Use Of Special Knowledge Research Articles

Water Transport as an Object of Forensic Vehicle Examination

Investigation of traffic accidents and crimes is never complete without the application of specialized knowledge. Particularly, this applies to those events in which water transport appears. Existing modern educational and scientific works in the field are associated mainly with road accidents, as well as with the use of specialized knowledge of automotive technology in establishing the circumstances to be proved.The article addresses the main problematic issues arising from the application of the specialized knowledge in the investigation of violations of traffic safety rules and the operation of water transport which are organizational difficulties in finding institutions and specialists conducting research in the field of navigation and merchant shipping, the evaluation of the results of such studies on their compliance with the Code of Criminal Procedure of Russia. Based on the analysis of current legislation, scientific sources, as well as investigative and judicial practice, the author considers the issue of the concept of «water transport» as an object of research within the framework of forensic vehicle examination.

Normative Regulation for the Application of Specialized Knowledge in Civil Proceedings

Based on the analysis of use of specialized knowledge in legal proceedings, the author reveales its common forms and types applied in civil and administrative proceedings. The problems and conflicts generated by the legal regulation of the use of specialized knowledge in legal proceedings have also been reviewed. As a result, the author concludes that there is no unified approach to the legal regulation of forensic expertise and the participation of a specialist in civil and administrative proceedings. Practically there arise some problems associated both with the appointment and production of a forensic examination, and with the participation of a specialist in procedural actions.The inability to resolve certain issues results in the recognition of evidence as inadmissible. One of the main reasons for this is the adoption of procedural codes and amendments and additions to them without considering the provisions developed by the science of forensic expertology. The author emphasizes that forensic expertology studies legal, including normative, theoretical, and methodological issues of the use of specialized knowledge in legal proceedings basing on the integrated approach, and so it does not monopolize the subject of research, but provides a versatile approach to it, considering the developments of procedural sciences. As a result, forensic expertology can act as the fundamental knowledge for normative regulation and implementation of legal institutions of forensic expertise and participation of a specialist.

Examination in criminal proceedings: main problems and ways of their solution

The article, based on the analysis of current criminal procedural legislation, scientific sources, as well as the practice of conducting investigations in criminal proceedings, singles out the main problematic aspects of this investigative action and suggests ways of their possible solution. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the legal regulation of education within the limits of Art. 241 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in certain provisions needs improvement due to insufficiently clear and unambiguous wording of some positions, which causes certain complications in their implementation in practice. Attention was drawn to the narrowed formulation of the purpose of study in Part 1 of Art. 241 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, which may lead to the recognition of the evidence obtained as a result of this investigative action as inadmissible, because in addition to the goal of finding traces fixed in the norm, investigators in practice carry out their fixation and extraction. The prosecutor's exclusive authority to make a decision on conducting an investigation is recognized as a drawback, since this procedural mechanism from the point of view of practical implementation causes a significant loss of time, and in practice, an investigation often requires an urgent and urgent implementation. The problematic aspects of investigation related to conduct of this investigative action with the use of coercion against person under investigation, the implementation mechanism of which in some parts does not ensure compliance with procedural guarantees of individual rights, have been studied. In part of study of the proposal of some scientists regarding the possibility of establishing during the examination the presence of a person in a state of alcohol intoxication, it was determined that the establishment of the state of a person's body (in particular, intoxication, narcotic excitement, etc.) requires the use of special knowledge and should be decided by conducting a forensic examination examination, and not during examination. Emphasis is placed on the problems of the procedural design of the examination conducted by other subjects (expert, doctor), in cases when investigator cannot be present during the investigation. Based on the proposals made by scientists, ways of solving the above-mentioned problems are summarized.

ON THE CONCLUSION OF THE SPECIALIST

The article is devoted to the issues of modern legislative regulation regarding the grounds and requirements for the execution of a conclusion by a specialist in criminal proceedings. The scientific works of outstanding domestic and foreign scientists are analyzed and their great contribution to the study of this topic is indicated. Since they conduct a fundamental analysis of the domestic and foreign heritage on this issue, they help to determine the further debatable direction and carry out the subsequent scientific search. Articles of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine and the Criminal Code of Ukraine regarding the requirements for drawing up a written conclusion of a specialist, as well as articles on the responsibility of an expert and a specialist for introducing false information into the conclusion of the study prepared by them, have been carefully researched and analyzed, and the boundaries of the emergence of a certain responsibility are indicated. It is indicated that the expert's conclusion as one of the sources of evidence in the case allows, at the appropriate scientific level, to objectively and fully solve the designated tasks that require the use of special knowledge. The norms of the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine in connection with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Simplification of Pre-trial Investigation of Certain Categories of Criminal Offenses” are analyzed. It is indicated that a written conclusion of a specialist can be obtained to clarify the circumstances of the commission of a criminal offense before entering information into the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations. It is also indicated that the conclusion of a specialist is recognized as a procedural source of evidence in criminal proceedings on criminal offenses with the proviso that such a procedural source of evidence cannot be used in criminal proceedings for a crime, except on the basis of a ruling by an investigating judge, which is issued at the request of the prosecutor. A comparative analysis was carried out regarding the content of the conclusions of the expert with the conclusions of the specialist. The general and distinctive positions in the written content of the conclusions of a specialist and an expert are indicated. Key words: specialist, expert, the conclusion of a specialist, the conclusion of an expert, criminal offense.

Integration as a Trend in the Development of the Institute of Special Knowledge in Criminal Proceedings Involving Minors

The article considers complexing as a significant trend in the genesis of the institution of special knowledge in criminal proceedings involving minors. The phenomenon under study is defined as the combination by one person of two or more procedural functions and/or special knowledge to provide a multilateral assessment of the circumstances important for the criminal case and the individual characteristics of the minor. Four historical stages of the formation of the domestic institution of special knowledge in criminal proceedings involving minors are identified and presented. It is concluded that this institution has gone the way of development from the situational involvement of a few knowledgeable persons through the use of special knowledge by law enforcement officers themselves with the optional involvement of knowledgeable persons to the established practice of producing comprehensive examinations (in which the commission is not a mandatory property) and the active involvement of various knowledgeable persons, in particular, a teacher and a psychologist. Actual situations are considered in which the minority of the participants in the criminal process, along with their individual characteristics (psychophysiological, cultural, religious, linguistic and others), entails the need to combine procedural functions and / or special knowledge. The results of an empirical study conducted by the Author of the article under the guidance of Candidate of Legal Sciences, Docent E. V. Elagina (questionnaire survey of 161 investigators and 116 prosecutors on the involvement of knowledgeable persons in pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases involving minors) are presented; it is shown that in most cases respondents note the leading role of a psychologist in the production of investigative actions with children and adolescents. It is also noted that the functions traditionally implemented by the teacher do not meet the goals of his involvement in the criminal process, and therefore it is necessary to exclude the possibility of such involvement. A general conclusion is made that, when complexing, the first place should be given to special psychological knowledge, since it is psychologists who are competent in assessing a number of phenomena significant for criminal proceedings (for example, emotional and behavioral reactions of minors). The Author proposes a method for optimal integration of procedural functions and / or special knowledge in a criminal process involving minors – the use of special knowledge by a law enforcement officer or the combination of two or more functions by one knowledgeable person. It is shown that the proposed method will reduce the number of persons in contact with a minor and reduce the psychological burden on him.

The Doctrine of Specialist’s Activities in the Structure of Forensic Expertology

The need to study the activities of a specialist based on an integrated approach is dictated by several reasons. Among them, first, contradictions and ambiguity of normative regulation, problems arising in legal proceedings and other types of jurisdictional activities, in which a specialist can be attracted to participate, are manifested. It should be determined which science can effectively study the figure of a specialist and his activities. Several legal sciences can claim to include in the subject of their research the patterns of the formation of the legal and professional status of a specialist, the implementation of his functions by a specialist, including the study of the patterns of a specialist’s implementation of certain types of activities, their results, and the possibilities of their use in jurisdictional activities. However, not everyone is able to provide an integrated approach. It is proposed to distinguish in forensic expertology as a science on the use of special knowledge the doctrine (private theory) about the activities of a specialist, the subject of studying which is to identify the patterns highlighted above.

Use of special knowledge in the procedure of criminal cases

In the process of examining the case at the trial stage, the judge, in some cases, requests that methodical research be carried out with the application of special knowledge in order to clarify circumstances that are important for the fair settlement of the case. The disposition and performance of the judicial expertise in the trial phase takes place under the conditions of observing the principle of orality, directness, publicity and adversariality. These principles, which underlie the trial of the case, differentiate the procedure for disposing of judicial expertise in the trial phase from the procedure for disposing of expertise in the criminal investigation phase. In essence, the judicial function consists in administering the evidence, the evaluation of the evidence administered in order to pronounce a decision on the merits of the criminal accusation made by the prosecutor against the defendant, as well as the pronouncing of a court decision resolving the criminal law conflict being guaranteed. to the parties and to the procedural subjects the fullness of the rights provided by art. 6 European Convention on Human Rights. In the process of examining the case in the trial phase, the judge in some cases at the request of the parties requests a methodical investigation with the application of special knowledge in order to clarify some circumstances that are important for the fair settlement of the case.

Using Special Knowledge: History, Status and Prospects of Development

The authors use normative sources to examine the history of the emergence and development of special knowledge in Russia, starting with the Decree of March 6, 1699 “On the Order of Investigating Signatures in Servitude Acts …”, and ending with the current legislation. Special knowledge is understood as systematized scientific knowledge and skills in the fields of science, technology, art or craft (with the exception of any knowledge in the field of law), a product of purposeful professional training and practical experience, used for collecting and examining evidence with the goal of establishing circumstances to be proven in a criminal case. The division of special knowledge into procedural and non-procedural is examined. The procedural forms of using special knowledge are further analyzed as those having evidentiary significance, namely: immediate use of special knowledge by the investigator himself; involving a specialist in investigatory actions; report and evidence of an expert; report and evidence of a specialist. Special attention is paid to the expert’s report as the key historical form, and the specialist’s report, whom the will of the lawmaker made a competitor of the former. It is noted that at the stage of preliminary investigation this competition favors the expert’s report, as, contrary to the specialist’s report, the law has provisions for the situations when the expertise is obligatory, and the expert is liable for false evidence, which is not the case with the specialist’s report; the expert has a right to conduct instrumental research, often involving partial or complete destruction or modification of objects, or changes to their appearance or key features, which is not typical for the specialist, since the specialist’s report is a written representation of his opinion on the questions posed before him by the sides; the form of the expert’s report is regulated by normative legal acts in detail, while there are no such regulations the specialist’s report. The authors analyze the prospects of using special knowledge: bringing the research process as close to the crime scene as possible, which it was suggested to call “field criminalistics”; using new research methods, researching new objects, mainly through the application of computer- and nano-technologies, as well as genomic objects; the objectivation of the testimonies of criminal proceeding’s participants, specifically, detecting lies by scanning their brains with classic magnetic resonance imaging after an effective prohibition of psycho-physiological examination with a polygraph.

USE OF SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE AT THE STAGE OF INITIATION OF CRIMINAL CASES IN THE CREDIT AND FINANCIAL SPHERE

Abstract. The use of special knowledge in the initiation of criminal cases in the field of credit and finance has some particularities. This is because, in Russian forensic doctrine, the speed of crime detection depends on the speed of investigative powers realization at the moment when the verification of the received information about a crime requires the use of special knowledge. At the same time, speed alone does not ensure success because the efficiency depends on the quality of the investigation of the crime report, which largely determines the effectiveness of further procedural activities. The purpose of the article is to study the problem of the use of special knowledge at the stage of initiation of criminal crimes in the credit and finance sphere. The author proposes to consider special knowledge as the knowledge in the sphere of banking, financial and credit relations, functioning and legal regulation of the relevant market. It should not be common and well-known, but it should be the result of vocational education and training and it should correspond the expert level recognized by the professional community and preliminary investigation bodies. For the subject matter of this study, this is the knowledge of accounting and auditing, banking, securities market, corporate law, business practices, digital banking, information law and the foundations and special functions in informal sectors of the economy. The subject matter of this study is knowledge of accounting and auditing, banking, securities market, banking and corporate law, business customs and best practices in banking, digital banking, information law and the foundations and features of the operation of the paralegal (grey) and shadow sectors of the economy. Methods: the author applies general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition (formal-legal, formal-logical methods, documentary analysis). Results: when verifying a report of a crime in the banking sphere, the investigator is entitled and may obtain from a specialist any information on the status and conditions for opening settlement and other accounts of the person under examination, on the forms of non-cash and other settlements made, on the compliance of accounting documents reflecting settlement and other transactions with the law and rules of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, on methods of accounting, use of tax optimization instruments, existence of overdue obligations. Moreover, the most frequent reason for preliminary verification of illegal banking activities is illegal cashing, which is carried out according to known model schemes and usually does not require complicated examinations. Therefore, in most cases, for the investigator it is a priority, financially and procedurally, economically and promptly to take advantage of the special knowledge of a competent person than to appoint an examination. The use of special knowledge at the stage of initiation of criminal cases in the area of credit and finance meets two types of obstacles: objective and subjective. Firstly, it is the lack of initial information, the loss of documents, files, as well as the receipt of banking information protected by banking secrecy, if the scope of the verification involves an operating legal financial and credit organization. Secondly, there are subjective obstacles: poor training, incompetence of a specialist or an investigator who incorrectly assigns a task to a competent person and (or) is unable to adequately use the information received.

LEGAL BASIS FOR COLLECTION AND ATTACHMENT OF DIGITAL INFORMATION AS PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The constantly increasing volume of natural science, technical and other knowledge at the present stage determines the technical saturation of the criminal process in the investigation of crimes. The increasing complexity of forensic tools used in the collection and consolidation of digital traces of crime and evidence, the extensive instrumentalization of expert research methods, determines the need for a set of issues related to the use of special knowledge by participants in the criminal process. The purpose of this study is to identify, generalize and analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of the legal grounds for collecting and consolidating digital information in proving criminal cases, taking into account world experience and the opinions of scientists. The issues of legal grounds for collecting, consolidating digital information in proving in criminal cases in the realities of the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan is highlighted in this article. The historical aspects of the development of collecting evidence are also reviewed. In addition, the problems associated with the search, consolidation and application of digital information in evidence in criminal cases are addressed. Covert investigative actions aimed at collecting digital information are discussed. The author concludes that it is necessary to consolidate the concept of “Investigative actions” in the criminal procedural legislation, as well as investigative actions such as “Inspection” are not applicable to the collection of evidence in the form of digital information. Thus, authorization of investigative actions in the form of a search and seizure is required when receiving digital information.

Steam Package Boiler Expert System for Control and Maintenance of Fertilizer Plants using Rule-Base Fuzzy Logic

Generally, expert systems have been found very useful branch of artificial intelligence that makes extensive use of specialized knowledge to solve complex problems and even in fertilizer plants it has been deployed in handling operations in critical sections, such as material handling systems, online leak detection systems, granulation, air compressor among others. This paper presents research work for steam package boiler expert system for control and maintenance of fertilizer plants using rule-base fuzzy logic hybrid system, which has not been benefited much from expert system. The system handles cause of boiler failures in terms of controlling and maintaining the functional chemical components of the boiler drum and feed water parameters. validation on the system consistency, correctness, and its precision with six (6) steam package boiler parameters test value cases was conducted involving fourteen (14) fertilizer plant boiler domain partitioners. The boiler drum and feed water qualities with less or higher test value worst-cases validates the boiler system, showing each of the parameter’s bar turns red, as displayed on the boiler’s panel, while on test value best-cases, validates the system, displaying green on the boiler’s panel as users entered the right value of parameters per the design specification. We discovered that from 1 to 10 minutes run time for auto system run gives 10.8% errors as compared from 1 to 10 minutes time interval on manual system run that gives 80.2% error, this results to less effort in user interface application usage on auto operations better than manual. The expert system prevents damaged and malfunctioning as control the alkalinity, prevent scaling, both mechanical & chemical corrosion, forming, correct pH values and then the conductivity which deals with the feed boiler water and monitored the level in the boiler drum using the industry measurement parameters (pressure, temperature, level, and flow).

Use of special knowledge in investigation of legalization (laundering) of income obtained by criminal route

The article conducts a scientific study of the Institute of Special Knowledge in the investigation of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime in the use of virtual currencies; the essence of the category «special knowledge» is defined. The main theoretical and applied aspects of the use of special knowledge in the investigation of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime in the use of virtual currencies are identified, the main directions of optimizing the use of special knowledge in the investigation of this type of criminal offense. Recommendations for the optimal use of special knowledge in the conduct of investigative actions, recording their progress and results in the investigation of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime in the use of virtual currencies.
 In the course of the study, the special knowledge used in the investigation of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime in the use of virtual currencies is divided into: procedural and non-procedural (according to the form of application); special knowledge of the expert and special knowledge of the specialist (by subjects of application).
 Differences between different forms of special knowledge are established. Thus, the difference between the expert's expertise and the specialist's expertise is that the specialist uses his knowledge to help the investigator set tasks correctly and solve them in the most effective way, and the expert's knowledge is aimed at achieving a positive result in an already appointed expert study. In this regard, the urgent need to involve specialists at the place of investigative (search) actions in the investigation of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, in the use of virtual currencies. The specialist helps to identify, record facts and seize objects, which in most cases are available for perception and clarification during the investigative (search) action. During the examination, the expert provides the seized items and the information obtained from them with probative value, while simplifying the procedure of legal evaluation of the materials collected in criminal proceedings.

Conducting an investigative review of documents in the investigation of criminal offenses in the sphere of economic activity

The article examines the participation of a specialist in the review of documents in the investigation of criminal offenses in the field of economic activity.
 The authors note that in investigative practice, the investigator must be consulted on special terms and economic categories, management mechanism, the essence of economic processes, evaluation of economic activity, correctness of reporting, study of accounting and movement of inventory, finance, reflection in documents of certain facts, one of the areas of use of special knowledge is the involvement of a specialist.It is established that during the investigation of materials of criminal proceedings an important role is played by a thorough review of documents and study of seized accounting and tax documents in order to systematize them, identify signs of forgery and more. Thus, the achievement of results in the investigation of criminal offenses is possible only with a timely and full investigative review and seizure of documents.
 The authors note that during the investigation of criminal offenses committed in the field of economic activity, the review of accounting and tax accounting documents is the most common investigative (investigative) action.
 Emphasis is placed on the fact that the participation of a specialist makes it possible to identify and record signs of forgery of documents, making changes to certain parts of it, and so on. In addition, the specialist helps the investigator to navigate complex specific issues during the review of documents. It is noted that a specialist under the guidance of an investigator during a direct inspection of accounting documents, various equipment, technical devices may identify significant violations and material traces of a criminal offense, which may be important in the materials of criminal proceedings.
 The authors came to the conclusion that the participation of a specialist in the review of documents in the investigation of criminal offenses in the field of economic activity is very important. Because, firstly, in most cases, the specialist provides advisory assistance to the investigator, which is expressed in oral explanations, advice, certificates on special issues, in particular, to determine the appropriateness and consistency of review of documents, substantiation of assumptions about the relevance of certain documents to criminal offenses; secondly, the specialist can provide methodological assistance, ie providing the investigator with methods for conducting the examination; third, the specialist helps the investigator to identify, consolidate, seize and inspect the documents.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ СПЕЦІАЛЬНИХ ЗНАНЬ ПІД ЧАС РОЗСЛІДУВАННЯ КРИМІНАЛЬНИХ... ПРАВОПОРУШЕНЬ, ПОВ’ЯЗАНИХ ІЗ ДЕРЖАВНИМ ФІНАНСУВАННЯМ ГАЛУЗІ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ

The scientific article is devoted to the study of special knowledge, both its characteristics in general and the specifics of its use during the investigation of offenses related to public funding of the health care industry in the context of the Pandemic. Forms of the use of special knowledge, their classification at different times of the development of forensic science, in particular, the appointment of forensic examinations, are identified; reference and consulting activities; audits and other inspection reports; account verification; the involvement of a specialist in conducting procedural actions; interrogation of an expert; the presence of the investigator during the examination. Emphasis is placed on the importance of interdepartmental checks, interaction of law enforcement agencies with state financial control bodies. Based on the scientific points of view of scientists, an attempt was made to provide proposals for avoiding individual conflicts in the legislation regarding the assignment of audit and inventory to investigators. Attention is drawn to the use of monitoring, financial audit, procurement review and procurement monitoring. Also, certain aspects of the consultative form of using special knowledge and the participation of a specialist during some procedural actions under the specified category of criminal proceedings are disclosed. Forensic examinations are singled out, which are mainly appointed during the investigation of criminal offenses related to state funding of the health care industry in the context of a pandemic, including: economic, handwriting, technical examination of documents, computer and technical, telecommunications, commodity studies, video and sound recording, forensic, etc. All mentioned achievements are confirmed by statistical data and practical examples.

Cybercrimes: types, financial intelligence, use of special knowledge

It was determined that the investigation of cybercrimes remains a difficult task for investigative bodies, which is due to the specificity of this type of crime; the difficulties of summarizing the investigative and judicial materials under consideration; the lack of methodological recommendations regarding the organization of the investigation of criminal acts and the tactics of operational and investigative activities; insufficient qualifications of investigators to work with specific sources of evidenceThe necessity of using special knowledge in the investigation of cybercrimes is substantiated; the sequence of tasks of computer and technical research using special knowledge in the process of investigating cybercrimes is determined, namely: identification of databases of a specialized program; identification of programs for creating tax reporting and electronic document management systems; detection of information about payments made using network technologies. Involvement of an expert or specialist is the investigator's right, not an obligation. When investigating cybercrimes in the economic sphere, the problem arises of systematizing methodical approaches to the study of economic information in automated management systems in the light of complex computer-technical and economic expertise. It was concluded that when examining physical evidence in criminal cases regarding the investigation of economic cybercrimes, the most effective result will be a complex examination with the joint participation of experts in the field of economics and computer technology, since complexity is the most effective form of application of special knowledge. The requirements for the formulation of questions for research by an expert are important. An algorithm of tasks to be investigated using special knowledge in the investigation of cybercrimes in the field of economy is given. A typical task facing an expert is to search for databases with which work was performed, as well as to identify users who had access to one or another database, methods of approaching this task are highlighted.

Роль судебной автотехнической экспертизы при расследовании мошенничества в сфере автострахования

Modern market of auto insurance is rather imperfect and has numerous ways of gaining financial benefit illegally. That is the reason why fraud in the field of auto insurance is a very common crime in this field. Methods of investigating, solving and preventing of fraud in the field of auto insurance has been connected to the use of special knowledge for a long time because this aspect is indisputable help in the forming of evidence base. Practice shows that the most common procedural form of the implementation of special knowledge is the appointment and production of various examinations and studies. This circumstance is justified because forensic examination helps gain enough reliable evidence needed for investigating and solving crimes. Forensic examination is the main form of applying special knowledge in fraud investigating in the field of auto insurance. The article analyses forensic auto technical examination, its peculiarities and applications while investigating frauds in the field of auto insurance. The article characterizes main tasks and objects of investigation; it also describes the cases when one needs to attract specialists from different fields of operation and maintenance of motor vehicles.

Standardization of forms of use of special knowledge in criminal proceedings.

Standardization of forms of use of special knowledge in criminal proceedings.

Use of Special Knowledge in the Field of Forensic Computer-Technical Expert xamination in the Pre-Trial Investigation of Crimes Against the Foundations of National Security

In modern legal proceedings, the use of various forms of forensic expert exami-nation is important. The article analyzes the current state of forensic computer-technical expert examination and the cur-rent forensic expert practice in this area, considers the issue of the need for spe-cial knowledge to conduct this type of examinations. It is substantiated that fo-rensic computer-technical expert exami-nation is an independent type of forensic expert examination and belongs to the class of engineering and technical exam-ination. The definitions of the object, the subject of computer-technical examina-tion are presented, typical tasks are for-mulated. The issues, faced by the experts when assigning forensic computer-technical examinations for the study of new computer objects are considered. Determination of the expert’s assignment and the formulation of questions are considered as an important stage in the planning of an examination, on which the correct choice of research methodol-ogy depends. With the development of information technologies, investigators are interested in new objects for which it is necessary to prepare individual meth-odological recommendations, manuals for determining the sequence of conduct-ing various types of examinations. It has been substantiated that the conclusions of forensic experts on computer-technical examination are of great evi-dentiary value. They make it possible to: decipher the encoded information; find information that was considered missing, lost or destroyed; restore the mecha¬nism of a criminal event based on information traces.

Application of Special Knowledge in the Investigation of Crimes Related to Illicit Drug Trafficking

Some issues of application of special knowledge in the course of investigation of crimes related to illegal drug trafficking are considered. Analyzed the scientific literature, regulatory legal acts devoted to the use of special knowledge in the study of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors. The statistical data of the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine are presented, indicating a significant increase in the level of drug-related crime in Ukraine. The increase in the number of drug-related crimes entails an increase in the need for the use of special knowledge in their investigation. In the process of applying special knowledge, a number of problematic issues arise that require legislative solutions. The purpose of the article is to identify theoretical and organizational problems arising in the process of applying special knowledge in the investigation of crimes related to drug trafficking.
 Attention was drawn to the project “Action — EU: EU Action on Drugs and Organized Crime. Intensive cooperation and capacity building to combat organized drug trafficking along the heroin route. ” Under the auspices of this project, the Ukrainian Working Group for the Study of Psychoactive Substances was formed, one of the main goals of which is to improve the quality of forensic services in Ukraine, and one of the main forms of work is to conduct interlaboratory exercises. The results of participation in an interlaboratory exercise provide an opportunity to either confirm the performance of a particular laboratory, or indicate problems in such a laboratory. For the examination of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, access to comparative (standard) samples is required, the free receipt of which (or their exchange between institutions) is complicated by many factors.

The Forensic Prevention of Crimes Related to the Provision of Medical Care of Undue Quality

The article describes the history and modern condition of the criminalistic science which studies crime prevention. The authors argue that it is necessary to develop criminalistic recommendations on crime prevention as an element of special methodologies of investigating certain types of crimes. As for the investigation of crimes connected with the provision of medical care of undue quality, the authors prove that the investigators should involve the following categories of specialists when establishing the circumstances which contributed to the commission of the crime: persons that exercise administrative control and supervision in the healthcare sphere, representatives of insurance companies working in the system of obligatory insurance, as well as departmental experts, because timely and effective use of special knowledge is a vital condition for improving the quality of prevention work in the process of criminal investigation, it is the best guarantee of the comprehensive character of investigative actions aimed at the identification of circumstances leading to the crime and the development of preventive measures. The authors also present tactical recommendations on the choice and involvement of each of the abovementioned categories of specialists in the investigation of the analyzed type of crimes. The authors use the example of the practice of investigative bodies of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation to single out stages of preventive work of the investigator in the investigation of healthcare crimes: identification of causes and conditions contributing to the crime; preparation and presentation of a statutory notice to eliminate the identified circumstances; participation in the consideration of this notice; analysis of measures undertaken by the addressee of the statutory notice to enforce the prevention act of the investigator. They also present tactical recommendations on measures of criminalistic prevention at each of the identified stages.