Use Of Three-dimensional Structure Research Articles

Cell therapy in treatment of skin burns

The review summarizes the results of modern research in the field of cell therapy for skin burns. The relevance of conducting these studies both in Russia and in the world is described. The methods of influence on the skin regeneration after burns in addition to cell therapy are indicated. A history reference on the development of cell therapy for burn skin lesions is given. The documents governing the conduct of cell therapy in Russia are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of cell technology using keratinocytes are described. The methods of cell therapy for skin burns using fibroblasts are analyzed. The role of three-dimensional tissue-engineered structures – scaffolds in the regeneration of the skin is described. Their classification is given by the duration of wound coverage (permanent, semi-permanent and temporary), by composition (cellular, acellular), by type of material (synthetic, biological, which are divided into allogeneic and autologous). The main representatives of each group that are used in research as therapy in the treatment of skin burns are described: Biobrane, Integra, Dermagraft, TransCyte, Hyalograft 3D, Laser skin epidermal replacement, TissueTech autograft system. The data on the experimental testing of each of the representatives are presented. The issue of improving vascularization of tissue-engineering structures using bioreactors was also raised. According to the results of the review, it was concluded that the use of three-dimensional structures in the treatment of burn skin lesions shows the greatest efficacy and safety among pronounced cell therapy options in clinical practice. At the same time, the existing drawbacks of the analyzed samples require further study and analysis.

Optimal Design of Double-Layer Barrel Vaults Using CBO and ECBO Algorithms

Barrel vault is one of the oldest architectural forms, used since antiquity. The brick architecture of the Orient or the masonry construction of the Romans provides numerous examples of the structural use of barrel vaults. The industrial and technological developments which have taken place during the last three decades have had a far-reaching effect upon contemporary architecture and modern engineering. New building techniques, new constructional materials, and new structural forms have been introduced all over the world. The architectural search for new structural forms has resulted in the widespread use of three-dimensional structures. The evolution of effective computer techniques of analysis is undoubtedly one of the reasons for the truly phenomenal acceptance of space structures. During recent years, architects and engineers have rediscovered the advantages of barrel vaults as viable and often highly suitable forms for covering not only low-cost industrial buildings, warehouses, large-span hangars, and indoor sports stadium but also large cultural and leisure centers. The impact of industrialization on prefabricated barrel vaults has proved to be the most significant factor leading to lower costs for these structures. A barrel vault consists of one or more layers of elements that are arched in one direction [1]. Barrel vaults are given different names depending on the way their surface is formed. The earlier types of barrel vaults were constructed as single-layer structures [2–4]. Nowadays, with increase of the spans, double-layer systems are often preferred. Whereas the single-layer barrel vaults are mainly under the action of flexural moments, the component members of double-layer barrel vaults are almost exclusively under the action of axial forces; the elimination of bending moments leads to a full utilization of strength of all the elements. Formex algebra is a mathematical system that provides a convenient medium for configuration processing. The concepts are general and can be used in many fields. In particular, the ideas may be employed for generation of information about various aspects of structural systems such as element connectivity, nodal coordinates, details of loadings, joint numbers, and support arrangements. The information generated may be used for various purposes, such as graphic visualization or input data for structural analysis. Double-layer barrel vaults have great number of structural elements, and utilizing optimization techniques has considerable influence on the economy.

Protein Functional Site Prediction Using a Conservative Grade and a Proximate Grade

So far, in order to predict important sites of a protein, many computational methods have been developed. In the era of big-data, it is required for improvements and sophistication of existing methods by integrating sequence data in the structural data. In this paper, we aim at two things: improving sequence-based methods and developing a new method using both sequence and structural data. Therefore, we developed an originally modified evolutionary trace method, in which we defined conservative grades calculated from a given multiple sequence alignment and a proximate grade in order to evaluate predicted active sites from a viewpoint of protein-ion, protein-ligand, protein-nucleic acid, proteinprotein interaction by use of three-dimensional structures. In other words, the proximate grade also can evaluate an amino acid residue. When we applied our method to translation elongation factor Tu/1A proteins, it showed that the conservative grades are evaluated accurately by the proximate grade. Consequently, our idea indicated two advantages. One is that we can take into account various cocrystal structures for evaluation. Another one is that, by calculating the fitness between the given conservative grade and the proximate grade, we can select the best conservative grade.

Time‐resolved X‐ray crystallography: uncovering reaction intermediates in biochemical processes

X-ray crystallography plays a fundamental role in modern biochemistry and molecular biology, providing the structural basis for understanding the functionality of biological macromolecules. Indeed, biochemistry and molecular biology textbooks greatly benefit from the use of three-dimensional structures to address general concepts and to illustrate specific aspects of the biochemical processes. Structural analyses of model systems such as serine proteases are widely used to illustrate the molecular bases of key biochemical events, including protein-protein recognition, catalysis and enzyme regulation [ 1,2]. Moreover, the comparative analysis of the three-dimensional structures of deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin, in the absence and presence of modulators, has provided a structure-based framework for a rational approach to complex phenomena such as allostery [3-51. Remarkably, about five new three-dimensional structures are deposited every day in the Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb), underlining the potentiality and the educational role of crystallography in biochemistry and molecular biology teaching. The biological activity of macromolecules is generally characterized by rapid (4 1 s) structural changes. However, due to the long time average represented by X-ray crystal structures (X-ray diffraction data are collected over intervals of several minutes to hours), the use of this technique in describing transient biochemical processes was, until recently, very limited. From this point of view, the development of time-resolved multiwavelength Laue crystallography was a major breakthrough, since it allows one to follow the time course of biochemical processes, through the related three-dimensional struc-

Computer-assisted mechanistic evaluation of organic reactions. 22. The generation and use of three-dimensional structures

The CAMEO computer program, witch predicts the products of organic reactions, has been enhanced to include the generation and analysis of three-dimensional molecular structures. This required the development of a new interface for molecular visualization and manipulation. The conversion of two-dimensional atom and bond tables to three-dimensional representations has been accomplished by fast molecular modeling techniques originally implemented in the STRFIT program of Saunders. Along with providing structural information directly to the user, the module generates perceptual data bred on spatial analysis of molecules. Tits information can then be used in the refined evaluation of the likelihood of reactions