Use Of Sketches Research Articles

The SmartLandMaps Approach for Participatory Land Rights Mapping

Millions of formal and informal land rights are still undocumented worldwide and there is a need for scalable techniques to facilitate that documentation. In this context, sketch mapping based on printed high-resolution satellite or aerial imagery is being promoted as a fit-for-purpose land administration method and can be seen as a promising way to collect cadastral and land use information with the community in a rapid and cost-effective manner. The main disadvantage of paper-based mapping is the need for digitization to facilitate the integration with existing land administration information systems and the sustainable use of the data. Currently, this digitization is mostly done manually, which is time-consuming and error-prone. This article presents the SmartLandMaps approach to land rights mapping and digitization to address this gap. The recording involves the use of sketches during participatory mapping activities to delineate parcel boundaries, and the use of mobile phones to collect attribute information about spatial units and land rights holders. The digitization involves the use of photogrammetric techniques to derive a digital representation from the annotated paper maps, and the use of computer vision techniques to automate the extraction of parcel boundaries and stickers from raster maps. The approach was deployed in four scenarios across Africa, revealing its simplicity, versatility, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. It can be regarded as a scalable alternative to traditional paper-based participatory land rights mapping.

Sketch and Speak Expository Intervention for Adolescents: A Single-Case Experiment via Telepractice.

This study investigated the effects of Sketch and Speak strategy intervention on expressive and receptive expository discourse for adolescents with language-related learning disabilities (LLD). Three participants completed baseline and twelve 45- to 60-min individual treatment sessions in a multiple-baseline across participants design. In treatment, participants learned to take notes using pictography and conventional bulleted notes, orally generate sentences from their notes, and orally practice full sentences and oral reports. Session tests with varied levels of instructional support were used to collect outcome data on free-recall oral reports, short-answer question responses, and participant notes. A distal, age- referenced expository task and social validity questionnaires were administered pre-/postintervention. Visual and statistical analyses revealed significant effects of treatment on the primary outcome measure of Oral Report Quality and on secondary outcomes of Note Quantity and Quality. There was no significant effect of treatment on Short-Answer Recall questions. Two participants generalized strategies during the treatment phase to independent performance on Oral Reports and one improved on Note Quality. All three participants improved on the distal expository measure. Social validity questionnaires showed participant awareness and buy-in of taught strategies, with potential for generalization at the high school level. These adolescent students benefited from explicit instruction in note-taking strategies and systematic oral practice of expository discourse even within the challenging delivery setting of telepractice. This study provides evidence for the use of Sketch and Speak expository intervention with adolescents with LLD to improve comprehension and expression of grade-level material. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.23681505.

Exploring Science Learning through Arts-based Sketches and Photos: A Transformative Paradigm

The study reconnoitres arts-based learning by the use of sketches and photos of basic level students and science teachers. It was accompanied in the basic level public schools of Kirtipur municipality of Kathmandu district. The study explores how the use of sketches and photos promotes students science learning and also designs an appropriate strategy for engaged learning. A qualitative research design was used based on the interpretive paradigm in which data are collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The data were analysed through verbatim and thematic approaches. The study found the use of arts-based learning like sketches and photos helps to learn science that develops creativity and communication. It was also found that science teachers used sketches and photos linked to the prescribed curriculum while teaching and learning science. It is recommended that the application of sketches and photos would be beneficial for science learning. For this, science curricula and textbooks have to incorporate the techniques of arts-based concept learning in the public schools in Nepal.

ARTIC GAN: A Recursive Text-Image-Conditioned GAN

Generative Adversarial Networks have recently demonstrated the capability to synthesize photo-realistic real-world images. However, they still struggle to offer high controllability of the output image, even if several constraints are provided as input. In this work, we present a Recursive Text-Image-Conditioned GAN (aRTIC GAN), a novel approach for multi-conditional image generation under concurrent spatial and text constraints. It employs few line drawings and short descriptions to provide informative yet human-friendly conditioning. The proposed scenario is based on accessible constraints with high degrees of freedom: sketches are easy to draw and add strong restrictions on the generated objects, such as their orientation or main physical characteristics. Text on its side is so common and expressive that easily enforces information otherwise impossible to provide with minimal illustrations, such as objects components color, color shades, etc. Our aRTIC GAN is suitable for the sequential generation of multiple objects due to its compact design. In fact, the algorithm exploits the previously generated image in conjunction with the sketch and the text caption, resulting in a recurrent approach. We developed three network blocks to tackle the fundamental problems of catching captions’ semantic meanings and of handling the trade-off between smoothing grid-pattern artifacts and visual detail preservation. Furthermore, a compact three-task discriminator (covering global, local and textual aspects) was developed to preserve a lightweight and robust architecture. Extensive experiments proved the validity of aRTIC GAN and show that the combined use of sketch and description allows us to avoid explicit object labeling.

General Policies, Representations, and Planning Width

It has been observed that in many of the benchmark planning domains, atomic goals can be reached with a simple polynomial exploration procedure, called IW, that runs in time exponential in the problem width. Such problems have indeed a bounded width: a width that does not grow with the number of problem variables and is often no greater than two. Yet, while the notion of width has become part of the state- of-the-art planning algorithms like BFWS, there is still no good explanation for why so many benchmark domains have bounded width. In this work, we address this question by relating bounded width and serialized width to ideas of generalized planning, where general policies aim to solve multiple instances of a planning problem all at once. We show that bounded width is a property of planning domains that admit optimal general policies in terms of features that are explicitly or implicitly represented in the domain encoding. The results are extended to the larger class of domains with bounded serialized width where the general policies do not have to be optimal. The study leads also to a new simple, meaningful, and expressive language for specifying domain serializations in the form of policy sketches which can be used for encoding domain control knowledge by hand or for learning it from traces. The use of sketches and the meaning of the theoretical results are all illustrated through a number of examples.

Calligraphic Architecture: stroke to form, space and surface How does Arabic Calligraphy influence the design process of Zaha Hadid in her creation of architectural forms?

This design research explores the connection between two rather diverse art forms; Architecture and Arabic Calligraphy. From the intricate art and science behind designing buildings to the decorative inscriptions of one of the most historical calligraphic mediums in the Arab World, this article uses the work of Star architect Zaha Hadid as a vehicle to help visualize this relationship of Architecture and Arabic Calligraphy. Arabic calligraphy combines a cultural language with the language of geometry. The fluidity of Arabic script offers countless possibilities for designing calligraphic expressions varying its use from ornamental design to Architecture. This research focuses on how Arabic Calligraphy may have influenced the design process of Zaha Hadid allowing her to produce her fluid architectural designs. In return, this study would unfold onto creating new valid diagrammatic forms based on calligraphy. This personal exploration will begin with a simple Arabic calligraphy form and gradually through the use of sketches, paintings and 3D graphics will develop into a conceptual architectural form that can be seen as a space to be inhabited. There may not be a clear proven process of inspiration from calligraphy, but it’s something that definitely makes an apparent connection to Hadid’s works.

Toward Fine-Grained Sketch-Based 3D Shape Retrieval.

In this paper we study, for the first time, the problem of fine-grained sketch-based 3D shape retrieval. We advocate the use of sketches as a fine-grained input modality to retrieve 3D shapes at instance-level - e.g., given a sketch of a chair, we set out to retrieve a specific chair from a gallery of all chairs. Fine-grained sketch-based 3D shape retrieval (FG-SBSR) has not been possible till now due to a lack of datasets that exhibit one-to-one sketch-3D correspondences. The first key contribution of this paper is two new datasets, consisting a total of 4,680 sketch-3D pairings from two object categories. Even with the datasets, FG-SBSR is still highly challenging because (i) the inherent domain gap between 2D sketch and 3D shape is large, and (ii) retrieval needs to be conducted at the instance level instead of the coarse category level matching as in traditional SBSR. Thus, the second contribution of the paper is the first cross-modal deep embedding model for FG-SBSR, which specifically tackles the unique challenges presented by this new problem. Core to the deep embedding model is a novel cross-modal view attention module which automatically computes the optimal combination of 2D projections of a 3D shape given a query sketch.

ВЫШИВАЯ АВАНГАРД: СУПРЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ВЫШИВКИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ АРТЕЛИ ВЕРБОВКА 1900-1919

The article is devoted to the activities of the artel of embroiderers in the village Verbovka, founded by N.M. Davydova in 1900. The collaboration of the artel with artists of the Russian avant-garde, such as: Alexandra Exter, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Olga Rozanova was brave and innovative. The most important principle of the artel was the preservation of craft traditions, as well as the use of abstract sketches in decorative and applied products. This creative experiment is not only an important starting point for the experiments of avant-garde artists in the field of costume, but also one of the first examples of collaboration between folk crafts and artisans. The article also examines not only the role of Verbovka artel in of suprematism expansion, but also the importance of artists' appeal to new media.

Integration of sketch maps in community mapping activities

ABSTRACT Drawing sketch maps is one of the most widely used tools for observation recording in community mapping. However, because sketches are not to scale and features are not precisely located, they are not spatially accurate. With this in mind, consider an important question. Can the use of sketch maps in a community mapping lead to an acceptable result? This article addresses this question by investigating the sketch maps drawn by children in a simulated community mapping. To make the sketches useful, they must be matched and integrated together. Although much research has been conducted about data matching in sketch maps, the integration of data extracted from sketch maps has been less considered. Therefore, this article focuses on the integration of sketch maps and proposes a solution in order to examine the maps more accurately while revising and customizing the existing matching solutions. The output of the data analysis is an integrated sketch map. The accuracy of the matching between the integrated sketch map and the data extracted from OpenStreetMap (OSM) is about 94.8%. In addition, the output contains features that are not present in the OSM data, which means that this output can be used for descriptive and geometric enrichment of metric maps. These results are the output of a simulated community mapping under some strict conditions. Therefore in a real community mapping, one can expect higher accuracy in using the proposed algorithm for matching and integration of the data in sketch maps.

Faking Elephant Flows on the Count Min Sketch

Detecting flows that have a large number of packets is an important function in network monitoring. Those flows known as elephants are typically few but account for a significant fraction of the traffic and it may be interesting to treat them differently. In high-speed networks, the number of flows can be very large and it is not practical to keep a list of the active flows. Instead, approximate data structures commonly referred to as sketches are used to detect elephant flows. The use of sketches significantly reduces the memory and computational effort needed to detect elephants at the cost of small inaccuracies in the detection. For example, the Count-Min Sketch (CMS) is widely used to estimate the frequency of elements in a set in general and the number of packets per flow in particular. However, the use of sketches also opens the door for an attacker to try to make that a specific flow that is not an elephant is detected as such. In this letter, an algorithm to perform such an attack on a Count-Min Sketch is presented and evaluated. The analysis and simulation results show that the attacker can create fake elephants even when he does not have any knowledge of how the Count-Min Sketch is implemented.

Sketch maps for searching in spatial data

AbstractMuch research has been conducted on the use of sketch maps to search in spatial databases, nevertheless, they have faced challenges, such as modeling of the data abstraction level, aggregated features in sketches, modeling of semantic aspects of data, data redundancy, and evaluation of the results. Considering these challenges, in this article a new solution is presented for searching in databases based on data matching. The main difference between this solution and the other approaches lies in the parameters introduced to match data and how to solve the matching problem. Using geometrical, topological, and semantic parameters in the matching, as well as performing the matching process in the two phases of partial and global, has resulted in an of about 78%. The evaluation process is performed based on the matching parameters and the matching procedure; finally, the result is acceptable compared to previous implementations.

The Roles of Sketching in Supporting Creative Design

Freehand sketching has traditionally been considered as an essential part of the design process. However, despite extensive literature on the subject, the roles that sketching play in design are still not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this PhD study is to identify and understand the roles sketching plays in supporting creative design work and to develop means to enhance the creative performance of designers. The research methodology is composed of three phases. Hypotheses first emerged from the review of the literature, which then led to three descriptive studies, a pilot study and two surveys with design students and professionals respectively. Data collected from these studies will be used to test and verify the hypotheses. An id-Sketching Toolkit will be developed and tested during the prescriptive study to facilitate the effective use of sketching in design.

Communication through design sketches: implications for stakeholder interpretation during concept design

We investigate how stakeholder expertise influences design interpretation derived from intent communication through conceptual design representations. Four types of design sketch are used as stimuli to gather responses from three stakeholder groups: Designers, Managers, Engineers. Physical response derived from an eye-tracking study, together with self-report responses gathered through a card-sorting exercise using semantic differentials, is subjected to qualitative and statistical analysis. Results indicate how expertise implicated response to design intent expressed through the ambiguity of sketch representations, significant differences towards graphic elements of the sketch stimuli, and how stakeholder expertise (i.e. Design, Manager, Engineer) implicated comprehension. Findings are discussed in terms implications for understanding the role and use of sketches in the communication of intent during conceptual design ideation.

The Giotto's workshop in the XXI century: looking inside the “God the Father with Angels” gable

Abstract God the Father with Angels (about 1330, tempera on panel) by Giotto is the Gable of the altarpiece of Baroncelli Chapel in the church of Santa Croce in Florence. Very little is known about its history since the separation from the so-called Baroncelli Polyptych. Now at the San Diego Museum of Art, the Gable had never been studied by means of scientific methods before our team took the opportunity to during the exhibition “Giotto, l’Italia”, held in Milan. Exploiting the integration of different knowledge, technologies and resources of our team, we were able to provide data for understanding the organizational model of Giotto's workshop performing non-invasive analyses with portable instruments during closing hours of exhibition (four diagnostic campaigns, six hours of work/campaign, no interruption of the exhibition). The achieved results confirm the painting technique based on different layers of pigments, a technique already used by Giotto. Combining the effectiveness of scanning MA-XRF with the responsive of IR reflectography and IR false colour, we moved step by step toward the discovery of Giotto's palette for the flesh tones in God the Father with Angels. FORS and XRF single point analyses were performed on some selected areas too. The IR reflectography results support the hypothesis of a detailed underdrawing with both thin and flat brushstrokes. By applying image-processing algorithms to the collected reflectograms, we obtained quantitative objective measures supporting the hypothesis that a guide could have been used in the realization of human figures; this means the use of sketches for the face of “God the Father” and for the faces of angels.

Hands on design: comparing the use of sketching and gesturing in collaborative designing

This study explored the remaining potential of gestures as creative tools for collaborative designing. We compared novice designers' use of sketching against gesturing in early ideation and rough visualisation. To preserve the kinesic character of gestures, we developed a detailed video analysis method, which revealed that the majority of sketching and gesturing was complementary to speech. Sketching was important for defining complicated structures, while gesturing was frequently used for all aspects of designing. Moreover, we identified that the level of collaboration - the level and immediacy of sharing one's ideas for others - is an important factor. As an underrepresented phenomenon in the design literature, the meaning of collaboration unearthed here leads to unmistakable conclusions regarding the nature of gesturing, to the process of learning design, and to the use of design tools. Most notably, gesturing offers a complementary creative dimension - kinaesthetic thinking - which invites us to communicate and share instantaneously.

Hands on design: comparing the use of sketching and gesturing in collaborative designing

Hands on design: comparing the use of sketching and gesturing in collaborative designing

BASIC VISUAL DISCIPLINES IN HERITAGE CONSERVATION: OUTLINE OF SELECTED PERSPECTIVES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

Abstract. Acknowledgement of the value of a basic freehand sketch by the information and communication community of researchers and developers brought about the advanced developments for the use of sketches as free input to complicated processes of computerized visualization, so as to make them more widely accessible. However, a sharp reduction and even exclusion of this and other basic visual disciplines from education in sciences, technology, engineering and architecture dramatically reduces the number of future users of such applications. The unique needs of conservation of cultural heritage pose specific challenges as well as encourage the formulation of innovative development tasks in related areas of information and communication technologies (ICT). This paper claims that the introduction of basic visual disciplines to both communities is essential to the effectiveness of integration of heritage conservation needs and the advanced ICT development of conservation value, and beyond. It provides an insight into the challenges and advantages of introducing these subjects in a relevant educational context, presents some examples of their teaching and learning in the modern environment, including e-learning, and sketches perspectives to their application.

Sketching the Invisible to Predict the Visible: From Drawing to Modeling in Chemistry.

Sketching as a scientific practice goes beyond the simple act of inscribing diagrams onto paper. Scientists produce a wide range of representations through sketching, as it is tightly coupled to model-based reasoning. Chemists in particular make extensive use of sketches to reason about chemical phenomena and to communicate their ideas. However, the chemical sciences have a unique problem in that chemists deal with the unseen world of the atomic-molecular level. Using sketches, chemists strive to develop causal mechanisms that emerge from the structure and behavior of molecular-level entities, to explain observations of the macroscopic visible world. Interpreting these representations and constructing sketches of molecular-level processes is a crucial component of student learning in the modern chemistry classroom. Sketches also serve as an important component of assessment in the chemistry classroom as student sketches give insight into developing mental models, which allows instructors to observe how students are thinking about a process. In this paper we discuss how sketching can be used to promote such model-based reasoning in chemistry and discuss two case studies of curricular projects, CLUE and The Connected Chemistry Curriculum, that have demonstrated a benefit of this approach. We show how sketching activities can be centrally integrated into classroom norms to promote model-based reasoning both with and without component visualizations. Importantly, each of these projects deploys sketching in support of other types of inquiry activities, such as making predictions or depicting models to support a claim; sketching is not an isolated activity but is used as a tool to support model-based reasoning in the discipline.

Comprehending 3D Diagrams: Sketching to Support Spatial Reasoning

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines commonly illustrate 3D relationships in diagrams, yet these are often challenging for students. Failing to understand diagrams can hinder success in STEM because scientific practice requires understanding and creating diagrammatic representations. We explore a new approach to improving student understanding of diagrams that convey 3D relations that is based on students generating their own predictive diagrams. Participants' comprehension of 3D spatial diagrams was measured in a pre- and post-design where students selected the correct 2D slice through 3D geologic block diagrams. Generating sketches that predicated the internal structure of a model led to greater improvement in diagram understanding than visualizing the interior of the model without sketching, or sketching the model without attempting to predict unseen spatial relations. In addition, we found a positive correlation between sketched diagram accuracy and improvement on the diagram comprehension measure. Results suggest that generating a predictive diagram facilitates students' abilities to make inferences about spatial relationships in diagrams. Implications for use of sketching in supporting STEM learning are discussed.

디지털 환경이 창의적인 디자인 사고와 인지과정에 미치는 영향 - AutoCAD와 SketchUp 사용을 중심으로 -

This research adopted the assumption that the characteristics of digital tools differ from those of conventional tools and that these two tools affect creativity differently in the design processes. An empirical study was carried out to grasp the effect of the use of sketching and digital tools on students' creative behaviors and to ascertain any differences in behaviors. A coding scheme was developed to measure students' creative design thinking processes and spatial cognitive behaviors. Female senior students studying interior design at universities in Seoul participated in the study. They had all completed a basic modelling and sketching course. It was found that participants used digital tools as much as they did sketching in the early design process. The participants then used the digital tools to expand the visual notes that they developed during sketching while either reflecting on the design guidelines or thinking about the design. Further, duplex tool changeovers occurred naturally throughout the design process and allowed participants to find an appropriate solution and improved their creative thinking in the design processes. This research showed that interactions between sketching and digital tools have new potential in design processes and that each tool has different effects on students' design thinking and cognitive processes. Design education programmes and study guidelines should be developed to encourage students to creatively use design tools in the design process.