. It is experimentally found that the use of tin as an intermediate layer in a multilayer structure decreases the mechanical stresses arising from the inconsistency of the lattice parameters at the nickel/gallium arsenide interface, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality multilayer structures with the thickness of the nickel layer of about 100 μm. On the basis of the joint solution of the equations of elastodynamics and electrostatics for the magnetostriction, piezoelectric, and buffer layers, an expression for the magnetoelectric voltage coefficient is obtained. It is theoretically shown and experimentally confirmed that the frequency dependence of the magnetoelectric coefficient has a resonant character, and the value of the resonant frequency gradually decreases with the growth in the number of layers from the value corresponding to the natural oscillation frequency of a plate made of gallium arsenide, approaching the value corresponding to the natural oscillation frequency of a plate consisting of a layer of nickel and tin, the thickness of which is equal to double the thickness of the layer of nickel. It is experimentally found that, in the region of electromechanical resonance, the obtained structures have a high quality factor Q ≅ 1000, which is more than 20-fold higher than the quality factor of the magnetoelectric structures fabricated by gluing, and have good adhesion between the layers. These structures are promising for creating devices based on the magnetoelectric effect.

Застосування вакуумних йонно-плазмових покриттів у деревообробленні

Проаналізовано доцільність застосування вакуумних йонно-плазмових покриттів у деревообробленні. Розглянуто питання розподілу залишкових напружень по товщині покриття з TiN на дискових пилах. Встановлено, що найбільші напруження стиску, які забезпечують найвищу твердість і зносостійкість, є у покриття завтовшки 5 мкм. Оптимальною є тривалість процесу 30 хв. Результати досліджень процесу тертя індентора із інструментальної сталі Р6М5 з покриттям з ТіN за зразком із сосни показали, що застосування покриття дає змогу зменшити силу тертя на 60 %. Наведено результати експериментів у виробничих умовах ДП "Стрийське лісове господарство" та ВАТ "Жидачівський целюлозно-паперовий комбінат" щодо зміцнення різальних зубців ланцюгів бензомоторних пилок ПЦУ-10 та болтів для кріплення ножів млина ST-660 паперового цеху та рафінерів гарячого помолу СВ-36, які контактують з технологічним середовищем. Завдяки нанесенню вакуумних йонно-плазмових покриттів із ТіN, Ті-Ni-N, Ті + ТіN, Ті-Ni-N + ТіN, Мо-Ni-N ресурс роботи деталей збільшено в 1,3…2,5 раза. Зроблено висновок про те, що проблема застосування цих покриттів у деревообробленні є актуальною і потребує подальших досліджень.

Man-made blue and purple barium copper silicate pigments and the pabstite (BaSnSi3O9) mystery of ancient Chinese wall paintings from Luoyang

Man-made ancient Chinese barium copper silicate pigments: Chinese (Han) Purple, BaCuSi2O6; Chinese (Han) Blue, BaCuSi4O10; Chinese Dark Blue, BaCu2Si2O7 (in summary called Chinese blues), and platelet-like crystals of BaSnSi3O9 were detected on mural paintings of a tomb in Luoyang City, Henan Province, China, dated to Western Han Dynasty (206 BC–8 AD). The pigments of the LY01 and LY02 samples were analyzed by archaeometrical methods: powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. While the artificial nature of the ancient barium copper silicates was undoubted, the synthetic or mineral origin of BaSnSi3O9 of these murals had to be clarified. Involvement of the rare mineral pabstite Ba(Sn,Ti,Zr)Si3O9 from the Tian Shan mountains could be ruled out due to absence of Ti and Zr in the elemental composition. Tin compounds as admixtures to the lead minerals—the latter required as flux additive for the preparation of the Chinese blues—or tin admixtures to pristine barium starting minerals could be excluded, as well as the use of tin containing mineral mushistonite (CuSn(OH)6), primarily intended to be applied as copper source. Related to the findings for the production of Egyptian Blue (CaCuSi4O10), bronze or bronze scrap including also corroded material was used intending copper recycling. For the synthesis of the Luoyang Chinese blues only low amounts of bronze or bronze scrap were required providing the additional advantage to form in presence of air a tin/lead oxide flux with lowered vitrification temperatures and viscosities. This marked the advent of an ‘innovative production technology’ avoiding addition of large amounts of lead minerals as an effective lead-only flux. Despite of the chemical similarity to production of Egyptian Blue, the tin/lead based developments for the Chinese blues were anticipated to be independent excluding technology transfer from ancient Egypt. For further substantiation of the appearance of pabstite in the Luoyang Chinese blues a contemporary independent synthesis was sought, carried out under conditions similar to those of the barium copper silicate syntheses (1000 °C, but absence of a flux) starting from cassiterite (SnO2), quartz (SiO2) and witherite (BaCO3).

Ultra-broadband solar absorber based on multi-layer TiN/TiO2 structure with near-unity absorption

In this paper, a novel broadband solar absorber based on TiN/TiO2 is presented. The unit cell is composed of a multi-layer disk that is surrounded by a TiN ring. By using the finite-difference time-domain method, the effects of the number of disk layers as well as the height of the ring on the absorption are comprehensively investigated. It is shown that the light with shorter wavelengths is trapped by the disks, while the longer wavelengths are absorbed by the ring. Also, the variation of the absorption due to the period changes is studied. According to the simulation results, the average absorption of the proposed absorber is 93% in the wavelength range of 200–4000 nm. In addition, the absorption is higher than 90% in a wide wavelength range of 200–3000 nm under normal incidence, which covers the whole spectrum of solar radiation. It is shown that the proposed absorber can absorb more than 80% of light for angles less than 50° for both the TE and TM modes. Owing to the use of TiN and TiO2, this solar absorber has high thermal and chemical stability. This structure can act as a blackbody emitter in thermal emitter devices. Due to its high absorption and subwavelength structure, the proposed solar absorber is a suitable candidate for use in many solar-based applications.

Tin Provenance and Raw Material Supply – Considerations about the Spread of Bronze Metallurgy in Europe

The paper focuses on isotopic data of bronzes from the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. The sample sets comprise bronzes from hoards, graves, and settlements from Central and Southeastern Europe as well as the Aegean and Mesopotamia. The analytical determination of tin isotopic compositions and a possible use of tin from different ore sources between the Carpathian Basin, the Aegeo-Balkan-Complex and tin bearing regions in Central and Western Europe will be discussed. Since the 2nd millennium bronzes show in general a different isotopic composition than those of the 3rd millennium, the presented analyses indicate a possible reorientation of exchange routes in Europe during the 2nd millennium BC. This is supported by the composition of a few Aegean samples from the turn of the millennia, which have heavier tin isotopic compositions than all other sample sets. This suggests that different tin sources might have been used to manufacture these bronzes.

Sub-Band Gap Photodetection from the Titanium Nitride/Germanium Heterostructure.

Photoexcited hot carriers through nonradiative decay offer new opportunities for harnessing longer wavelength light. Here, we have demonstrated a hot-carrier-mediated sub-band gap photodetection in germanium-based planar heterojunction devices. The planar samples that form in situ germanium/titanium nitride (Ge/TiN) interfaces are fabricated by the dc sputtering technique, and the generation of photocurrent by near-infrared (NIR) light illumination is confirmed up to 2600 nm, well exceeding the absorption limit of Ge. The photocurrent obtained with nickel contacts is 3 orders larger than that obtained without metal contacts or with gold contacts in similar structures. The specific detectivity ( D*) value for the TiN/Ge photodetector is obtained to be 6.32 × 105 Jones at the sub-band gap excitation wavelength of 2000 nm without applying any bias. The superior performances of our device are attributed to the broad absorption of the TiN, the plasmonic hot carrier transfer from the TiN to Ge, and built-in potential of the TiN/Ge non-Ohmic junction, which allows efficient separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs. Our results further support the use of TiN, which is robust and cost-effective, as an alternative to metals for NIR photodetection and photovoltaics when it forms a heterostructure with Ge.

Aboriginal marine subsistence foraging flexibility in a dynamic estuarine environment: The late development of Tin Can Inlet (southeast Queensland) middens revisited

Although the sea arrived in southeast Queensland around 8000 years ago, most estuarine middens date to the past 1000 years. An example is midden deposits dating to the past 400 years forming the upper levels of Sites 62 and 75b from Tin Can Inlet located immediately south of the Fraser Island (K’gari) World Heritage Area. Both sites were excavated and analysed in the 1980s. This paper revisits these results following a detailed re-analysis of midden materials and new insights on regional sea level changes. Taking an historical ecology approach, species-specific habitat requirements and associated substrate sediment dynamics help explain similarities and differences between the two midden shell assemblages. Environmental factors and the location of both sites on landforms that formed following sea level fall over the past 2000 years help explain why the basal levels of both sites are probably <1000–1500 years old. Documenting pre-2000-year-old Aboriginal use of Tin Can Inlet will need to target more elevated inland dune deposits (>5m ASL) fronting the mid-Holocene sea level highstand palaeoshoreline.