Use Of Tactics Research Articles

Police Interviewing in Spain: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs

Over the past decades, the psychological science has accumulated a large corpus of empirical knowledge about police interviews, deception detection, and suspects’ confessions. However, it is unclear whether European police forces’ practices and beliefs are consistent with recommendations derived from this empirical literature. The study described in this report is part of a larger research project examining European police investigators’ practices and beliefs. An online survey was administered to Guardia Civil (n = 89) and Policía Nacional investigators (n = 126). The survey inquired about the length, frequency and electronic recording of interviews, the suspects’ use of their right to remain silent, investigators’ self-reported skills in distinguishing between truthful and deceptive statements, their estimates of the frequency of (false) confessions, and their use of specific interview tactics. The outcomes provide insights into investigators’ knowledge and practices, highlight specific needs, and allow for a comparison between European and North American police forces.

The double-edged sword effect of employee impression management and counterproductive work behavior: From the perspective of self-control resource theory.

Why do people who seem to be doing well in the workplace occasionally behave badly? Because these employees may be using impression management tactics to create an image. Existing studies have focused on comparing the differences in the use of impression management among different individuals, but cannot explain why a well-behaved individual sometimes behaves badly. Based on the theory of self-control resources, we adopts the survey method of job logs and collects the data of 121 employees. The results show that: (1) the use of self-promotion tactics and ingratiation tactics will promote the depletion of self-control resources. (2) The depletion of self-control resources will encourage employees to engage in counterproductive work behaviors. (3) The effect of self-promotion tactic and ingratiation tactic on the depletion of self-control resources was moderated by emotional intelligence. In the case of high emotional intelligence, this effect is attenuated. And vice versa. (4) Under high emotional intelligence and low emotional intelligence, the indirect effects of self-promotion tactic and ingratiation tactic on employees' counterproductive work behaviors are significantly different. Our research breaks through the between-individual perspective and illustrates the double-edged sword effect of self-promotion tactic and ingratiation tactic on employee counterproductive work behavior and its mechanism from the internal perspective, which is highly innovative.

The Road to Electoral Authoritarianism: Tracing Three Phases of State-Society Contention in Post-Colonial Hong Kong, 2003–2020

Previous studies have examined Hong Kong’s hybrid regime by investigating the interactions among activists, the local government, and the Chinese national government. This article adopts the lens of contentious politics and a multi-level approach to understand regime evolution within the local-national-regional-global nexus. It presents an original dataset that records movement tactics and state responses in four major protests and delineates three phases of state-society contention between 2003 and 2020. It explains regime evolution by highlighting five intertwining factors: activists’ tactical learning; organisational ecology in civil society; state repression strategies; regional politics in Greater China; and international political economy. It finds that the first phase (2003–2012) was characterised by an increasing use of disruptive tactics, an emergent call for de-centred mobilisation, and a limited deployment of state security forces. The second phase (2013–2015) exhibited nascent applications of violent tactics, while the state employed more forceful police repression, re-engineered the electoral field, and sponsored counter-mobilisation. The most recent phase (2016–2020) showed activists’ intensified use of violent tactics and a strong intention to seek international support. The state responded to local threats and international pressure with violent crackdowns and stricter institutional arrangements, which has resulted in an electoral authoritarian regime that is less-than-competitive.

Talar body and posterior talar process fracture combined with peritalar luxation (clinical case)

The uniqueness of this clinical case is due to a rare combination of peritalar luxation of the talus with a fracture of its body and posterior process. No description of the same clinical case was found in the literature, however, it has been proven that such injuries have an unfavorable prognosis and are fraught with multiple complications. Also, the limited information associated with the low incidence of this type of severe injury puts practitioners in front of the difficulties of diagnosis and treatment. A 35-year-old man was injured while playing basketball. Upon admission, computed tomography (CT) revealed a fracture of the body of the talus with displacement of the distal fragment and its dislocation in the talonavicular, subtalar and talo-tibial joints, as well as a fracture of the posterior process of the talus. After an unsuccessful attempt at closed reduction, open removal of the dislocation and reposition of fragments were performed, followed by osteosynthesis of the fracture of the body of the talus. In the postoperative period, additional immobilization in the ANF was performed, followed by replacement with a functional orthosis. 6 months after the injury, the patient restored the level of his daily activities almost completely, the control CT showed no signs of post-traumatic arthrosis of the subtalar and ankle joints, how-ever, there were signs of the development of partial aseptic necrosis of the talus. This injury is unique, and despite its severity, the use of the correct treatment tactics can provide a satisfactory clinical and functional outcome.

Scientists warning on the ecological effects of radioactive leaks on ecosystems

A nuclear leakage or tactical nuclear weapon use in a limited war could cause immense and long-lasting ecological consequences beyond the direct site of exposure. We call upon all scientists to communicate the importance of the environmental impacts of such an event to all life forms on Earth, including humankind. Changes to ecosystem structure and functioning and species extinctions would alter the biosphere for an unknown time frame. Radiation could trigger cascade effects in marine, atmospheric and terrestrial ecosystems of a magnitude far beyond human capabilities for mitigation or adaptation. Even a “tactical nuclear war” could alter planet Earth’s living boundaries, ending the current Anthropocene era.

Exploring OTC drug consumers’ perception towards online shopping and digital marketing through qualitative interviews: A sample from Malaysia

ABSTRACT The digital transformation movement persuaded many pharma companies towards greater adoption of digital marketing and e-commerce. This was accelerated even more by the COVID-19 crisis. Therefore, this study aims to explore the general perception and attitude of consumers in Malaysia regarding the use of online shopping and digital marketing tactics for OTC drugs. Thirteen in-depth interviews were conducted between September and November 2020. A thematic content analysis approach was used to analyse the qualitative data. Key themes emerging from the interviews included: (1) general perception of OTC drug consumers regarding digital marketing; (2) attitude of consumers towards the purchase of OTC drugs; (3) factors affecting OTC drug consumer behaviour; and (4) perception of consumers towards online advertisements for OTC drugs. The majority of the study participants believe that digital marketing has a direct or indirect impact on their purchasing decisions as OTC consumers. Although most rely mainly on offline purchases for OTC products, they have shown a willingness to increase their adoption of online purchasing methods, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak. These findings can be useful to public and private healthcare managers on a practical level.

Применение тактических возможностей отделения на основном пожарном автомобиле при тушении пожаров

PURPOSE. The given article is the first to consider a new model of the main general-purpose fire truck WT 3,2 40/4 (43253), developed by the manufacturer by the order of EMERCOM of Russia and supplied to fire departments for their technical equipment within the framework of the “Programs for the development of the armament with military and special equipment in the part of EMERCOM of Russia until 2035”. The article is based on the outcomes of the scientific research carried out by a group of authors in 2022 by the order of the Central Office of EMERCOM of Russia. The authors paid attention to the methodology of calculating indicators (parameters) of the tactical capabilities of a crew on the main general-purpose fire truck (fire tanker), combat using tactical capabilities of fire service units when extinguishing fires and conducting emergency rescue operations, as well as combat (tactical) use of the main fire truck. METHODS. The research provides analytical (mathematical) calculations of indicators of the tactical capabilities of a crew on the main general-purpose fire truck (fire tanker) based on tactical tasks that need to be solved by this crew when extinguishing a fire. FINDINGS. The authors identified analytical (calculated) indicators (parameters) of the department tactical capabilities of a crew on the main general-purpose fire truck (fire tanker), outlined methods of these indicators practical application in fire extinguishment along with the main schemes for a fire tanker combat use. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. Based on this scientific material, a group of authors developed “Recommendations for using fire services units’ tactical capabilities when extinguishing fires and conducting emergency rescue operations”. Based on the indicators of a fire tanker tactical capabilities, the incident commander is able to determine the required amount of forces and means for extinguishing fires quickly and accurately, namely the number (rank) of the fire, as well as organize the non-stop supply of extinguishing agents by the fire tankers crews when extinguishing fires. CONCLUSIONS. Knowledge of the tactical capabilities of the crews on the main fire trucks and the schemes for their tactical (combat) use, both autonomously (independently) and as part of the guard, allows the incident commander to determine and concentrate a sufficient amount of means and forces to extinguish fires within the shortest possible time, as well as use them effectively in rescuing people, protecting and evacuating (rescue) property, and the elimination of fires. Studying and applying the given knowledge within the framework of combat training in fire-tactical classes, fire-tactical exercises, as well as in extinguishing fires can increase the level of an incident commander tactical training, reduce the number of fatalities in fires as well as economic and material damage from fires in the Russian Federation.

Bespilotne letelice kao revolucionarno sredstvo u savremenim oružanim sukobima

More than a century has passed since the third dimension of space (airspace) has become an important place where combat and non-combat activities take place. The ability of the Air Force to carry out a wide range of content of combat operations and other activities from the airspace ensured the development of new qualitative characteristics of modern armed conflicts. The absence of physical limitations, high maneuverability and dynamism, short reaction time, as well as the high intensity of actions carried out by the Air Force, have enabled these forces to have strategic importance in armed conflicts since the Second World War. In parallel with the development of civilization and the emergence of qualitatively new technologies, rapidly improved technological solutions are being developed, which are changing the way of life of people around the world, improving it literally day by day. Each technological generation brings a new level of civilizational development, leading to the symbiosis of man as a human being and modern technical and technological means. Undoubtedly, this is also the case with the development of modern weapon systems and equipment used in armed conflicts. This is also the case with the revolutionary development of new weapon systems in air forces around the world. The development of modern weapons in the air force is best seen through the development of unmanned aerial platforms (unmanned aerial vehicles). The development of these assets is a consequence of the industrial revolution of the fourth generation and the importance of these platforms in the realization of tasks in modern armed conflicts is almost immeasurable. Namely, every conflict brings exponential development of these assets, both in technical and tactical sense. The development of these means in modern armed conflicts is a continuous process that is realized on the basis of previous experiences from the tactical use of unmanned aerial vehicles in concrete combat actions. There is no doubt that the technological progress of these means is something that in the future will enable the almost unlimited use of these aircraft in the execution of a wide variety of tasks without minimal danger to human life. This paper, whose main goal is to describe the unmanned aerial vehicle as a tool for the execution of a wide range of tasks in an unlimited war format, consists of three chapters in addition to the introduction and conclusion. In the first chapter, the theoretical determination of the unmanned aerial vehicle as a weapon-equipment system was made. In the second chapter, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles is analyzed on the examples of armed conflicts in Syria and Nagorno-Karabakh. In the third chapter, an analysis of potential aviation patterns of unmanned aerial vehicles and loitering munition (also known as a suicide drone or kamikaze drone) in combat operations was carried out.

Identifying Potentially Fraudulent Credit Card Transactions with the use of Soft Computing Methods

One of the most pervasive difficulties facing modern finance organisations, corporations, and governments is the alarming rise in fraudulent or dishonest practises around financial transactions, especially those using credit cards. As difficulties go, this is one of the more prevalent ones. To protect the interests of both consumers and businesses, it is crucial to implement a fraud detection system that heavily relies on the use of intelligent fraud detection tactics. Numerous fraud detection methods, strategies, and systems have been reported in the scholarly literature; many of them make use of intelligent strategies like algorithms and frameworks. This project begins out with an exploratory data analysis aimed at identifying potentially fraudulent credit card transactions. The authors next provide some categorization models that are implemented in soft computing by means of ingenious methodologies. For the aim of evaluation, several other classification algorithms such decision trees, random forests, and logistic regressions have been used in addition to the Knearest neighbour (K-NN) technique. The suggested model provides a more accurate, computationally efficient, and lightweight option for detecting credit card fraud.

Оптимизация хирургической тактики лечения пациентов с рецидивами варикозной болезни нижних конечностей

Aim: to justify the choice of the most optimal treatment method depending on the cause, and clinical and anatomical patterns of the varicose veins relapse. Patients and Methods: treatment results of 157 patients with varicose vein relapses were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 39,8±0,3 years. 3 years after surgery, relapse occurred in 23 (14.7%) patients, in terms of 3 to 5 years — in 95 (60.5%), after 5 years or more — in 39 (24.8%). Different treatment methods were used depending on the individual clinical and anatomical relapse form of varicose veins. Anesthesia choice depended on the type and extent of surgical intervention. Of the open access, 94 (59.9%) surgical interventions were performed, minimally invasive methods of treatment were used in 63 (40.1%) cases. The life quality was assessed at the patient's admission to the clinic and 1–2 years after the end of treatment using the CIVIQ-2 questionnaire. Results and Discussion: after the use of minimally invasive techniques, the average pain intensity on the VAS was 3.1±0.2, in patients who underwent open resurgeries — 5.4±0.3. Early postoperative complications were noted in 3 (1,9%) patients. Long-term treatment results were examined in 129 (82.2%) patients out of 157 included in the study within 12 to 24 months after discharge from the clinic. After performing open surgeries, the average value of the cosmesis index on a ten-point scale was 6.1±0.3 points, after minimally invasive interventions — 7.9±0.5. In the long-term period, the disease repeatedly recurred in 2 (1.6%) patients. It was also found that the use of the developed treatment tactics for patients with relapses of varicose veins leads to an improvement in the life quality parameters by 1,2–1,5 times. Conclusion: eliminating the causes of varicose disease relapse, minimizing the invasiveness of interventions improves immediate and long- term treatment results and the life quality of patients. The use of preoperative duplex angioscanning and modern high-tech treatment methods helps to reduce the relapse number of varicose veins associated with technical and tactical errors of surgeons. KEYWORDS: varicose vein relapses, minimally invasive interventions, open surgeries, life quality. FOR CITATION: Zubritskiy V.F., Chernookov A.I., Kuznetsov M.R. et al. Surgical tactics optimization for the treatment of patients with relapses of lower limb varicose veins. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2023;7(4):225–231 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2023-7-4-225-231.

APRIMORAMENTOS DA APTIDÃO FÍSICA NAS JOGADORAS DE VOLEIBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction: Volleyball is a competitive sport demanding the athlete's excellent physical fitness because the execution of its movements requires flexibility and agility. Objective: Analyze the effects of a specific training protocol on physical fitness at a competitive level on volleyball players. Methods: This paper selects 12 female volleyball players as volunteers for research subjects. The athletes’ agility quality was examined for intellectual efficiency, psychological susceptibility, and flexibility, among other indicators. The mathematical statistical analysis program SPSS13.0 was used to analyze and process female volleyball players’ sensitivity and characteristics of fitness quality. Results: The responsiveness of Chinese female volleyball players is mainly reflected in athletes’ intellectual agility and kinetic adaptations. The characteristics of technology for protection are practical, diverse, and economical. Transmission technology is characterized by high speed and quick thinking. The sensitivity and quality of the volleyball players are high. Conclusion: The sensitivity of volleyball players is produced in response to changes in the sports court environment. The use of various tactics and auxiliary equipment in volleyball will cause changes in the court situation. The quality of sensitivity is critical in the physical training of volleyball players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Terrified or Enraged? Emotional Microfoundations of Public Counterterror Attitudes

AbstractDespite the widespread assumption of terrorism's “terrifying” effect, there has been little systematic testing of the specific emotional microfoundations underlying public opinion about terrorism. While fear is one well-recognized emotional response to terror threats, in societies where terrorism is rare, anger may play a more pivotal role, with distinct consequences for citizens’ downstream political attitudes. To test the impact of these emotional mechanisms on public opinion in the wake of terrorism, I employ a multi-arm mechanism experiment (n = 5,499) in the United States that manipulates both exposure to news about different types of terror attacks and the encouraged emotional response. I supplement this experimental study with observational analyses of the emotional content of social media posts in the wake of sixteen real-world terror attacks in the United States. I find that not only is anger the dominant emotional response to terrorism across both studies, but also that punitive motivations and support for retaliation are both directly shaped by experimentally induced anger after exposure to news about terrorism. These findings illuminate strategic incentives shaping militants’ use of terror tactics, electoral constraints leaders face in formulating counterterror policy, and the emotional mechanisms fueling cycles of political violence.

O efeito do ativismo social em organizações: uma visão integrativa da literatura

Abstract Individuals and organized groups may adopt social activism to demand corporate change to tackle many issues, from the companies’ lack of attention to social problems to global climate demands. This research considers that social activism influences organizations and aims to analyze the effects of this influence. An integrative review was carried out in the databases Scopus and Portal de Periódicos da Capes, identifying 152 articles to analyze the theories and constructs adopted, findings, and gaps in the literature on social activism. The results reveal that studies have analyzed social activism under different theoretical lenses, as a phenomenon of study, materialized in isolated actions, or as coordinated movements advocating a specific cause, bringing different effects to organizations. The literature reveals the use of different tactics to promote social activism and that gender equality, company diversity, and impact on environmental, social, and governance issues are examples of causes advocated. In the theoretical perspective, most of the studies did not mention a specific theory. Even when studies mention theories, they do it in a pluralistic way, not focusing on the development of one specific theory. The most recurrent theories identified were agency theory, institutional theory, stakeholder theory, digital activism theory, resource dependency theory (RDT), social movement theory, and resource mobilization theory. The theoretical connection, therefore, can bring new contributions to the study of social activism.

The Research on the Portrayal of Characters in the Movie I Love Lucy by Using Industry Multi-Camera Approaches

The portrayal of characters in television shows has a significant impact on captivating audiences and shaping their overall viewing experience. Characters are essential elements that draw viewers into the narrative and make them emotionally invested in the story. Through their actions, emotions, and relationships, characters become relatable and allow the audience to connect with the show on a deeper level. Moreover, well-developed characters with compelling storylines can leave a lasting impression on viewers, leading to a more satisfying and memorable viewing experience. Thus, the portrayal of characters holds immense importance in ensuring the success and popularity of television shows.In this literature review, this paper delves into the ways in which industry multi-camera approaches contribute to the depiction and development of characters in the timeless sitcom I Love Lucy. Through qualitative analysis, this study explores how the implementation of multi-camera angles, live audience reactions, and real-time interactions impact the show’s comedic timing, expressions, and the chemistry between characters. By examining the strategic use of multicamera tactics in “I Love Lucy” including wide shots, reaction shots, and two-shots, this paper are able to observe the effectiveness of these techniques in capturing physical comedy, nuanced character interactions, and interpersonal dynamics. These tactics greatly enhance audience engagement, allowing viewers to fully immerse themselves in the world of the show. The findings of this research emphasize the significance of multi-camera approaches in character portrayal. By employing various camera angles and capturing live audience reactions, television creators and producers have the ability to create captivating characters that resonate with audiences. Additionally, these techniques foster strong audience connections, as viewers become more emotionally invested in the lives and stories of the characters. Ultimately, this literature review provides valuable insights for television creators and producers who aspire to create compelling characters and establish meaningful connections with their audiences. By understanding the impact of multi-camera approaches on character portrayal, industry professionals can employ these tactics to their advantage, resulting in more engaging and memorable television experiences for viewers.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОВЕДІНКОЮ СПОЖИВАЧІВ НА ОСНОВІ МАРКЕТИНГОВОГО ЦІНОУТВОРЕННЯ

The essence of the concept of "consumer behavior" has been studied. Factors influencing it have been identified, including personal preferences, needs, values, and external influences such as advertising, marketing activities, and social factors. Such groups of influencing factors on consumer behavior are characterized, such as: demographic characteristics, psychological factors, social factors, marketing factors (including marketing pricing). Their role in the formation of the purchase decision is determined. The place of marketing pricing in the model of consumer behavior is presented, which provides an understanding of how and why decisions are made to purchase goods or services, how consumers react to various marketing techniques, and which of them the company can apply. Thanks to their use, a better understanding of the behavior of consumers in choosing and purchasing products is achieved, and hence, more effective use of marketing tools. It is noted that a seller who understands the mechanisms of irrational consumer behavior can present goods in such a way as to convince the buyer to give them a higher rating. Four directions of research into irrational consumer behavior are characterized: perception of percentage differences, perception of unrounded endings, influence of relative prices, influence of perception. Management of consumer behavior taking into account marketing pricing includes the use of pricing strategies and tactics to influence consumer decisions about purchasing goods or services. The authors characterized some of these approaches, in particular, price differentiation, price-quality strategy, price leadership strategy, promotions and discounts, free offers, dynamic pricing. It is noted that the buyer's perception of the product price directly affects the sales efficiency and the seller's profitability. Therefore, the marketing department of any firm must be able to predict and model the possible reaction of the consumer to the chosen price strategy, as well as take into account as many psychological factors as possible during its development. Methods of managing consumer behavior based on marketing pricing are highlighted.

Re-examination of the scale of manipulation tactics used in everyday life(1): Adjustment of items

Re-examination of the scale of manipulation tactics used in everyday life(1): Adjustment of items

“I choose fish”: Understanding informal civil society in Vietnam through environmental grievances and actions

This paper focuses on informal civil society in an authoritarian context, particularly the unprecedented nation-wide protests and civic action in Vietnam, triggered by the industrial pollution and the resulting mass fish death on the central coast in 2016. We explore civil society actors' motivations and tactics to take action under political restrictions. Data was collected from semi-structured interviews with civil society actors. The findings illustrate how informal civil society in Vietnam is built on independent or partly NGO-affiliated individuals working together to promote non-violent change, although the process of doing so might involve challenging the government apparatus. The activists were motivated to take action by the dead fish’ symbolism of endangered livelihood, environmental protection, and to demand transparency from the government. Critical factors further contributing to the mobilisation of citizens included the combination of food symbolism and anti-China nationalism, the tactical use of Facebook by urban activists, and religious leadership in the rural areas. The protests resulting from the coastal pollution can be seen as boundary-spanning events through which Vietnamese civil society actors ‘invent’ spaces of (political) participation amidst limited ‘invited’ space.

Cyber Protection of Hotel Brands

Topicality. The hotel industry suffered significant financial shifts during pandemic, which have been exacerbated by the martial law in Ukraine. The problem of protecting intangible assets has become relevant, in particular, in conditions that some blighty hotels have Russian beneficiaries, and certain international brands have remained their activity in Russia, which unleashed a full-scale war in Ukraine. In addition to physical destruction, hotels have also become the subject of information war and cybercrimes. Therefore, the issue of brands cyber protection has become an important component of the development strategy, over and above, in digitalisation sphere. The topicality of this research lies in cyber threats identification, as well as determination of the main aspects of protection against them. All this mentioned above is based on scientific positions and practical reviews.
 The aim of the study and its methods. The aim of the article is to research the essence of brands cyber protection, and found the mechanism of its provision. Interpreted for the research, the scientific topic has determined the use of general scientific and special methods, which made it possible to define operational definitions, and build a hypothetical study apparatus. Thus, the methods of analysis, synthesis and induction have beed used in order to formulate theoretical approaches. A horizon scanning method has been applied to assess cyber threats and the potential impact of digital innovations on cyber defence capabilities. In turn, modelling has been used for creating a hotel brand cyber defence referent model. In the process of forming a visual scenario of foresight of hotel brands cyber protection in the aspect of digital technologies development, the technological road map method has been applied. It is based on apriori plots and points of critical decisions.
 Results. The definition of “cyber protection” has been worked out, its main elements have been determined. The emphasis has been placed on digital communications as key drivers of the sales system, which provoke risks for the hotel brand security. In dynamics, the parameters of hotel brands operating in Ukraine have been evaluated. The sources of support for hotel brands at formal and informal levels of communications, which ensure the hotel brand cyber security, have been characterised. The key problems of ensuring brands cyber protection in Ukraine have been considered. In particular, insufficient attention to risk management, which causes financial and reputational losses, as well as stoppages of hotel business processes, has been highlighted. Directions for increasing the level of cyber protection based on the use of cyber resilience tactics, oriented on brand carriers and cyber risk categories, have been offered, as well as measures in management of informal communication channels. Prospects for further research are the effectiveness evaluation of cyber protection management of hotel business entities on the background of the growth of cyber-attacks and cyber threats in Ukrainian digital space.
 Conclusions and discussion. The conducted research demonstrates the relevance of scientific studies of the issue of hotel brand cyber protection, as it allows to study and scientifically substantiate the directions of creating strategic outposts, which is a necessary condition for maintaining consumer loyalty, and preventing financial and reputational losses for hotel business entities, additionally, avoiding bankruptcy. Used in this research, scientific works confirm the importance of brand protection in the digital space, which is an element of hotel economic security.

Performance Level and Strike Type during Ground and Pound Determine Impact Characteristics and Net Force Variability.

The evaluation of strike impact is important for optimal training, conditioning and tactical use. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate ground and pound strikes, in terms of net force variability, across genders and performance levels. Eighty-one participants, professional men (n = 8, 37 ± 6 years, 195 ± 7 cm, 113 ± 27 kg), advanced men (n = 47, 26 ± 8 years, 180 ± 7 cm, 76 ± 11 kg), and advanced women (n = 26, 21 ± 1 years, 167 ± 6 cm, 61 ± 7 kg) performed three strikes from a kneeling position into a force plate on the ground. The elbow strike resulted in the highest impulse and the palm strike in the highest peak force for all three categories. These results support the recommendation that has previously been made to teach the palm strike to beginners and advanced tactical and combat athletes. The direct punch and elbow strike net force were characterized by a double peak curve, where the first peak variability explained 70.2-84% of the net force. The second peak was pronounced in professional men during elbow strikes, which explained 16% of net force variability. The strike type determines the impact net force and its characteristics, where palm strike is typical by highest peak impact tolerance and elbow strike by double force peak with high net force impulse.

Laughter Protest

The subject of this study is contemporary conceptions of laughter protest as it relates to trends in political communication and activism. Through conceptual and comparative analysis, we explore the role of the comical in social and political protest in order to formulate a kind of research framework for this type of resistance and to generalize models and tools for analyzing laughter protest practices and actions. Underlining the paradoxical nature of the comic – namely, its intention to preserve and simultaneously undermine the existing order – we show the specificity and functions of laughter in resistance, and what the optics of humor analysis in contemporary protest practices might be. The outcome of this research is a generalization of the functions and “methods of action” of the comical in political resistance, as well as key concepts and notions that enable us to interpret instances of the use of comic tactics by protesters. Thus, we classified identification, differentiation, control, and resistance as functions, while the list of concepts included play, carnival, nonviolence, cultural silencing, utopian imagination, and the optics of social movements. Using the example of interpretation in the DOXA’s “Auction of Words”, we examined the possibilities of the proposed framework of analysis. The article is addressed to researchers in various fields of humanitarian knowledge, as well as to a wide range of readers interested in the problems of activism, humor, and protest movements.