Use Of Swear Words Research Articles

Identifying signals associated with psychiatric illness utilizing language and images posted to Facebook

Prior research has identified associations between social media activity and psychiatric diagnoses; however, diagnoses are rarely clinically confirmed. Toward the goal of applying novel approaches to improve outcomes, research using real patient data is necessary. We collected 3,404,959 Facebook messages and 142,390 images across 223 participants (mean age = 23.7; 41.7% male) with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), mood disorders (MD), and healthy volunteers (HV). We analyzed features uploaded up to 18 months before the first hospitalization using machine learning and built classifiers that distinguished SSD and MD from HV, and SSD from MD. Classification achieved AUC of 0.77 (HV vs. MD), 0.76 (HV vs. SSD), and 0.72 (SSD vs. MD). SSD used more (P < 0.01) perception words (hear, see, feel) than MD or HV. SSD and MD used more (P < 0.01) swear words compared to HV. SSD were more likely to express negative emotions compared to HV (P < 0.01). MD used more words related to biological processes (blood/pain) compared to HV (P < 0.01). The height and width of photos posted by SSD and MD were smaller (P < 0.01) than HV. MD photos contained more blues and less yellows (P < 0.01). Closer to hospitalization, use of punctuation increased (SSD vs HV), use of negative emotion words increased (MD vs. HV), and use of swear words increased (P < 0.01) for SSD and MD compared to HV. Machine-learning algorithms are capable of differentiating SSD and MD using Facebook activity alone over a year in advance of hospitalization. Integrating Facebook data with clinical information could one day serve to inform clinical decision-making.

Lyrical Content of Contemporary Popular Music (1999-2018) and the Role of Healthcare Providers in Media Education of Children and Adolescents.

Music can affect the behavior and emotion of children and adolescents. We conducted a content and trend analysis of Billboard’s top 10 songs, 1999-2018, with particular attention to adult and positive themes. There was a total of 3633 total references, 3298 (90.8%) adult themes, and 335 (9.2%) positive themes. The most common adult themes were “sexually suggestive lyrics” (32.2%), “sexually suggestive dancing” (15.6%), “use of swear words” (13.7%), “alcohol use” (4.7%), and “use of guns/deadly weapons” (4.7%). The most common positive theme was “empowerment” (62.3%). There were greater references per minute for adult themes (4.8 vs. 3.7 references per minute) and positive themes (0.6 vs. 0.3 references per minute) in the 2009-2018 study period as compared with the 1999-2008 study period. We encourage pediatric healthcare providers to be active participants in the promotion of media education, and we encourage parents to be mindful of the level of media exposure.

LEKSIKON MAKIAN DALAM PERTUTURAN BAHASA INDONESIA: KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK

This research reveals the use of swear words in Indonesian language speech, including cursing, the referent of swear words, the type of target substance, the factors that influence the use of swearing, and gender: the data analysis used comparative, matching, and introspection methods with a socio pragmatic lens. Speaking pattern is used to know about the factors behind using the swear words. The study results are that the form of the swearing lexicon consists of words, phrases, and clauses. The shorter the form of swearing, the more expressive the name of curses is. The swear words referred to the body, nature, activity, animal, profession, artist/character, food, spirits, kinship, ethnicity, and hometown. The target substance to which abuse is aimed at ignorance, abnormality, something cursed, unlucky, and disgusting. The swear lexicon is spoken more often by men than women.

Bentuk dan Alasan Penggunaan Kata Makian Bahasa Melayu Tamiang di Akademi Komunitas Negeri Aceh Tamiang

This research aims to describe Form and reason of use of Tamiang Malay Language swears word by Aceh Tamiang Comunity Akademy. Swear words are often used to pout other people or express resentment so that it feels far from national ethics and culture. the researcher used sociolinguistic studies to approach the phenomenon. The researcher attempts to associate the choice of variety and variations of swear words to find the form and the reasons of use swear word at the student level. This research method uses descriptive qualitative research methods, this means, the researcher attempted to present data on the use of swear words to students using in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion.This study concludes that there are differences in form and reason of use of Tamiang Malay Language swear word by Aceh Tamiang Comunity Akademy.This research aims to describe Form and reason of use of Tamiang Malay Language swears word by Aceh Tamiang Comunity Akademy. Swear words are often used to pout other people or express resentment so that it feels far from national ethics and culture. the researcher used sociolinguistic studies to approach the phenomenon. The researcher attempts to associate the choice of variety and variations of swear words to find the form and the reasons of use swear word at the student level. This research method uses descriptive qualitative research methods, this means, the researcher attempted to present data on the use of swear words to students using in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion.This study concludes that there are differences in form and reason of use of Tamiang Malay Language swear word by Aceh Tamiang Comunity Akademy.

The Use of Swear Words in the Movies with Different Topics and Characters

This study was aimed at examining the use of swear word in the movies with different topics and characters. The objectives if this study were to find out the reasons of using swear word in the movies. This study was conducted by descriptive qualitative method. The source of data was transcript the movies. The data were identified, analyzed, and categorized based on L,jung ( 2012 ) theory. The technique of data collection was interactive model by Miles and Huberman ( 2014 ). The findings of the study showed that : 1. There are three ways of using swear words such as (1) interjection, (2) emphasizer, (3), expletive slot filler in each movies, but from all of that ways interjections is the most in each movies. 2. The reasons for using the swear words in the movies are psychological; and social movies.

Victimological Safety of Persons Sentenced to Imprisonment: Conceptual Aspects

The author presents the conceptual basis of an independent trend in victimology - the victimological safety of persons sentenced to imprisonment. The independence of this trend is justified by the existence of its own subject, object, aim, its theoretical and practical relevance, which are described in this paper. It is suggested that the victimological safety of convicts should be understood as the situation when their rights are protected during their imprisonment in correctional institutions. The research of the victimological safety of convicts is necessary because correctional institutions are highly criminogenic, and inmates are potentially predisposed to be victims of criminal behavior. The author enumerates factors influencing the victimity of inmates: personal traits of convicts (light-mindedness, casual behavior, customary use of swearwords that compensate for a poor vocabulary, etc.); character of the crime for which a person is convicted; psychological climate in the community of inmates, level of law and order maintained in the correctional institution; other factors determining the status of a convict in the penitentiary social environment. The author also presents a typology of convicts who become victims of criminal infringements; characterizes inmates placed in isolation for the reasons of personal safety; enumerates the most victimogenic categories of convicts in places of confinement; points out causes and conditions that victimize the personality of a convict in correctional institutions. The results of the conducted research are used to work out the preventive measures of ensuring the victimological safety of convicts, including organizational-management, regime, investigation and search and educational-psychological work. The information of this article has a practical value and can improve the effectiveness of work aimed at ensuring the safety of inmates, as well as the general situation with law and order in Russian penitentiary institutions.

Swearwords in Subtitling: A Case Study on Students’ Translation Project

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Despite their consideration as impolite remarks in communication, swearwords play an inseparable part from linguistics repertoire. As defined by Aijmer (2002:12), swearwords “[express] the speaker’s attitude towards the situation spoken about, his assumptions, his intentions, his emotions”. Carrying ‘negative’ label makes swearwords the centre of attention. Interestingly, movies that have turned into public entertainment sphere blooms the use of swearwords. The statement is supported by Azzaro (2005:1) who states that “television is often blamed for the circulation of once forbidden expression, and films in particular get the blame.” To add fuel to the fire, Cressman et al (2009) has also noted a rising frequency of swearwords usages in Hollywood movies. With the increasing number of Hollywood movies in Indonesia, English swearwords phenomena cannot be neglected. However, deleting or even softening swearwords will put the artistic touch of cinematography at stake. In this context, translators, especially subtitle translators, play an important role in dealing with swearwords phenomenon. As to introduce translation students to this complex matter, the writer gave them a subtitling task of swearwords. Twenty students consisting of twelve males and eight females were involved in this project and ‘8 Miles’ movie was used as the translation task. Surprisingly, both male and female students did not try to soften or delete the use of swearwords. Most of the English swearwords were adopted into Indonesian swearwords.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Swearing and the vulgarization hypothesis in Spanish audiovisual translation

Drawing on the insights of pragmatics and translation studies, this article aims to probe the so-called vulgarization hypothesis in audiovisual translation (AVT) of Anglophone products into Spanish for the period 2006–2016. The hypothesis posits that contemporary American and British programs dubbed into European Spanish tend to increase the use of swearwords. To test this hypothesis I selected four series, a sitcom (The IT Crowd), a police drama (Chicago PD), a family drama (Brothers & Sisters) and a thriller (Eyewitness). After identifying a total of 412 coupled pairs in which swearwords were used in English, Spanish or both, I analysed the translation strategies. The analysis shows that the number of swearwords is increased by means of three strategies (namely addition, replacement of neutral words/expressions by swearwords, and intensification) in 53.14% of the cases. In contrast, toning down and omission strategies occur in 13.88% of the coupled pairs, thus supporting the hypothesis that contemporary AVT in Spain tends to vulgarize the original version.

SWEAR WORDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING-TEACHING

This study attempts to explore the frequency of use of swear words and their implication for English language learning-teaching. Swear words or expletives are usually considered negative or rude to be used even in the United States or United Kingdom as English-speaking countries. In English language learning-teaching, swear words become part of linguistic studies and socio-cultural knowledge for teachers and students. This study aims to resolve two questions, namely first, what swear words have the highest frequency based on COCA and second, what implications of the frequency of swear words are for learners and teachers of English. Data were collected from a survey conducted using Facebook, which is a social medium used widely in both the United States and Indonesia for more than 13 years, and were retrieved from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), more precisely the frequency of swear words. The results of this study are expected to give knowledge on English language learning-teaching in a cultural context.

SWEAR WORDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING-TEACHING

This study attempts to explore the frequency of use of swear words and their implication for English language learning-teaching. Swear words or expletives are usually considered negative or rude to be used even in the United States or United Kingdom as English-speaking countries. In English language learning-teaching, swear words become part of linguistic studies and socio-cultural knowledge for teachers and students. This study aims to resolve two questions, namely first, what swear words have the highest frequency based on COCA and second, what implications of the frequency of swear words are for learners and teachers of English. Data were collected from a survey conducted using Facebook, which is a social medium used widely in both the United States and Indonesia for more than 13 years, and were retrieved from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), more precisely the frequency of swear words. The results of this study are expected to give knowledge on English language learning-teaching in a cultural context.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.Suppl2105

SWEAR WORDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING-TEACHING

This study attempts to explore the frequency of use of swear words and their implication for English language learning-teaching. Swear words or expletives are usually considered negative or rude to be used even in the United States or United Kingdom as English-speaking countries. In English language learning-teaching, swear words become part of linguistic studies and socio-cultural knowledge for teachers and students. This study aims to resolve two questions, namely first, what swear words have the highest frequency based on COCA and second, what implications of the frequency of swear words are for learners and teachers of English. Data were collected from a survey conducted using Facebook, which is a social medium used widely in both the United States and Indonesia for more than 13 years, and were retrieved from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), more precisely the frequency of swear words. The results of this study are expected to give knowledge on English language learning-teaching in a cultural context. DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.Suppl2105

The physical and psychological health benefits of positive emotional writing: Investigating the moderating role of Type D (distressed) personality.

ObjectivesType D personality is associated with psychological and physical ill‐health. However, there has been limited investigation of the role of Type D personality in interventions designed to enhance well‐being. This study investigated associations between Type D personality and the efficacy of positive emotional writing for reducing stress, anxiety, and physical symptoms.DesignA between‐subjects longitudinal design was employed.MethodParticipants (N = 71, M age = 28.2, SD age = 12.4) completed self‐report measures of Type D personality, physical symptoms, perceived stress, and trait anxiety, before completing either (1) positive emotional writing or (2) a non‐emotive control writing task, for 20 min per day over three consecutive days. State anxiety was measured immediately before and after each writing session, and self‐report questionnaires were again administered 4 weeks post‐writing.ResultsParticipants in the positive emotional writing condition showed significantly greater reductions in (1) state anxiety and (2) both trait anxiety and perceived stress over the 4‐week follow‐up period, compared to the control group. While these effects were not moderated by Type D personality, a decrease in trait anxiety was particularly evident in participants who reported both high levels of social inhibition and low negative affectivity. Linguistic analysis of the writing diaries showed that Type D personality was positively associated with swear word use, but not any other linguistic categories.ConclusionThese findings support the efficacy of positive emotional writing for alleviating stress and anxiety, but not perceived physical symptoms. Swearing may be a coping strategy employed by high Type D individuals. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Type D (distressed) personality is characterized by high levels of both negative affectivity and social inhibition, and has been associated with adverse physical and psychological health.Positive emotional writing is known to reduce subjectively reported physical symptoms and increase positive affect. What does this study add? Positive emotional writing was shown to attenuate (1) state anxiety immediately post‐writing, and (2) trait anxiety and perceived stress 4 weeks post‐writing.The findings demonstrate that positive writing might be a useful intervention for attenuating the adverse psychological effects of Type D personality in the general population.Type D personality was associated with more frequent use of swear words, which may be a coping mechanism used by high Type D individuals.

Preliminary evidence that androgen signaling is correlated with men's everyday language.

Testosterone (T) has an integral, albeit complex, relationship with social behavior, especially in the domains of aggression and competition. However, examining this relationship in humans is challenging given the often covert and subtle nature of human aggression and status-seeking. The present study aimed to investigate whether T levels and genetic polymorphisms in the AR gene are associated with social behavior assessed via natural language use. We used unobtrusive, behavioral, real-world ambulatory assessments of men in partnered heterosexual relationships to examine the relationship between plasma T levels, variation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, and spontaneous, everyday language in three interpersonal contexts: with romantic partners, with co-workers, and with their children. Men's T levels were positively correlated with their use of achievement words with their children, and the number of AR CAG trinucleotide repeats was inversely correlated with their use of anger and reward words with their children. T levels were positively correlated with sexual language and with use of swear words in the presence of their partner, but not in the presence of co-workers or children. Together, these results suggest that T may influence social behavior by increasing the frequency of words related to aggression, sexuality, and status, and that it may alter the quality of interactions with an intimate partner by amplifying emotions via swearing.

An Analysis of Gender Differences in the use of Swear Words on Facebook

An Analysis of Gender Differences in the use of Swear Words on Facebook

The Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television: Increases in the Use of Swear Words in American Books, 1950-2008

Evidence is accumulating that American culture has become more individualistic since the 1950s. In the present research, we focused on one plausible manifestation of individualism, the use of swear words in cultural products. We examined trends in the use of the seven words identified by George Carlin in 1972 as the “seven words you can never say on television” in the Google Books corpus of American English books from 1950 to 2008. We find a steady linear increase in the use of swear words, with books published in 2005-2008 twenty-eight times more likely to include swear words than books published in the early 1950s. Increases for individual swear words ranged from 4 to 678 times ( ds = 6.58-45.42). These results suggest that American culture has become increasingly accepting of the expression of taboo words, consistent with higher cultural individualism.

Negative intensification in the spoken language of British adults and teenagers: A corpus-based study&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;

Intensification, a general device used by speakers to convey their message more clearly and to strengthen their position to it (Bolinger 1972), has been discussed widely in the literature. However, the specific use of intensification on negatives (i.e. it didn’t do any harm at all, I hadn’t the faintest idea who he was ) has received much less attention. The aim of this paper is to identify and explore the resources used by British adults and teenagers in the intensification of negative constructions. A second focus of interest will be the extent to which differences exist here in the language of adults and teenagers, given that the latter are, broadly speaking, more prone to use intensification. Findings indicate that the strengthening of negatives in English can be achieved in different ways: a) by means of a number of non-assertive and negative polarity-oriented items, such as in the slightest , in the least , at all , even; b) the repetition of the adverb never or the combination never ever ; c) cases of multiple negation or negative concord intended to heighten a negative meaning); d) negative polarity collocations and idiomatic expressions; and e) adverbs such as definitely , absolutely, certainly plus a negative ( not / no or nothing ). Teenagers tend to intensify negatives more than adults, although these differences are not so clearly marked as expected, and while the former prefer the use of swear words and idiomatic or semi-idiomatic expressions together with locutions such as no way , the latter opt more often for negatively oriented polarity sensitive items.

Your blog is (the) shit

The study of swearing has increased in the last decade, diversifying to include a wider range of data and methods of analysis. Nevertheless, certain types of data and specifically large corpora of computer mediated communication (CMC) have not been studied extensively. In this paper, we fill a gap in research by studying the use of swearwords in blog data, and illustrate ways of identifying swearing in a large corpus by taking context into account. This approach, based on the examination of shared and unique collocates of known expletives, facilitates the distinction of attestations of swearing from non-swearing in the case of polysemous lexemes, and the analysis of overlaps in usage and meaning of swearwords. This work therefore goes beyond basic sentiment analysis and offers new insights into the use of collocation for refining profanity filters, providing innovative perspectives on issues of growing importance as online interaction becomes more widespread.

Collaboration of the Family and the School in Prevention of Adolescent Delinquent Behaviour

The aim of the research was to identify ways of support provided by the school to the family implementing prevention of adolescent delinquent behaviour. The research was carried out in general education institutions in 2014. The sample of the research included 321 adolescents, 150 parents, 62 teachers and 5 social pedagogues. The obtained empirical research data were processed using statistical, graphical and correlation analysis.&#x0D; The research revealed that the most frequent manifestations of adolescent delinquent behaviour are related to run around and use of swear words, absenteeism and refusal to prepare homework. The majority of parents and teachers allocate the most considerable attention to individual collaboration forms, which make better understanding of the family possible. Such forms embrace parents’ meetings, telephone and individual conversations, joint events, trips, seminars and projects. About half of the parents and teachers in the survey pointed out that they communicate via telephone, exchange SMSs and e-mails. Ongoing collaboration occurs on the electronic school gradebook. The acquired data also revealed that attending adolescent’s home and individual conversations are among the most efficient forms for prevention of delinquent behaviour. Assurance of school attendance is considered to be one of the most significant factors. The majority of adolescents are sure that assurance of school learners’ safety at school is of importance. Close collaboration between the family and the school as well as active involvement of parents into adolescents’ life both at home and at school are seen as relevant factors.

The Experience of Translating Ibsen’s Plays into Spanish

As a classical author writing in a minority language, Henrik Ibsen constitutes a peculiar case and the problems relating to the translation of his plays into other languages are especially relevant. This article describes the author’s experience in translating several of Ibsen’s plays from Norwegian into Spanish (The Master Builder, A Doll’s House, An Enemy of the People, Ghosts and The Wild Duck). Despite many of their other good qualities, the available translations into Spanish have partly ignored Ibsen’s humour, originality and quirky expressions and constructions, and none of them include the characters’ use of swear words and the way in which their language reflects their social and cultural differences. Through practical examples, the translator shows how these nuances can affect the whole interpretation of the characters and even of the play, as Ibsen uses them to set the tone of the scenes. Swear words, mispronunciations and grammatical errors can, for example, turn a tragic scene into a comic one. This article shows how the translator confronted these difficulties and how she decided to solve them. The description of her experience can also constitute a practical example of how, when dealing with theatrical texts, that is, oral texts, one cannot avoid taking a stand on theoretical discussions about whether to translate for the page or translate for the stage, whether to make literal, philological translations or more free and oral ones.

The Social Function of Swearing in a Miraa Market Environment

The study aimed at evaluating the social motivations behind the use of swearwords in the language of miraa traders. The study was carried out in Ka?–ra?–tira?– open-air miraa (khat) market in Mbeere South sub-county within Embu County. Twelve negotiations involving both male and female traders were recorded and subsequently analyzed. The analysis indicates that swearing is an intricate social practice that is highly gendered, and which is used to not only socialize but also to achieve highly precious transactional goals in the miraa market. Significantly, swearing is a way in which the Miraa traders establish both their social and linguistic identity.