Use Of Standardized Language Research Articles

Communication Skills in the Tourism Sector: The Speech Culture of Tour Guides

This article examines the study of the speech culture of 103 Slovene tour guides employing tourism discourse in their mother tongue by using participant observation, active listening, and linguistic analysis. Besides the knowledge of foreign languages, for tourism guides the mother language skills in the current study of the Slovene language play a significant role. However, it turned out that also, in the education of tour guides, this area is not regulated systematically and is not a part of tour guides' education modules in Slovenia, but left to the individual's life-long learning process or to the acquired level of knowledge during formal schooling in secondary or grammar schools. Consequently, tour guides are not yet trained systematically in speech culture. It should be observed that in the analyzed speech situations the usage of dialects, which can contribute to the quality of the tourist experience in some speech situations, was not appropriate. The guides' language during their presentations and guidance had stronger or weaker traces of dialects and they also often made some typical pronunciation mistakes, such as pronouncing the incorrect syllable, the incorrect pronunciation of the l-participles, or the incorrect pronunciation of some proper name also in speech situations that required the use of standard language instead of dialects. All this can result in the negative tourist experience, especially when tourists are more demanding.

Terms of the specialized nursing language for the care of ostomates.

to identify terms of the specialized nursing language for the care of ostomates from the literature of the area, and to map the identified terms with terms of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®). descriptive study of quantitative approach guided by the guidelines for the elaboration of terminology subsets of the ICNP®. The terms were collected in 49 scientific articles, extracted using a computational tool, selected according to the relevance for the theme, and normalized and mapped with the ICNP®. 20,668 terms were extracted. The standardization process resulted in 425 relevant terms (151 were constant in ICNP® and 274 were not contained in ICNP®), of which 154 were similar, 19 were more comprehensive, 50 were more restricted, and 51 were not in concordance. the use of standardized language can minimize the ambiguities and redundancies identified in the mapping. The existence of terms not in concordance with the ICNP® reinforces the need for constant updating of this classification.

Translating ‘others’ as ‘us’ inHuckleberry Finn: dialect, register and the heterogeneity of standard language

Studies on the translation of literary dialects have devoted much attention to linguistic features used in the recreation of source text dialects. Only limited discussions can be found on what strategies have been used in the translation of the source text (ST) standard language that the ST dialect is contrasted with. This is because studies on dialect translation have often rested on two assumptions: that standard language in the ST is always translated into a standard neutral target variety and that the use of standard language invariably leads to the erasure of literary effect in the target text (TT). Both assumptions are related to the misconception that standard language is a single neutral register. This article challenges these assumptions by proposing that translating dialect requires translating both sides of the dialect variation, that is to say, translating both the dialect itself and the standard language against which it is set in relief. Drawing particular attention to the translation of the standard side of the variation, this article sets out to achieve two purposes: (1) to explain how register varieties from standard language can function as sociolects in dialect translation, and (2) to build a dynamic model that incorporates both sides of the linguistic variation into the translation process. The following case study on the canonized Chinese translation of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Zhang Yousong and Zhang Zhenxian shows how social hierarchies and power structures in Twain’s work have been reversed in the translation so as to construct social ‘others’ as ‘us’ and a socially elevated version of ‘us’ – a ‘better us’.

Abstract WP334: Standardized Language Reduces Symptom Discovery to CT Times: “Code Stroke - Inpatient”

Introduction: Inpatient stroke represents up to 17% of all strokes and should receive the same timely care as patients arriving to the ER, especially in a Joint Commission Certified Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC). However, evidence suggests there is greater in-hospital delay in evaluation and treatment of inpatient strokes compared with stroke patients in the ER. To reduce symptom discovery to CT time, we implemented standardized language and a single pager for inpatient stroke alerts in a CSC hospital. Hypothesis: Using standard language to activate the stroke team and a one-call system will reduce symptom discovery to CT times for patients with stroke in the inpatient setting. Methods: A baseline evaluation revealed a lack of standard language for activating the stroke team (e.g. “Activate Stroke Team”, “Acute Stroke”, “Stroke Consult”, “Internal Alert”) and that the Rapid Response Team (RRT) nurse had to call multiple people to initiate the stroke evaluation process. Key stakeholders formed a workgroup and implemented a hospital-wide education initiative that included the use of standardized language for inpatient activation of the stroke team (“Code Stroke - Inpatient”) and the creation of a pager group with all responders (Stroke MD, RRT nurse, Transport, CT tech, Pharmacy, IV therapy, Chaplain, and NCCU Charge RN). Symptom discovery time to CT was measured pre- (January 2015-February 2016) and post-implementation (March 2016-August 2016). Data were reported as mean ± standard deviation and median [interquartile range], and results were analyzed using an unpaired t-test. Results: Implementation of standardized language and a single pager reduced the symptom discovery to CT times from 260 ± 421.9 minutes (median = 98 [59,277], n=22) pre-implementation to 39.8 ± 16.5 minutes (median = 36.0 [28, 47], n=20) post-implementation. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach is essential to improving symptom discovery to CT times for inpatient strokes; even high performing CSC’s may lack timely care for this population. Continued research is needed to understand successful methods for equalizing the disparity of stroke care in the ER versus inpatient units.

The reflexive imperative among high-achieving adolescents

The socio-cultural conditions of late modernity induce a “reflexive imperative” amongst young people, which also results in metapragmatic and metalinguistic behaviour, as has been demonstrated by linguistic ethnographers (LE). However, recent LE studies on reflexivity in Western European settings have mainly focused on how groups of socially low-status, geographically mobile and multilingual youth are involved in creative linguistic processes in which the disapproval of their linguistic hybridity is denounced. In this paper, based on a linguistic-ethnographic study, I will uncover the influence of the reflexive imperative on a different group: six high-achieving, white, elite, male, adolescent pupils in Flemish Belgium. Through a micro-analysis of their metacommentaries and speech practices, I describe the subtle metalinguistic and metapragmatic moves of the pupils, which demonstrate their attitude towards standard language use at school. An analysis of these boys’ linguistic reflexivity demonstrates a complex attitude towards Standard Dutch and Standard Language Ideology: at first sight, they seem to incline towards linguistic equality, resulting in a relaxation of the standard norm. However, an analysis of the more indirect metapragmatic practices of these boys reveals how they strategically use the symbolic capital of Standard Dutch, a practice which echoes the Flemish language-in-education policy and might serve to preserve (or prepare) their (future) elite position in society.

On hardware synthesis and implementation of PLC programs in FPGAs

Many processes require controllers with an instant response (e.g. motor control, CNC machines). A high-performance PLC can be constructed with use of programmable logic devices. A lack of custom synthesis tools disables the use of standard languages widely accepted by automation designers. The paper presents the systematic process of a PLC program synthesis to hardware structure. An input PLC program is given according to the IEC61131-3 standard. The synthesis process has been developed for implementation of a program described with the LD and SFC languages. The essential idea of synthesis process is obtaining a massively parallel operating hardware structure that significantly reduces response processing time. The PLC program is translated into originally developed dedicated graph structure that enables a wide range of optimizations. In the next step, it is mapped into a hardware structure. In order to reduce resource requirements, a strategy with resource sharing is shown, which is an original extension of general mapping concepts. Modern FPGAs are equipped with arithmetic cores dedicated for signal processing, inspiring the development of the original DSP48 block mapping strategy. It attempts to utilize all features of the block in the pipelined calculation model. The considerations are summarized with the implementation result compared against standard PLC implementation, a mutual comparison of general hardware mapping, and with the use of DSP48 units.

Stylisations as teacher practice

AbstractStudies on stylised language use have tended to focus on the creative exploitation of linguistic heteroglossia among urban multi-ethnic youth. This article argues that there are good reasons for exploring how such practices can also be initiated by norm-enforcing white adults such as teachers. I report on linguistic ethnographic fieldwork in one mixed-ethnicity class at a Brussels Dutch-medium school and describe how one teacher often produced the creative, stylised language use one usually associates with younger speakers. The analysis emphasizes that while teacher stylisations provided alleviation from the friction between linguistic expectations and the reality of the classroom floor, they were also functional in maintaining the school linguistic policy inasmuch as they typified nonstylised, nonaccented, and standard language use as normal and expected. These findings suggest that stylisations can be closely tuned to linguistic normativity and reproductive of wider patterns of sociolinguistic stratification. (Stylisations, urban heteroglossia, crossing, classroom interaction, Brussels, Dutch, enregisterment)*

ACC/AHA 2013 Methodology for Developing Clinical Data Standards: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards

The use of standardized language is essential for all communication in medicine, with the ultimate goal of improved patient care. This is the driving force for enhanced use of clinical data and standardization of the lexicon of cardiovascular medicine to enhance the use of clinical data. The American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Task Force on Clinical Data Standards (Task Force) is at the fulcrum of these efforts, bringing together the 2 largest professional organizations that represent the House of Cardiology. The mission statements of the ACC (“to transform cardiovascular care and improve heart health”) and the AHA (“building healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke”) have direct …

Is translated language more standardized than non-translated language?

With this article, we seek to support the law of growing standardization by showing that texts translated into Belgian Dutch make more use of standard language than non-translated Belgian Dutch texts. Additionally, we want to examine whether the use of standard vs. non-standard language can be attributed to the variables text type and source language. In order to achieve that goal, we gathered a diverse set of linguistic variables and used a 10-million-word corpus that is parallel, comparable and bidirectional (the Dutch Parallel Corpus;Macken et al. 2011). The frequency counts for each of the variables are used to determine the differences in standard language use by means of profile-based correspondence analysis (Plevoets 2008). The results of our analysis show that (i) in general, there is indeed a standardizing trend among translations and (ii) text types with a lot of editorial control (fiction, non-fiction and journalistic texts) contain more standard language than the less edited text types (administrative texts and external communication) which adds support for the idea that the differences between translated and non-translated texts are text type dependent.

Preparing student nurses, faculty and clinicians for 21st century informatics practice: findings from a national survey of nursing education programs in the United States

Because healthcare delivery increasingly mandates data-driven decision-making, it is imperative that informatics knowledge and skills are integrated into nursing education curricula for all future nurse clinicians and educators. A national online survey of deans/directors of 266 baccalaureate and higher nursing education programs in the U.S. identified perceived informatics competencies and knowledge of under-graduate and graduate nursing students; determined the preparedness of nurse faculty to teach and use informatics tools; and elicited perceptions of informatics requirements of local practicing nurses. Frequency data and qualitative responses were analyzed. Approximately half of the programs reported requiring word processing and email skills upon entry into the nursing major. The use of standardized languages and the nurse's role in the life cycle of an information system were the least visible informatics content at all levels. Half of program faculty, rated as "novice" or "advanced beginners", are teaching information literacy skills. Findings have major implications for nurse educators, staff developers, and program administrators who are planning faculty/staff development opportunities and designing nursing education curricula that prepare nurses for professional practice.

Hier, da und dort– regionale Variation und standardsprachlicher Gebrauch bei den primären Lokaldeiktika im Deutschen

Abstract There is much disagreement with respect to the adequate description of the primary local demonstratives in German. This is partly due to the fact that functions of da have been considered which are not properly locative deictic. However, the problem appears to derive first and foremost from regional differences on the one hand and the influence of written language on the other. In day-to-day language there is considerable variation in the use of local demonstratives. Two-level systems predominate: the most widespread is hier – da, but regionally hier – dort or da – dort are also usual, although a complete parallelism between these oppositions is not always present. For the (intended) standard language use, this is the point of departure (real deixis is normally connected to the proximity situation); but through the orientation of spoken language towards written language, in which the local demonstrative dort is preferred to da for reasons of clarity, dort generally comes into play additionally as a variant which is given a higher value.

Translators up a (plum)tree: (food)Notes to the Translation of the ‘Sandwich Passage’ into Hungarian and Romanian

From the perspective of translation, Lestrygonians is a chapter that goes in the face of linguistic norm, subverting expectations of standard language use. The chapter consistently shows meaning to be unstable, self-generating along lines of flight, mushrooming around nodes of (semantic) tension. The cohesion of the text, as shown in the sandwich’ passage, depends on a series of such nodes, of linguistic occasions, associations and interfaces; Bloom’s associations and bricolage (or, to use Jean- Michel Rabaté’s pun, brick-holing)1 of words which direct and channel the text’s movements are called forth by the shape of phrases, homonymy and polysemy. Such instability of meaning and of the directions of the production of meaning certainly musters and breeds translation problems: the translator would have to aim at finding/ creating analogous interfaces in the target language (TL) that could account for, and function as points of departure for Bloom’s strings of associations, for the text’s nodes of meaning and tension.

Quality of nursing records and standardized language: literature review

Abstract. Context. The time spent to produce nursing records, to become aware of the policy of the institution, to use standardized nursing language, as well as the tools available (printed or electronic tools) may directly interfere on quality of nursing records. Objective. To identify and analyze the literature data on factors that affect the quality of nursing records and the use of standardized language. Methods. Literature review was conducted in the databases CINAHL, PubMed and SciELO. For selecting the texts for review, abstracts and available full texts, in Portuguese or English, about the subject were read. Result. This review allowed to evidence that the quality of nursing care is directly related to the quality of professionals’ records. Additionally, appropriate use of standardized language combined with electronic tools is helpful for nurses and their teams on the care provided. Conclusion. In the near future, standardized electronic documentation will allow remote and recurring access to data among different health professionals and organizations. Relevance to clinical practice. This fact can improve patient care, as well as it can assist the development of clinical protocols and researches. Improvement of nursing records is still a challenge for nurses.

Dilemmas, Tetralemmas, Reimagining the Electronic Health Record

With the transition from paper-based to computer-based records, nursing practice shifts to computerized documentation of care in the electronic health record (EHR). Viewed not only as an electronic document, but as an instrument of modern economic and technological ideology that serves organizational goals of cost-efficiency, the EHR can be perceived as creating a dilemma for a patient-centered nursing practice. Viewing the EHR as relying solely on the use of standardized languages begets a number of questions and furthers the dilemma for nurses. Through a discussion that draws on the Indian tradition of the tetralemma, authors transcend the EHR/nursing dilemma.

Reform-Oriented Mathematics in Three 6th Grade Classes: How Teachers Draw in ELLs to Academic Discourse

Traditionally, mathematics has been considered easy for English language learners (ELLs) due to the belief that math is a “universal language.” At the same time, reform-oriented mathematics curricula, designed to promote mathematical discourse, are increasingly being adopted by schools serving large numbers of ELLs. CMP, the Connected Math Project, is one such reform-oriented curriculum. Taking a community-of-practice approach, this article compares how three 6th grade mathematics teachers in a Spanish/English community utilized language to draw ELLs into content and classroom participation. Teacher use of standard language fell into 2 categories: (a) modeling and (b) eliciting student practice. In the teacher's class that regularly elicited language, ELLs were successful on academic assessments; whereas students in the other 2 classes were not. Results suggest that CMP facilitates ELLs' learning and that a focus on mathematical language and elicitation benefits the development of mathematical discourse and content knowledge.

Safe Medication Swallowing in Dysphagia: A Collaborative Improvement Project

Episodes of choking during medication administration to patients with dysphagia prompted a chart audit and caregiver interview to identify system problems that allowed inappropriate drug administration to occur. Sixty elderly patients residing on two patient care areas in a 500-bed complex continuing care facility were studied. The audit explored the actual nursing medication administration methods and compared this to the information obtained from various communication tools including instructions that appeared on the medication administration record (MAR), the current diet order, the recommendations of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) and comments on the nursing care plan. The audit yielded a number of discrepancies between nursing actions and the instructions obtain from these sources. We proposed that changes to the process of communicating medication swallowing recommendations among team members would lead to greater patient safety. Major practice changes included the use of standardized language by the SLP when making recommendations, the writing of SLP recommendations in the doctor's orders, the inclusion of SLP recommendations on the MAR and the creation of a "dysphagia alert" on the pharmacy computer system. An educational intervention was conducted to implement process changes. Its effectiveness was evaluated using a pre- and post-test and a participant satisfaction survey. A post-implementation audit showed compliance with the practice change. In summary, process changes were implemented to improve compliance with SLP medication-related swallowing recommendations and to prevent the inadvertent prescribing, dispensing or crushing of sustained-release medications in patients with dysphagia.

An Exemplar of the Use of NNN Language in Developing Evidence‐Based Practice Guidelines

To explore the use of standardized language, NNN, in the development of evidence-based practice (EBP). Published research and texts on family interventions, nursing diagnoses (NANDA-I), nursing interventions (NIC), and nursing outcomes (NOC). Research literature was summarized and synthesized to determine levels of evidence for the NIC intervention Family Integrity Promotion. The authors advocate that a "standards of practice" category of levels of evidence be adopted for interventions not amenable to randomized controlled trials or for which a body of research has not been developed. Priorities for nursing family intervention research are identified. The use of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses, NIC interventions, and NOC outcomes (NNN language) as research frameworks will facilitate the development of EBP guidelines and the use of appropriate outcome measures.

‘She's manipulative and he's right off’: A critical analysis of psychiatric nurses’ oral and written language in the acute inpatient setting

Remarks such as 'she's manipulative' and 'he's right off' are familiar to psychiatric nurses. This paper critiques the language nurses use in acute inpatient psychiatry services, highlighting the diverse discourses implicated in nurses' writing and speaking about patients. Based on a review of the literature, this paper examines ethnographic studies and discourse analyses of psychiatric nurses' oral and written language. A prominent debate in the literature surrounds nurses' use of standardized language, which is the use of set terms for symptoms and nursing activities. This review of spoken descriptions of patients highlights nurses' use of informal and local descriptions, incorporating elements of moral judgement, common sense language and empathy. Research into written accounts in patient files and records show nurses' use of objectifying language, the dominance of medicine and the emergence of the language of bureaucracy in health services. Challenges to the language of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing arise from fields as diverse as bioscience, humanism and social theory. Authors who focus on the relationship between language, power and the discipline of nursing disagree in regard to their analysis of particular language as a constructive exercise of power by nurses. Thus, particular language is in some instances endorsed and in other instances censured, by nurses in research and practice. In this paper, a Foucauldian analysis provides further critique of taken-for-granted practices of speech and writing. Rather than censoring language, we recommend that nurses, researchers and educators attend to nurses' everyday language and explore what it produces for nurses, patients and society.

The influence of standardized languages on nurses' autonomy

To investigate the influence of standardized languages on nurses' autonomy. The uses of standardized languages are expanding. These languages unify communication across health care settings. Autonomy is a favourable concept for nurses. The use of standardized languages may hinder nurses' autonomy; however, these languages may also promote nurses' autonomy. Review of the literature. The key issue discussed in this paper is whether the use of standardized languages affects nurses' autonomy. Nurses should use standardized languages in every day practices as it reflects a mastery over their own work. Having control over practice is an important attribute of nurses' autonomy.

Editorial. JNM editorial for May 2005 - Managing nursing in an increasingly complex environment of care

Editorial. JNM editorial for May 2005 - Managing nursing in an increasingly complex environment of care