Use Of Tattoos Research Articles

A Study on the Use of Tattoo in Islamic Egypt As an Indicator of Cultural Heritage of Ancient Egypt

A Study on the Use of Tattoo in Islamic Egypt As an Indicator of Cultural Heritage of Ancient Egypt

Gangs, Globalization, and Critical Security Studies: Teaching Counternarratives to Public Audiences

Working on gang issues as a whole demands that I, as a scholar, engage different scales that collapse individual and community, local and global, and that make action and study into indistinguishable partners. It is not just that we need to facilitate one woman’s path toward finding an academic who will help her husband and their family; we need to work on the bigger thing and ask the Department of State to hold itself to at least the same (flawed) standards as domestic law enforcement regarding the use of tattoos to determine gang affiliation. I do not know if this particular push will be successful, because of the heightened security that I discuss below. But being involved in the struggle is itself transformative, because it creates new narrative threads and strengthens possibilities and openings that can lead to change. Sanyika Shakur, also known as Monster Kody, is a former gang member who wrote, “I am a gang expert—period. There are no other gang experts except participants.” His assertion raises a bigger question about study and embodied identity. Whether or not expertise exists in the manner that Shakur is talking about, the need for “expertise” as a putative legal category is evident in the many intersections of gang membership and the law, which are increasingly playing out on transnational stages like the one between the United States and Mexico. The question then becomes how an academic can use purported “expertise” without strengthening the oppressive systems that created those categories in the first place.

Recapturing Traditional Culture - A Survey of Uvinmi Body Tattoo as a Curative Procedure in Esanland, Edo State, Nigeria

Body tattooing in traditional Nigerian culture was basically believed to be used for identification as well as aesthetic purposes. In some cultures, such as seen amongst the traditional ethnic Hausa and Fulani people, permanent facial marks were used to identify slaves within a community and also used to enhance the beauty and appearance of the women folk especially. In the southern part of Nigeria, amongst the Yorubas, it is used as a tribal identification symbol that provides information about the individual, as well as some culturally-related beliefs. The use of tattoos among the Esan ethnic people transcends the purposes of identification and enhancement of physical appearance as discovered. Thus this study examines the use of tattoo as a curative process for the illness called Udeh among the Esan ethnic people of Edo state Nigeria. Udeh is an illness associated with infection of the spleen. Data was collected through visitation of traditional healing venues, oral interview of some traditional doctors and elders as well as direct observation of the treatment processes. Findings indicated that the practice of Uvinmi has been in existence from time immemorial and it is a familial profession inherited from generation to generation as the most effective medium for treating spleen related diseases among the Esan people. It was also discovered contemporarily modern medical anaesthesia is employed to help reduce the agony felt in the process of blade incision as practiced by one of the traditional doctors. Recommendation made include an indebt study of the herbs used during and after treatment to gauge its efficacy on Western medicinal practices as well as proper sterilisization processes on incision equipments and procedures amongst others.

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Allergic contact eczema in children is frequent. If clinically suspected, a patch test should be performed. In the present study, data obtained from 116,742 patients who had undergone a patch test from 2005-2014 were analysed. The children group (range 0-12 years) included 925 patients. If at least 700 tested individuals were considered, the most frequent sensitizations in this group were nickel sulfate (8.5 %), fragrance mix I (5.5 %), and colophony (3.4 %), whereby sensitisation in adults was higher for nickel sulfate (15.5 %) and fragrance mix 1 (8.4 %), while being similar for colophony (3.7 %). In adolescents with and without a profession, nickel sulfate (11.1 and 13.6 %, respectively) and cobalt (II) chloride (3.9 and 3.4 %, respectively) were the most frequent positively tested contact allergens. Sensitisations toward fragrance mix I was low (3.9 and 3.4 %, respectively) in comparison to the adult group (8.4 %). In both children and adolescents, toluene diamine and paraphenylenediamine sensitizations were not infrequent, but it must be considered that these allergens were only tested if suspected. The data show that the sensitisation profile among children and adolescents display patterns similar to those in adults. Sensitisations in childhood and adolescence towards dyes like paraphenylendiamine may be associated with increased use of tattooing in these groups.

Riscos Toxicológicos das Tatuagens

The tattoo is a technique that consists in piercing the skin with needles appropriate, coupled to an electric machine, by wich exogenous pigmentations are physically introduced into the skin with permanent result, aiming at beautifying or cosmetic reasons. Still little is known about the toxicological risk of the use of tattoos and much of what we know is part of ongoing research. Today we have some concrete pigments used to make tattoos can be toxic and have mutagenic capacity. We also have the fact that some of these compounds react to exposure to light, causing the photo induced reactions phototoxic behavior, which makes it difficult and endangers the removal of tattoos. To ensure care, minimize or eliminate such risks, today, some regulatory bodies including ANVISA, EMEA and FDA have established some requirements for products and procedures used in the performance of the tattoos.

Quality Improvement Investigation for Head and Neck Stabilization in Radiotherapy Using Setup Tattoos

PurposeHighly complex planning techniques and delivery methods in the treatment of head and neck cancer require an advanced level of accuracy and reproducibility. AimTo determine if the addition of tattoos placed on the chest inferior to the CIVCO Vac-Lok stabilization system improves accuracy and reproducibility of patient set up. MethodsEighteen patients with head and neck cancer were studied. Nine underwent radical treatment using the routine CIVCO stabilization system. The second group of nine used the same stabilization device but were positioned daily with the use of tattoos. Daily orthogonal kilovoltage setup images were used to calculate setup errors. Displacements in the left/right (Lt/Rt), superior/inferior (Sup/Inf), and anterior/posterior (Ant/Post) directions were determined as well as pitch and yaw rotational errors. ResultsFive hundred and twenty-three image pairs were analysed. Clinically significant differences were found in yaw error, Lt/Rt displacement, and Sup/Inf displacement in the tattooed patients. The median (interquartile range) absolute yaw error was larger for patients without tattoos: 1.4° (1.4° to 2.1°) compared to 0.8° (0.8° to 1.4°) for patients with tattoos. The percentage of both Sup/Inf and Lt/Rt errors >3 mm was also greater for patients without tattoos: 23.7% of Sup/Inf errors were >3 mm compared with 17.3% for patients with tattoos, and 22.3% of Lt/Rt errors were >3 mm compared with 10.0% for patients with tattoos. ConclusionThe addition of chest tattoos resulted in clinically relevant improvements in Lt/Rt and Sup/Inf translational displacements and variations in yaw for head and neck cancer patients.

Consumer–brand assemblages in advertising: an analysis of skin, identity, and tattoos in ads

This paper discusses how the use of tattoos in advertising renders diverse brand–consumer assemblages visible. In considering advertising practitioners as professionals of entanglement, the paper emphasizes the embeddedness of practitioners’ use of tattoo symbolism in institutionalized marketing systems and in the cultural history of tattooing. In accordance with the recent emphasis on the importance of material devices for understanding contemporary sociality, this paper presents a semiotic analysis of a convenience sample of advertisements depicting tattoos. Tattoos are productive for the study of brand–consumer assemblages because they are situated on the human skin, which is a mediator between the individual and the socio-material world. Furthermore, tattoos reproduce discourses of both mainstream fashion and deviant subcultural identification, which imbue tattoo symbolism with communicative potency. This analysis demonstrates how the emergence of brand tattoos in advertising challenges the dominant consumer centrism in consumer research and suggests a networked, emerging understanding of the subject in which agency is distributed in socio-technical assemblages.

Secret Ink: Tattoo's Place in Contemporary American Culture

Long considered a hallmark of American deviance, the tattoo has drastic in recent decades. No longer the purview of bikers, punks and thugs, tattooing is increasingly practiced and appropriated by mainstream, middle class individuals (DeMeIIo 41; Irwin 50). For many young Americans, the tattoo has taken on a decidedly different meaning than for previous generations. Estimates on the number of Americans with tattoos generally range from one in ten to one in five (Kosut 1036; Stirn, Hinz, and Brahler 533). Despite the fact that millions have been tattooed, not all tattooed bodies are equal in American culture. There is, indeed, a difference between people who have tattoos and the tattooed people (Bell 55-56). People who have tattoos usually have one to a few tattoos strategically placed on areas of their bodies that are easily hidden. While such tattoos may represent the self, they are not usually part of one's (public) self. Tattooed people, on the other hand, get tattoos that are always visible to others. Bold tattoos on the hand, neck and/or face are a prerequisite for tattooed people. Tattooed people readily and regularly display their tattoos to the world - to cover one's tattoos would be to deny one's true self. Though the number of Americans with tattoos has boomed, those who have tattoos and those considering tattoos typically recognize becoming a tattooed person necessitates fully embracing marginalization (Bell 55-56), limiting the number of tattooed people. According to Laumann and Derick, more than ninety percent of American tattooees can be classified as people who have tattoos (416). The aim of this article is to better understand how and why people who have tattoos - those with no desire to be associated with the freak show surrounding tattooed people (Bell 56) - negotiate their status as tattooees and transition through mainstream society. Considering the vast expansion of tattoos among mainstream Americans since die late 1980s and early 1990s (Rosenblatt 300), the reluctance of social scientists to investigate tattoos as a nondeviant, mainstream phenomenon is noteworthy. While the Tattoo Renaissance (Sanders, Marks 401) has led to a dramatic shift in the attitudes and arguments put forth by academics concerning tattoos, by no means are the old attitudes disappearing from the literature: [DJespite... path-breaking analyses of tattooing as a contextual and negotiated signifier of identity, sociological statements on the cultural use of tattoos in North America ultimately (re)produce a conceptualization of the practice as contra-normative. The symbiotic relationship between tattooing and illegal behaviour (or otherwise unconventional lifestyles) still dominates in sociological research. Sociologists prefer to study the subversive subcultural uses of tattooing. (Atkinson 127) This quote exposes the academic schism that has formed around this phenomenon. On the one side, researchers portray tattoos negatively by focusing on deviance and mental disorders. On the other, scholars view tattoos as positively contributing to identity formation and fashion. Even more important than the ideological split within the academic community is the one forming within society. For many young Americans, the tattoo has taken on a decidedly different meaning than for previous generations. The tattoo has undergone dramatic redefinition (Irwin 50) and has shifted from a form of deviance to an acceptable form of expression - at least as far as the youth are concerned. One contributing factor of this youthful shift is the media, which legitimates tattoos by positively portraying the tattooed lionized public figures (Kosut 1038) that many young people admire, such as actors, musicians and athletes. At the same time, however, the media is critical of average people with tattoos. This mixed message contributes to the seemingly contradictory situation wherein individuals use tattoos for identity expression and formation, all the while keeping the existence of their tattoos secret from the general public. …

Tattoo and taboo: On the meaning of tattoos in the analytic process

Tattooing projects a visual image in transference to form a backdrop for the most salient unconscious inner conflicts arising during an ongoing analytic process. Like a snapshot, the tattoo is a dialectic record of the mother‐father relationship, of desires for closeness and distance, commonality and difference, identification and individuation. As Walter Benjamin famously stated about the nature of visual images in his Arcades Project, the tattoo represents “dialectics at a standstill.” What seems paramount to the patient who participates in the act of tattooing is the need for stasis and immutability, as if bringing unconscious conflicts to “standstill” were to deliver a sense of stability. Unconsciously, the need is triggered by a threat to the inner stability resulting from fear of violating a taboo escalating to the point that fears of abandonment and fusion become unbearable.On the one hand, the tattoo is a visual symbolization of a taboo transgression; on the other hand, it activates the same through an act of self‐injury that resembles the magical ritual acts of indigenous peoples’ use of tattoos. The taboo thus serves as an ersatz for the actual violation of the taboo in real life, so that the tattoo may be ascribed a magical significance or totemic function. And yet the tattoo’s success as a vehicle for constructing a transitional object is always contingent on the tangible manipulation of the skin conjoined with the creation of a symbolizing visual image. The image then acts like a “patch” to repair holes blown into Winnicott’s “potential space” and to reconstruct it.

Asociación entre tatuajes, perforaciones y conductas de riesgo en adolescentes

The use of tattoos and piercings has increased, especially among adolescents in the last decades. To evaluate the prevalence of these behaviors in adolescents and their association with risk behaviors such as alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use and sexual promiscuity. An anonymous and confidential survey about tattooing and piercings was applied to randomly selected high school teenagers, attending municipal, private-subsidized and private schools, in four sectors of Santiago (north-east, south-east, north-west, south-west). The surveys were answered by 1329 participants with a mean age of 15 years (62% women) from 9 schools in Santiago. The prevalence of tattoos was 1.7% (confidence intervals (CI) 1.1% to 2.5%). The figure for piercings was 30.6% (CI 28.2 to 33.1%). A higher prevalence of tattooing and piercings was observed in groups with a history of psychiatric disorders, criminal records, alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug consumption and initiation of sexual activity (p < 0,001). This study confirms that tattoos and piercings are indicators of adolescent risk behaviors.

A Predictive Model for Lymph Node Yield in Colon Cancer Resection Specimens

To develop a predictive model of lymph node yield in a series of colon cancer resection specimens with detailed anatomic and surgical technique data. Lymph node yield in colon resection specimens has been associated with accuracy of staging and cancer outcomes. We hypothesized that lymph node yield is associated with multiple factors including patient, tumor,and surgical variables. The pathology specimens from 152 elective colon neoplasm resections were prepared so that the lymph nodes were separated according to their anatomic relationship to the vascular pedicles and to the tumor. Prior to dissection, the specimen was measured. A linear regression analysis of a priori identified predictors and confounders of lymph node quantity was performed. Potential predictors in the model were age, gender, tumor stage, size, location,and differentiation, presence of lymphovascular or perineural invasion,mucinous histology, number of vascular pedicles, and use of endoscopic tattoo. Potential confounders were American Society of Anesthesiologists class, body mass index, count of lymph node metastasis, and specimen length. Tumor size, tumor location, number of resected pedicles, and use of tattoo had a significant linear or quadratic relationship with lymph node yield when controlling other variables. 23% of the variation in lymph node count was explained by the 15 variables in the model. A model with the 4 significant variables explained 19% of the variation. Multiple tumor and surgical factors are associated with lymph node yields in colon specimens. A standard minimum of lymph nodes may not be applicable to all colon cancer resections.

Consent to External-Beam Radiotherapy

Canadian law, and the physician's code of ethics, requires that informed consent be obtained before any medical act is performed. However, there are no rules about how consent is to be obtained and by whom, and how that consent is to be documented.In April 2008, we asked the heads of all Canadian radiation oncology departments to tell us whether their centre uses a written consent form for external-beam radiotherapy and, if it did, to send us a copy of the form or forms used. Responses were received from 29 of the 38 centres contacted (76%). In 12 centres, all of them in British Columbia or Quebec, no written consent is obtained. Of the 17 centres (59%) that do seek written consent, 9 use a generic hospital or cancer centre form. Only 5 use a form specific to radiotherapy that mentions multiple visits, photographs in the treatment position, use of tattoos, and so on, and only 2 use a form that is specific to the tumour type or site irradiated and that explains the risks associated with treatment. The final centre of the 17 did not provide a form for review.While current practice at the McGill University Health Centre is not out of line with that at other Canadian centres, the results of our survey suggest a need for dialogue on the subject of consent for external-beam radiotherapy.

Prevalence of HIV Antibodies in Pregnant Women With Increased Risk for AIDS

The prevalence of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in pregnant women varies widely between industrialized and developing countries. There is a lack of information about the status of HIV-infected pregnant women with increased risk for AIDS. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of HIV antibodies in pregnant women with increased risk at the Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Leon, Mexico, from December 18, 2003, through February 28, 2006. In a cross-sectional study, 2,257 pregnant women with at least one risk factor for AIDS were recruited. In these women, a sample of blood to determine HIV antibodies was taken. There were two women with positive HIV antibodies; therefore, the HIV seroprevalence was 0.8 per 1,000. Of the two HIV-positive women, one of them had a history of chronic sexually transmitted diseases; she was married to a man who was working outside of our country for about 10 months, and also he had tattoos. The other HIV-positive woman had a history of chronic sexually transmitted diseases, and her husband had intercourse with different women. The risk factors of use of tattoos, migration to foreign countries, and use of injectable drugs were more frequent among the male partners than in the pregnant women (P < .001). We concluded that in our country as well as in other developing countries, the prevalence of HIV antibodies in pregnant women with risk factors is low but still present. Because a significant number of risk factors for AIDS also were found in their male partners, HIV testing should be performed in all pregnant women as well as in their male partners.

Tattoos and religion

Tattoos play an important role in many religions. Tattoos have been used for thousands of years as important tools in ritual and tradition. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have been hostile to the use of tattoos, but many religions, in particular Buddhism and Hinduism, make extensive use of them. This article examines their use as tools for protection and devotion.

Body of evidence: Tattoos, body piercing, and eating disorder symptoms among adolescents

Objective Tattoos and body piercing have been linked to risk-taking behaviors, including disordered eating, but the findings have come from selected samples that were at greater risk for bias due to comorbidity. This study set out to explore concurrently the prevalence of tattoos and body piercing, and eating disorder symptoms in a representative adolescent sample of a community in Sardinia, a major island in Italy. Methods A community sample of 828 students (female, 535; male, 282; mean age=17.5±1.4 years) among those attending high school in the district of Cagliari, Italy, were invited to take the Eating Attitudes Test, the Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh, and the Body Attitudes Test, alongside a short questionnaire aimed at evaluating their resorting to body modification practices, including tattooing and body piercing. Results Females scored higher than males at all eating disorder inventories. More males than females admitted the use of tattoos (14.5% vs. 5.4%), whereas the reverse was found for body piercing (18.4% vs. 21.3%). Tattoos among females and body piercing in both genders were statistically associated with eating disorder measures related to bulimia symptoms. On the whole, the degree of association was modest. Conclusions Tattoos and body piecing should be seen as desires to show a subject's identity rather than as a marker of psychopathology. Greater health education, however, is needed in the wake of the growing popularity of these body modification practices.

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose: A better submucosal fluid cushion for endoscopic mucosal resection

<h2>Abstract</h2> <b>Background:</b> Formation of a submucosal fluid cushion has become integral to endoscopic mucosal and polyp resection. Solutions available for injection into the submucosa of the GI tract create short-lasting submucosal fluid cushions or are costly. The feasibility, durability, and histologic response to submucosal fluid cushions created by injection of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were studied in the esophagus of pigs. <b>Methods:</b> Thirty-six esophageal submucosal fluid cushions created with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were studied in 12 animals divided in 2 groups of 6 animals each. In Group I, 18 submucosal fluid cushions were created by submucosal injection of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose followed by tattooing. In Group II, 18 submucosal fluid cushions were created by submucosal injection of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, with sites marked by an endoscopically placed suture. In all cases, the duration of the submucosal fluid cushion was measured. After 7 days, submucosal fluid cushion sites were assessed by EGD, necropsy, and histologic evaluation. <b>Results:</b> The mean submucosal fluid cushion duration was 36 minutes (3-45 minutes) and 38 minutes (5-45 minutes) for, respectively, Groups I and II. EGD and necropsy after 1 week showed normal-appearing mucosa at the site of all submucosal fluid cushions in both groups. Some Group I animals additionally had nodules at the tattoo sites. Histologic assessment demonstrated minimal alterations in 33 of 36 (92%) submucosal fluid cushion sites and localized mild inflammatory reaction in 3 of 36 (8%). In Group I, 8 of 18 (44%) tattoo sites exhibited a significant inflammatory reaction, including 3 abscesses. <b>Conclusions:</b> Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose creates a long-lasting submucosal fluid cushion with minimal tissue reaction and should be considered a low-cost option for creating submucosal fluid cushions. The use of tattooing with carbon black should be carefully considered when histologic study is required to assess potential inflammatory tissue responses to an invasive technique or instillation of foreign material in the GI tract. (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:41-7.)

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose: A better submucosal fluid cushion for endoscopic mucosal resection

Background: Formation of a submucosal fluid cushion has become integral to endoscopic mucosal and polyp resection. Solutions available for injection into the submucosa of the GI tract create short-lasting submucosal fluid cushions or are costly. The feasibility, durability, and histologic response to submucosal fluid cushions created by injection of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were studied in the esophagus of pigs. Methods: Thirty-six esophageal submucosal fluid cushions created with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were studied in 12 animals divided in 2 groups of 6 animals each. In Group I, 18 submucosal fluid cushions were created by submucosal injection of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose followed by tattooing. In Group II, 18 submucosal fluid cushions were created by submucosal injection of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, with sites marked by an endoscopically placed suture. In all cases, the duration of the submucosal fluid cushion was measured. After 7 days, submucosal fluid cushion sites were assessed by EGD, necropsy, and histologic evaluation. Results: The mean submucosal fluid cushion duration was 36 minutes (3-45 minutes) and 38 minutes (5-45 minutes) for, respectively, Groups I and II. EGD and necropsy after 1 week showed normal-appearing mucosa at the site of all submucosal fluid cushions in both groups. Some Group I animals additionally had nodules at the tattoo sites. Histologic assessment demonstrated minimal alterations in 33 of 36 (92%) submucosal fluid cushion sites and localized mild inflammatory reaction in 3 of 36 (8%). In Group I, 8 of 18 (44%) tattoo sites exhibited a significant inflammatory reaction, including 3 abscesses. Conclusions: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose creates a long-lasting submucosal fluid cushion with minimal tissue reaction and should be considered a low-cost option for creating submucosal fluid cushions. The use of tattooing with carbon black should be carefully considered when histologic study is required to assess potential inflammatory tissue responses to an invasive technique or instillation of foreign material in the GI tract. (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:41-7.)