Use Of Survey Methods Research Articles

Exploring the Relationship between Tourist Perception and Motivation at a Museum Attraction

Tourism activity represents one of the most dynamic and defining activities for today’s society. In this context, knowing the perception and motivation of potential tourists visiting a museum attraction represents an essential approach with implications for the sustainable development of tourist destinations. The research methodology used in the present study involved the complementary use of survey methods for data acquisition and multicriteria analysis to identify and establish relationships between perception and motivation. The results obtained from the present study show a synthetic picture regarding the perception and motivation of the tourists who visited the Crișului Land Museum from Oradea, Romania, on the one hand, and the relationships that were established between perception and motivation, on the other hand, thus confirming the research hypothesis that perception influences motivation. The perception of tourists after visiting the Crișului Land Museum in Oradea is determined by personal and interpersonal reasons, as well as by the way they perceive the visited site. The study originality consists in the use of mixed-method approaches to collect and analyze data, as a means to complement different data sources.

Agreement Between Self-Reported Information and Health Register Data on Chronic Diseases in the Oldest Old.

To study the agreement on disease prevalence between survey data and national health register data among people aged over 90. The survey data were from the Vitality 90+ Study conducted among 1637 community dwellers and persons in long-term care aged 90 and over in Tampere, Finland. The survey was linked with two national health registers, including hospital discharge data and prescription information. The prevalence of 10 age-related chronic diseases was calculated for each data source and the agreement between the survey and the registers was estimated using Cohen's kappa statistics and positive and negative percent agreement. The prevalence of most diseases was higher in the survey than in the registers. The level of agreement was highest when the survey was compared with information combined from both registers. Agreement was almost perfect for Parkinson's disease (ĸ=0.81) and substantial for diabetes (ĸ=0.75) and dementia (ĸ=0.66). For heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis, depression, and hip fracture, the agreement ranged from fair to moderate. Self-reported information on chronic diseases shows acceptable agreement with health register data to warrant the use of survey methods in population-based health studies among the oldest old. It is important to acknowledge the gaps in health registers when validating self-reported information against register data.

Integration of Religious Awareness in Environmental Education

Environmental education plays an essential role in minimizing the alarming rate of environmental damage due to the limited understanding of the community about the benefits of conservation. The primary reason for this research is the exclusion of religious values in environmental education. This study aimed to determine the benefits of integrating religious values and environmental education to raise public awareness on this issue and comprehend the public response toward the integration between religious values and environmental education. This study employed a qualitative approach based on Participatory Action Research (PAR) which allowed the researcher to act as an interventionist, facilitator, and activist by collecting data through interviews, observations, and field notes to produce primary data. The study identifies three significant findings. First, government agencies responsible for environmental issues rarely involve religious leaders in environmental preservation discussions or activities. Second, environmental issues are not the primary topic in religious studies. Third, the community has a misconception that humans are the center of the universe. At the same time, the universe is only meant to satisfy human needs. The conclusion is that the religious understanding of the community has not yet touched on environmental issues. However, this study was limited to a community in Tambakromo, Pati Regency, Central Java. A study that involves more communities is needed. In addition, the use of survey methods and more participant involvement for future reviewers of similar topics. Thus, it can potentially obtain a comprehensive study result.

What Do Think Tanks Think? Proximity to Power and Foreign Policy Preferences

Abstract Through the use of survey methods, the study presents the first systematic comparison of America-based international relations professors to think tank employees (TTEs) in terms of their preferred conduct of the United States in international affairs. The difference between the two groups in their support for military intervention is stark. TTEs are 0.47 standard deviations more hawkish than professors based on a standard measure of militant internationalism (MI). Controlling for self-described ideology mitigates this effect although it remains statistically significant. Beyond quantifying their relative foreign policy preferences, this study helps to resolve why TTEs tend to assume more hawkish policies. The authors find evidence that hawkishness is associated with proximity to power. Professors who have worked for the federal government score higher on MI, as do TTEs based at institutions located closer to Capitol Hill. In general, the results point to a self-selection mechanism whereby those who favor interventionist policies are more likely to pursue positions to increase their policy influence, perhaps because they know that powerful institutions are more likely to hire hawks. Alternative explanations for differences, such as levels or kinds of foreign policy expertise, have weaker empirical support.

News Portal Website Measurement Analysis Using ISO/IEC 25010 And McCall Methods

Information system is an asset for a company when the information system is managed properly. In the past, newspapers have become one of the main sources for people who want to get the latest news about what is happening around them. But now, the important role of newspapers is gradually being replaced by online-based news portals that can deliver news very quickly. PT Info Pena Indonesia itself utilizes an information technology in carrying out the process of managing and disseminating the news they produce with the help of a web portal called Jitunews. This research is quantitative in nature, namely explaining the use of survey methods by distributing questionnaires to users of the Jitunews news portal site for data about the characteristics of the ISO/IEC 25010 and McCall methods. The results of the research conducted on the backend and frontend pages show that the Jitunews website deserves a "Good" interpretation value. However, the security and functional suitability variables contained on the frontend page have the lowest values of all the variables studied, namely 74.43% and 77.50% with the interpretation of "Enough". This can be input for stakeholders to improve the quality of the website in order to increase user satisfaction with the Jitunews news website portal.

Strategi Peningkatan Kapasitas Peternak Domba melalui Kampus Desa Tematik di Desa Neglasari, Bogor, Jawa Barat

The process of disseminating innovation so that it can be quickly responded by the user community needs to be designed in such a way that it can produce relatively permanent changes in behavior. This study aims to analyze how the strategy of increasing the capacity of sheep farmers through the thematic village campus program in Neglasari Village, Bogor. The research was designed as action research at the study site, accompanied by the use of survey methods with a quantitative approach and supported by qualitative data. The selection of study sites was carried out purposively. The process of collecting data was carried out on sheep breeders, members of women's farmer groups, informants and related stakeholders. The Village Campus Program has accelerated the technology education process produced by the campus to the community, becoming a vehicle for lecturer service, linkage with faculty programs or study programs. In order for this program to be sustainable, it is necessary to involve various parties such as alumni, local leadership, based on user needs, as well as conducting regular meetings on a programmed basis.

Motivasi Kerja, Tingkat Pendidikan, Kepemimpinan, dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT BPR Bank Boyolali

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of work motivation, level of education, leadership and work environment on the performance of employees at PT BPR Bank Boyolali (PERSERODA). The subject of the study were employees of PT BPR Bank Boyolali. In this example, the saturation technique was used on a sample of 88 people. The independent variables in this study are work motivation (X1), educational level (X2), leadership (X3) and work environment (X4), while the related variable (Y) is employee productivity. The type of research used was quantitative research with the use of survey methods. The data analysis used included data tool testing, classical acceptance tests, multiple linear regression tests, hypothesis testing, and deterministic analysis. Looking at the results of the analysis processed with the use of IBM SPSS 26, it can be seen that the level of education, leadership and work environment have a significant impact on employee performance, motivation to work has no significant impact on employee performance, companies must pay attention to motivation to work, level of education , leadership and performance. The work environment at PT BPR BANK BOYOLALI (PERSERODA) is conducive to employee productivity.
 The aim of this study was to determine the impact of work motivation, level of education, leadership and work environment on the performance of employees at PT BPR Bank Boyolali (PERSERODA). The subject of the study were employees of PT BPR Bank Boyolali. In this example, the saturation technique was used on a sample of 88 people. The independent variables in this study are work motivation (X1), educational level (X2), leadership (X3) and work environment (X4), while the related variable (Y) is employee productivity. The type of research used was quantitative research with the use of survey methods. The data analysis used included data tool testing, classical acceptance tests, multiple linear regression tests, hypothesis testing, and deterministic analysis. Looking at the results of the analysis processed with the use of IBM SPSS 26, it can be seen that the level of education, leadership and work environment have a significant impact on employee performance, motivation to work has no significant impact on employee performance, companies must pay attention to motivation to work, level of education , leadership and performance. The work environment at PT BPR BANK BOYOLALI (PERSERODA) is conducive to employee productivity.
 Keywords: Work Motivation, Level of education, Leadership, Work environment, Employee performance.

Seeking justice amidst chaos: methods to identify and document individuals implicated in crimes against the Rohingya in August 2017

BackgroundDocumenting perpetrators of human rights violations enables effective prosecution and can help prevent future atrocities. Doing so calls for collecting reliable data using verifiable and transparent methodology. We present methods used to document crimes and identify alleged perpetrators implicated in the 2017 attacks against Rohingya civilians in Myanmar. The findings and lessons-learned have relevance to contemporary crises with widespread atrocities.MethodsA mixed-methods assessment conducted from May to July 2018 included: (1) cross-sectional quantitative surveys among leaders of affected hamlets in northern Rakhine State, (2) qualitative interviews to record hamlet-level accounts, and (3) clinical evaluations of survivors of violence. Survey respondents who reported violence and destruction in each hamlet were asked to identify perpetrators of those acts, including known role or affiliation. The reported names were reviewed for clarity and divergent spellings, repeated references were aggregated, and the names and roles were analyzed and classified by location and affiliation.Results143 individuals were implicated in atrocities committed across three Northern Rakhine townships. Each was independently identified by at least three separate survey respondents as directly committing violence or destruction in their hamlet of origin, or as witnessed while fleeing to Bangladesh. Two-thirds (69%) of identified perpetrators were reported by four or more participants and 47% by five or more. Some form of additional identifying information, was provided for 85% of names. The most common affiliations were: Myanmar army (n = 40), Border Guard Police (n = 32), Village Tract Administrators (n = 17), and extremists (n = 25).ConclusionsThe methodology presented here yielded a unique record of individuals purported to have directly committed acts of violence and destruction in Rakhine State in August 2017, forming the most extensive record of individuals implicated in ground-level perpetration of those crimes. This methodology can play a key role in accountability mechanisms for the Rohingya, and in other settings in which perpetrators are many and documentation of their crimes is difficult. The use of survey methods and standardized data collection amongst affected populations to comprehensively characterize crimes committed and to identify individuals implicated in those crimes can serve as a key tool in documentation and an important component of accountability.

Creation of conditions for the effective implementation of innovations in the field of personnel management in the railway industry

The article deals with topical issues of effective introduction of innovations, including in the practice of personnel management in the field of railway transport. Within the framework of the article, the authors present a model of the innovation introduction system relating and characterize various options for implementing this model, taking into account the presence or absence of its individual elements, which allows us to identify the conditions for effective innovation introduction. The authors conduct a study of the activities of the structural unit that is part of the Russian Railways holding company in order to assess the readiness of each element of the model. The research was conducted on the basis of the use of survey methods (questionnaires and interviews), the analysis of documents. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that most of the elements of the model of the innovation introduction system in the structural unit are developed at a high level. However, it was found that in studied organization there are limitations that hinder the effective introduction of innovations, related to the willingness of staff to them and the desire to participate in them. Based on the variants of implementing the innovation introduction system model described in the article, the authors determined the variation of its implementation. Based on the results of the study, the authors propose a number of recommendations for improving the efficiency of implementing innovative solutions and projects, while a separate role is assigned to the personnel management system in terms of forming skills and incentives as necessary elements of the innovation introduction system model. At the same time, it is important, from the point of view of the authors, to maintain interest of the employees in innovations to ensure long-term results in the company’s activities, including in the context of other structural divisions.

Features of the organization of pedagogical support in the process of training social teachers at the university

The article presents the results of a study of the specifics of pedagogical support in the process of implementing the training of social teachers in modern conditions. The changes that were introduced by quarantine restrictions gave a new impetus to the study of ways to organize interaction between teachers and students. The methodological approaches, considered by the authors orient the teaching staff of pedagogical universities to rely on the real needs of pedagogical reality. Pedagogical support for the training of future social educators is one of these needs. In vocational training, pedagogical support provides students with additional resources hat future specialists can use, both in the learning process and at the stage of adaptation to professional activities. The creation of conditions for pedagogical support is possible with a conscious attitude to this of all subjects of the pedagogical process. The axiological approach in this study is proposed as a basis for the formation of the goals and content of the educational program for the training of social teachers. An empirical study with the use of survey methods allowed us to confirm the assumption of the high importance of pedagogical support in the training of future social teachers. On the basis of identifying the needs of students, it is possible to build a viable system of pedagogical support for the training of social teachers.

Impact of demographic characteristics of personnel on the quality of employee relationships: The case of Poland

This research paper fills a significant gap in the literature in the field of the influence of demographic characteristics of employees on the quality of interpersonal relationships at work (QR). There are no comprehensive research results concerning this problem. The research objective is to describe how selected characteristics of employees (sex, age, education, type of job, and length of service) influence QR. This goal was achieved through the use of survey methods (online, direct and auditory) conducted in 2018 and 2019 on the sample of 1,336 active employees in Poland. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics application. The findings prove that the quality of interpersonal relationships at work is differentiated by sex (men tend to rate the quality of relationships higher as compared to women), age (respondents belonging to younger groups tend to rate the quality of relationships higher as compared to older respondents), education (respondents with higher education tend to rate the quality of relationships higher as compared to less educated respondents), and type of job (managers tend to rate the quality of relationships higher as compared to the blue-collar workers). It was not possible to determine explicit trends in assessing the quality of relationships depending on the term of work. According to obtained results, special attention should be paid to the following categories of staff: women, older, less educated and blue-collar employees.

Criteria for the effectiveness of teaching technologies in modern practices of professional training of teachers

The study presents results of the “Study of the features of the influence of teaching technologies at a university on the formation of professional competencies of students and graduates of a pedagogical university”, carried out based on the Moscow City University in 2018–2019. The prerequisite for the study is a situation when education is increasingly beginning to be built around requests from the future, in which people study all their lives and act in a constantly changing world. Therefore, the educational process in a modern pedagogical university is focused on such requirements as complexity, adaptability, practicality, integration into society and the economy, and focus on the needs of students and their future employers. In a university that implements an innovative teaching model, a variety of teaching technologies are used; teachers have the right to freely choose the forms and means of teaching, in connection with which the problem of the effectiveness of the use of teaching technologies is actualized. One of the purposes of the study is to identify criteria for the effectiveness of teaching technologies in the process of forming the professional competencies of future teachers. As a result of the use of survey methods, content analysis, focus groups, and case analysis, 12 criteria were identified: feasibility of using teaching technology, flexibility in application, portability of practice, development of pedagogical thinking, development of soft skills, focus on “self-processes” and “proprocesses”, interactivity, practical orientation, as well as digitalization, resource intensity, and efficiency. The results make it possible to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of teaching technologies in the practice of training future teachers. The novelty of the work and its results are determined by an original approach to identifying criteria for the effectiveness of learning technologies in the educational process of a pedagogical university.

УЧЕБНАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ КАК ФАКТОР ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ СТРЕССА У СТУДЕНТОВ

Statement of the problem. Higher education for many students is stressful. There are many reasons for this: the discrepancy between the requirements of the university and the students’ capabilities (psychophysical, intellectual, volitional), the low adaptive potential of a student, the high level of the academic load, etc. This issue is considered due to the increase in the number of students with various psycho-emotional problems, which is confirmed by the statistics of appeals to universities psychological services. Awareness of the problem of the impact of educational stress on the inclusion of students in the educational process will allow university teachers to change the strategy for conducting classes, adopting reporting forms. This will help psychological departments of universities to carry out focused work aimed at creating conditions for the development of adaptive capabilities of students. The purpose of the study is to clarify the impact of learning activities on the occurrence of stress among students. The research methodology includes the provisions of the subject-activity approach, revealing educational stress as a result of the emotional tension of the subject determined by educational activity; analysis of Russian works (V.A. Bodrov, T.G. Bokhan, A.R. Luria, A.A. Baranov, O.A. Zhuchenko et al.) and in particular foreign ones (G. Selye et al.) considering educational stress in both methodological and applied aspects, as well as the use of survey methods for measuring educational stress, motivation of students and methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis to clarify the impact of educational activities on the occurrence of educational stress among students. Research results. Based on the study, the definition of educational stress is formulated, the components of educational activity that influence the development of educational stress are empirically determined. Based on the comparison of mean values and association coefficient φ, it is shown that in the current isolation situation, the level of exam stress is significantly increased. Conclusion. The need for considering this issue is due to the requirements of an effective organization of the educational process. It is hard to imagine our life as stress-free. It simultaneously creates a “taste for life”, has a stimulating effect on various aspects of life. It is important that the conditions are met: the level of optimal stressor exposure is not exceeded; the adaptive capabilities of a person are not exceeded. If the conditions are violated, a threat to somatic human health arises. For university students, educational stress is quite common. As part of the study, it was shown that more than 50 % of respondents are characterized by experiencing educational stress. It was shown that the most significant impact on the occurrence of educational stress is exerted by such components of educational activity as a large academic load, strict teachers, fear of the future, inability to properly organize one’s day regimen, quarantine and self-isolation, and an excessively serious attitude to study. Constant presence in a state of stress violates the psychological boundaries of the subject of activity, leads to nervous tension, a sense of uncertainty due to the aimlessness of existence, to a sense of psychological insecurity. From the perspective of the subject’s psychology, N.E. Kharlamenkova shows that Man’s attitude to the World (according to S.L. Rubinstein) is largely determined by how he/she perceives this world: peaceful or destructive [Kharlamenkova, 2019]. The main strategies for overcoming educational stress should be associated with awareness of its destructive effect, a personified attitude towards students, and timely delivery of systemic psychological assistance based on understanding of its structure.

Survey on Measurement Methods for IPv6 Deployment

Nowadays we use Internet Protocol (IP) versions 4 (IPv4) and 6 (IPv6) at the same time. It is very difficult to determine the rate of IPv6 and the state of its deployment exactly. In our survey, paper we present some tools and methods that can be used to estimate the proportion of IPv6. First, we will show some server side methods that mostly use provider-measurable data, so they may not be available to everyone. Next, we introduce various client-side tools that can be used in a much broader context, and then present the use of survey methods. Then we are reviewing some researches, which provide more comprehensive insight into the transition to IPv6 using complex measurement methods. Finally, we compare and categorize the presented metrics based on the availability of data sources and the extent of the measurement duration. We know that there is clearly no best among the various methods. Choosing the right technique depends greatly on the data and tools available to the researcher.

APPLICATION OF INTERACTIVE ONLINE AND OFFLINE METHODS IN THE FORMATION OF THE BRAND OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: PRACTICAL ASPECT

In the article in a practical example is described the role of the application of interactive methods in the formation of the brand of an educational institution. Particular attention is paid to the use of survey methods and monitoring to determine the level of designation of target groups for this topic. With a help of the PR- audit of the image of the Boris Grinchenko Kiev University, using questioning and monitoring, it has been determined that the most effective methods of forming and promoting a brand of an educational institution is the development and support of the educational institution’s website, us-ing of the social networks and the construction of a strategy of activity in them, the use of image events and establishing partnerships with the media, provided that they create and provide them with quality informational content. After conduction with the purpose of determining the most effective methods for forming the brand of an educational institution and referring to the research conducted and the needs of the target groups, the concept and program of the Forum «The brand of an educational institution: from concept to popularity» was developed. With the implementation of the Forum and the study of the participants’ impressions of the event, the necessity of training the representatives of the education sphere in basic skills in the formation and promotion of the brand of an educational institution is substantiated. Upon completion of the Forum, the organizers of the event conducted an additional survey on the participants’ sentiments to continue studying the theme of the development and promotion of the brand of the educational institution. The results of the survey confirm the fact that the irreversible development process, which is based on the involvement of innovative interactive means, is an urgent requirement of time that the representatives of educational institutions of Ukraine are willing to take.

Are Attention Check Questions a Threat to Scale Validity?

Attention checks have become increasingly popular in survey research as a means to filter out careless respondents. Despite their widespread use, little research has empirically tested the impact of attention checks on scale validity. In fact, because attention checks can induce a more deliberative mindset in survey respondents, they may change the way respondents answer survey questions, posing a threat to scale validity. In two studies, we tested this hypothesis (N = 816). We examined whether common attention checks—instructed‐response items (Study 1) and an instructional manipulation check (Study 2)—impact responses to a well‐validated management scale. Results showed no evidence that they affect scale validity, both in reported scale means and tests of measurement invariance. These findings allow researchers to justify the use of attention checks without compromising scale validity and encourage future research to examine other survey characteristic‐respondent dynamics to advance our use of survey methods.

An Examination of Eating Behaviors, Physical Activity, and Obesity in African American Adolescents: Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Residential Status Differences

BackgroundAfrican American adolescents experience higher rates of obesity and have an increased risk of obesity-related diseases than do White American adolescents. Despite culturally sensitive obesity preventive interventions, obesity rates are increasing within the African American adolescent population. Current obesity interventions do not usually address the heterogeneity (e.g., socioeconomic status [SES], gender, and residential status differences) within the African American adolescent community that can affect the efficacy of these interventions. PurposeTo examine the gender, SES, and residential status differences related to obesity and weight behaviors in African American adolescents. MethodsA descriptive correlational study was conducted with 15- to 17-year-old African American adolescents (n = 145) from community clinics, youth organizations, churches, and social networks in metropolitan and inner-city Detroit. Data were collected through use of survey methods and analyzed with use of descriptive statistics, independent sample t tests, and multiple regression equations. ResultsFemale adolescents consumed foods higher in fat and calories (t = −2.36, p = .019) and had more body fat (t = −9.37, p = .000) than did males. Adolescents of lower SES consumed food higher in fat and calories (t = −2.23, p = .027) and had higher body mass (t = −2.57, p = .011) than did adolescents of higher SES. Inner-city African American adolescents had higher levels of physical activity (t = −2.39, p = .018) and higher body mass (t = 2.24, p = .027) than did suburban African American adolescent counterparts. Gender, SES, and residential status were statistically significant predictors of eating behaviors, physical activity, body mass index, and body fat. ConclusionsThe initial findings from the study will assist in better understanding the obesity epidemic that affects African American adolescents in disparate proportions. ImplicationsFurther examination of the study variables is essential to serve as a basis for developmentally appropriate and culturally relevant targeted interventions with this population. Health care providers and obesity researchers who work with youth can use the initial findings from this study to advocate for healthy lifestyles while reducing the obesity disparity within the African American adolescent population.

PENERAPAN PERAN TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KUALITAS PELAYANAN PRIMA

The objectives of this research are examine the influence of applying Total Qualitative Management(TQM) on the excellent service of the village chief apparatus in Gunungpati Semarang subdistrictand to examine the biggest influences of TQM dimension towards the excellent service.Population of the research is societies 16 kelurahan at Gunungpati Subdistrict Semarang. Thesample consists of 160 societes in Gunungpati Subdistrict Semarang. The research method usethe survey method with questionaire. The examining hypothesis in multi regression under SPSS13.The research result find that there is some influence in apllying TQM on the excellent serviceof the apparatus in kelurahan Gunungpati subdistrict, Semarang. Another examining result whichis done with contrasting the dimension of educational beta value coefficient and the biggest exercisingin contrast with another beta coefficient. It means that the educational dimension andexercising that influencing on the excellent service of the apparatus in kelurahan Gunungpati subdistrict,Semarang. Limitation of this research are the use of survey methods and only GunungpatiSubdistrict to predict excellent service of all kelurahan in Semarang city.Keyword : Total Quality Management, Excellent Service, Educational and Exercising

Public Disclosure in Research with Exception from Informed Consent: The Use of Survey Methods to Assess its Effectiveness

IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH EXCEPTION from informed consent, the Final Rule stipulates that investigators inform and consult with the community. A random-digit-dialing survey of 200 individuals assessed the effectiveness of public disclosure via press releases, notices in local newspapers, local radio and television stations and the host hospital's website, as well as a series of community meetings regarding a pending clinical trial of this kind. Results showed a 10% awareness level of the public trial, which is higher than surveys using convenience samples. Understanding of the nature of the trial was generally poor, while opinions about participating in this type of research were more favorable among individuals aware of the trial. Our findings suggest that adherence to the intent of the Final Rule is dependent on uniform guidelines for what constitute effective public disclosure methods and adequate community awareness and understanding and the use of rigorous sampling methods for evaluation.

Studies on Women's Sexuality in China since 1980: A Critical Review

Over the last 20 years, women's sexuality has become one of the most written about and intensely debated subjects in sexology, sociology, and women's studies in mainland China. From these studies, one can trace the development of academic discourse on women's sexuality through three distinct phases: from a predominantly medical discourse, to the use of survey methods to investigate women's real experiences, and finally to a phase in which Western theories have become increasingly influential. Each phase features a distinct stereotype of woman. The implications of this review for sexual research in China will also be discussed.