Shelter Use Research Articles

Provision of shelter during the prepartum period: Effects on behavior, blood analytes, and health status in dairy cows in winter

This study aimed to assess the effect of shelter provision during the prepartum period on lying, ruminating, and feeding behavior in outdoor-housed dairy cows exposed to winter weather conditions in a temperate climate. We also aimed to determine whether shelter provision during the prepartum period influenced blood analytes related to energy metabolism, body cleanliness, and health status. In this study, 2 cohorts of 12 multiparous Holstein prepartum cows were tested in winter. Twenty-five days before their expected calving date, the cows in each cohort were paired and randomly assigned to an open paddock without shelter or to one with access to an artificial shelter until calving. Shelter use, lying time, number of lying bouts, duration of lying bouts, rumination time, and feeding time were continuously recorded during the 3 wk before calving. Cows were assessed weekly for body cleanliness throughout the 3-wk prepartum period. A blood sample was taken from the coccygeal vein of each cow at wk -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, and 3 relative to calving date, and were assayed for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate, and haptoglobin concentrations. Cases of clinical health disorders after calving were also recorded. The cows spent 60% of their daily time in the shelters, and for 75% of that time they were lying down. Cows with access to shelter during the prepartum period lay down around 3.2 h/d more than cows without shelter on wk -3 and -2 relative to calving. The cows with shelter access spent less time feeding during the morning (wk -3: 29.7 min; wk -2: 12.1 min; wk -1: 17.3 min) and afternoon (wk -3: 18.2 min; wk -2: 21.9 min) than cows without shelter access. As well, cows with shelter access showed a higher body cleanliness score (∼92 vs. ∼48%) and lower NEFA concentrations (wk -2: 0.27 vs. 0.44 mmol/L; wk -1: 0.46 vs. 0.64 mmol/L) in the precalving period, and lower haptoglobin concentrations in the first week postpartum (0.34 vs. 0.79 mg/mL) than cows without shelter access. We observed no treatment differences in daily rumination time, β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, or postpartum health disorders. Despite the small number of dairy cows used in this study, these findings suggest that having access to a shelter during the prepartum period increases lying time, improves body cleanliness, and reduces adipose mobilization. Therefore, it is important to provide a protected area for the welfare of prepartum dairy cows exposed to winter climate conditions.

Does shelter influence the metabolic traits of a teleost fish?

Availability of shelter is an important component of habitat selection for animals as it can influence survival (protection against harsh physical conditions and predation) and growth (energy acquisition and expenditure). Few studies address the effect of shelter on metabolic expenditures associated with non-mechanical tasks (excluding station holding or movement). The main goal of this study was to investigate the influence of shelter use on metabolic traits of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) from two populations (Kiamika River and Lake Long). Respirometry experiments on smallmouth bass were conducted to measure standard metabolic rate (SMR), resting metabolic rate (RMR), aerobic scope (AS), recovery time (RT) and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in the presence or absence of shelter. The presence of shelter did not affect most metabolic traits, except for RMR, which was reduced in the presence of shelter for Lake Long fish. The results of this study also show that larger fish had lower SMR in the presence of shelter than when it was absent. When accounting for social hierarchy, there were no differences in most metabolic traits in dominant or subordinate fish in the presence or absence of shelter, except for RT, which was significantly lower in the presence of shelter for dominant fish. These results do not support the existence of an unequivocal relationship between individual metabolic traits and the presence of shelter. If physiological motives may influence the use of shelter, sheltering in itself might not have important consequences on energy expenditures required for non-mechanical tasks.

Investigating the effects of the Moms’ Empowerment Program on 8-year traumatic stress symptom trajectories in women with histories of IPV.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pressing issue, affecting nearly one-third of women in the U.S. over their lifetimes, and has been linked with a number of deleterious outcomes, including the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although IPV is often chronic, few studies have prospectively examined trajectories of PTSD symptoms (PTSS) in this population. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of the Moms' Empowerment Program-an IPV-specific intervention; as well as trauma exposure, domestic violence (DV) shelter use, and depression symptoms on PTSS trajectories in women with histories of IPV. Data were drawn from a sample of 118 women who participated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an intervention specifically designed for women and children experiencing IPV. Sixty-seven women from the original sample completed an assessment 8 years following the conclusion of the intervention. On average, women's PTSS decreased over time. Intervention group assignment did not affect these trajectories; however, women who attended more sessions had significantly fewer PTSS at the 8-year follow-up. Greater IPV exposure, higher depression symptoms, and shelter use were all associated with higher PTSS over time, with some variation across PTSS subdomains. These results provide preliminary evidence that brief intervention may have long-term effects. They also demonstrate how addressing ongoing IPV and concurrent symptoms of depression is likely an essential component of treating PTSS in this population. Finally, these results underscore the need for more research on relations between formal DV services and mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Public Assistance and Homeless Shelter Trajectories

We study public assistance participation among homeless shelter users, characterizing the trajectories of public assistance receipt for individuals before and after they enter shelters and analyzing the influence of public assistance participation on subsequent shelter use. Our analysis identifies three distinct groups of shelter users based on personal characteristics and prior patterns of public assistance use. These groups are differentiated by their patterns of no use, increasing use, and high use of public assistance. For all three groups, increased participation in public assistance programs following the first observed homeless shelter entry reduces subsequent shelter use. The analysis draws attention to the potential role of public assistance programs and strengthened coordination of services for the prevention of homelessness.

Жерсіндірілген және натурализацияланған кәдімгі тиіннің Алматы қаласы жағдайында экологиясының кейбір мәселелері

The article presents data on some issues of ecology of the common squirrel (Sciurus vulgarus Linnaeus, 1758) in the green spaces of the city of Almaty. It is based on observations that were carried out in 2005-2006 and 2020-2021, route and questionnaire methods were used. The novelty of the work: For the first time, new data on the territorial distribution, features of the use of shelter, migration, feed composition were obtained, changes in the number of common squirrels in the green spaces of the city of Almaty were clarified. In the conditions of the city of Almaty, the occurrence of the common squirrel is different: in the Park of Culture and Recreation with the adjacent territory of the Zoological Park, it averages 3 individuals per hour (2005-2006-2 individuals), in the Park named after 28-guards-Panfilovtsev - 0.5 (2005-2006–1 individual), in the campus of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University - 2.5 (2005-2006-2 individuals), in the territory of the Head Botanical Garden-3 (2005-2006-3 individuals), in the park named after the First President - 4 and in the grove of Baum - 1 (2005-2006-0.3 individuals). In natural habitats, the main type of shelter is a nest (gayno) made of branches of coniferous trees, and in urban conditions, 3 (16.7%) of the 18 registered shelters were located under the roofs of a building (Biological Museum, Head Botanical Garden), gayno-2 (11.1%), birdhouse -1 (5.5%), the rest (66.7%) – in tree hollows. In the context of urbanization are the main food of seeds and buds of a pine, fir and oak nuts (100%), lichens (83.3%), which grow on the trunks of Apple trees and deciduous trees, mushrooms (27.7%) and fruits (16.6%). In Almaty, the main enemy of proteins is a common magpie (Pica pica Linnaeus,1758). She is a competitor in nesting territories, young animals often suffer from her.

Homelessness among Formerly Incarcerated Men: Patterns and Predictors

This study investigates patterns of homeless shelter use among formerly incarcerated men for nearly eight years postrelease and risk factors associated with pattern variation. I use life course theory and administrative data from Pennsylvania to identify four distinct forms of homelessness among formerly incarcerated men: persistent homelessness beginning soon after release, a short spell of homelessness years after release, long periods of homelessness years after release, and intermittent homelessness. The results also indicate that risk factors such as age, race, drug dependency, and full sentence completion are better at distinguishing whether formerly incarcerated men become homeless than they are at predicting what kind of homelessness the men experience.

Job Displacement, Unemployment Benefits and Domestic Violence

We estimate impacts of male job loss, female job loss, and male unemployment benefits on domestic violence in Brazil. We merge employer-employee and social welfare registers with administrative data on domestic violence cases brought to criminal courts, use of public shelters by victims and mandatory notifications of domestic violence by health providers. Leveraging mass layoffs for identification, we find that both male and female job loss, independently, lead to large and pervasive increases in domestic violence. Exploiting a discontinuity in unemployment insurance eligibility, we find that eligible men are not less likely to commit domestic violence while benefits are being paid, and more likely to commit it once benefits expire. Our findings are consistent with job loss increasing domestic violence on account of a negative income shock and an increase in exposure of victims to perpetrators, with unemployment benefits partially off setting the income shock while reinforcing the exposure shock.

Job Displacement, Unemployment Benefits and Domestic Violence

We estimate impacts of male job loss, female job loss, and male unemployment benefits on domestic violence in Brazil. We merge employer-employee and social welfare registers with administrative data on domestic violence cases brought to criminal courts, use of public shelters by victims and mandatory notifications of domestic violence by health providers. Leveraging mass layoffs for identification, we find that both male and female job loss, independently, lead to large and pervasive increases in domestic violence. Exploiting a discontinuity in unemployment insurance eligibility, we find that eligible men are not less likely to commit domestic violence while benefits are being paid, and more likely to commit it once benefits expire. Our findings are consistent with job loss increasing domestic violence on account of a negative income shock and an increase in exposure of victims to perpetrators, with unemployment benefits partially offsetting the income shock while reinforcing the exposure shock.

REFUGIOS Y SITIOS DE PERCHA DE Saccopteryx bilineata Temminck, 1838 (Chiroptera : Emballonuridae) EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO

Saccopteryx bilineata is a bat of wide geographical distribution in the Neotropics, but in Colombia there is very little information about its biology and roost ecology. This contribution presents a description of the shelters that S. bilineata uses in the Colombian Caribbean region, especially in areas of tropical dry forest. Although it has been documented that it shares shelters with many species of bats, this work presents the first record where S. bilineata shares refuge with Molossus molossus and the use as shelters or roosting sites of species of Brownea ariza, Caesalpinea coriaria and Ceiba pentandra. The high ecological plasticity of the species is ratified in terms of the use of available environments and shelters, as well as cohabiting with other bat species.

The Influence of Multiscale Habitat Variables and Population Density on Artificial Shelter Use by Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)

Recently, artificial shelters have been proposed as a novel tool to monitor Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) and other cryptobranchid salamanders. Factors that influence artificial shelter use by Hellbenders have not been identified, but are important for maximizing the utility of these shelters as monitoring tools. To identify these factors, in 2013–2018 we deployed 438 artificial shelters across 10 stream reaches inhabited by Hellbenders, within three rivers in the upper Tennessee River Basin. We hypothesized that occupancy and nesting would depend on shelter placement, and would be greatest in reaches with relatively high densities of adult/subadult Hellbenders (i.e., >1.5 individuals per 100 m2). We placed shelters in locations representing a range of instream conditions, but avoided microhabitats that were not suitable for Hellbenders. We monitored shelter occupancy by Hellbenders every 2–8 wk, and surveyed shelters for nests every 2–5 d during their breeding season. We quantified densities of adult/subadult Hellbenders and 10 habitat variables across multiple spatial scales. Hellbenders occupied 46% of artificial shelters, and nested in 17% of artificial shelters that were in place for at least one breeding season. Hellbenders were most likely to occupy and nest in shelters placed in portions of those reaches that were ≥50 cm deep with high densities of adult/subadult individuals. Among the variables we considered, population density was the most important factor influencing shelter occupancy by Hellbenders. Shelter nesting was most influenced by water depth, but also by population density and time since shelter installation. Both occupancy and nesting in shelters increased for 2–3 yr following shelter deployment. Our results provide evidence that artificial shelters constitute efficient tools in some streams for monitoring the occurrence and reproduction of Hellbenders.

U.S. TAX PROGRESSIVITY AND REDISTRIBUTION

U.S. federal taxes have become more progressive since 1979, largely due to more generous tax credits for lower income individuals. Though top statutory rates fell substantially, this affected few taxpayers and was offset by decreased use of tax shelters, such that high-income average tax rates have been relatively stable. Redistribution, which accounts for both taxes and transfers, has also increased according to Congressional Budget Office data. Measures of progressivity and redistribution, however, capture different aspects of policy. Over the longer run, earlier decreases suggest a U-shaped tax progressivity curve since WWII, with the minimum occurring in 1986.

Administrative Burdens and Citizen Likelihood to Seek Local Public Services: The Case of Hurricane Shelters

Drawing on the theory of administrative burdens, we assess how a variety of rules surrounding access to public hurricane shelters influences residents’ likelihood of using this service. We employ three experiments embedded in an online survey, in which we vary the requirements regarding public safety and pets, common at shelters, which could create burdens for residents seeking to access shelters. Our results suggest that residents are more likely to make use of shelters when rules require shelters be staffed by local or state police. However, rules requiring police to check shelter-goers for outstanding warrants or sex-offender registration do not impact the likelihood of going to a shelter. Finally, rules forbidding pets lead to a significant decrease in willingness to evacuate to a shelter. In short, some administrative burdens surrounding access to hurricane shelters may have a significant impact on the degree to which residents seek access to shelters during hazards.

Understanding Mechanisms Driving Family Homeless Shelter Use and Child Mental Health

Homeless shelters throughout the U.S. are overcrowded and under-resourced. Families with children face substantial barriers to timely, successful shelter exit, and prolonged shelter stays threaten child mental health. This community-based system dynamics study explored barriers to timely, successful shelter exit and feedback mechanisms driving length of stay and child mental health risk. Group model building – a participatory systems science tool – and key informant interviews were conducted with clients (N = 37) and staff (N = 6) in three family homeless shelters in a Midwestern region. Qualitative content analysis with emergent coding identified key themes feedback loops. Findings indicated overcrowding delayed successful shelter exit; longer stays exacerbated crowding and stress in a vicious cycle. Furthermore, longer stays exacerbated child risk for mental disorder both directly and indirectly via crowding and caregiver stress. Capacity constraints limited families served, while contributing to ongoing unmet need. Future research should investigate the roles of these dynamic feedback relationships in the persistent vulnerability of homeless families. Service design should prioritize interventions that alleviate crowding and subsequent threats to mental health such as private or scattered-site shelter accommodations, affordable child care, and homelessness prevention to facilitate successful shelter exit and mitigate child mental health risk.

A Major Change in Rate of Climate Niche Envelope Evolution during Hominid History.

SummaryHomo sapiens is the only species alive able to take advantage of its cognitive abilities to inhabit almost all environments on Earth. Humans are able to culturally construct, rather than biologically inherit, their occupied climatic niche to a degree unparalleled within the animal kingdom. Precisely, when hominins acquired such an ability remains unknown, and scholars disagree on the extent to which our ancestors shared this same ability. Here, we settle this issue using fine-grained paleoclimatic data, extensive archaeological data, and phylogenetic comparative methods. Our results indicate that whereas early hominins were forced to live under physiologically suitable climatic conditions, with the emergence of H. heidelbergensis, the Homo climatic niche expanded beyond its natural limits, despite progressive harshening in global climates. This indicates that technological innovations providing effective exploitation of cold and seasonal habitats predated the emergence of Homo sapiens.

Disbudding affects use of a shelter provided to group-housed dairy calves

Disbudding in dairy calves is well established as a painful procedure with broad effects on behavior. The hypothesis of this experiment was that group-housed calves subjected to hot-iron disbudding would exhibit social withdrawal, based on use of a shelter providing physical and visual seclusion from the rest of the pen. We examined effects of hot-iron disbudding on use of this shelter, including individual and shared use, and resting behavior within the shelter. Holstein heifer and bull calves (n = 24) were housed in group pens (4 calves/pen; 3.7 × 8.0 m). Each pen contained a 3-sided open-top shelter (1.2 m square, and 1.2 m high) with an additional half-enclosed wall to allow entry, built out of corrugated plastic. Calves were randomly assigned within pen to be disbudded (n = 12; 10 bulls and 2 heifers; 36.2 ± 3.9 d of age) or receive sham handling only (n = 12; 9 bulls and 3 heifers; 36.3 ± 4.2 d of age). Disbudded calves received a local cornual nerve block and a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication before the procedure. Behavior was recorded continuously from video for 3 consecutive days, beginning immediately following the disbudding procedure or handling. Shelter use was highly variable between calves (ranging from 10.8 min/d to 20.7 h/d), but calves showed individual consistency in their use of the shelter over time. Disbudded calves spent more time in the shelter (4.6 vs. 1.6 h/d; disbudded vs. sham). Social use of the shelter as a percentage of shelter use was not affected by disbudding, but disbudded calves spent more time in the shelter together (31 vs. 9% of shelter use; disbudded vs. sham). Disbudded calves entered the shelter more frequently when it was unoccupied (8.1 vs. 5.5 entries; disbudded vs. sham) and similarly left it more frequently when it was occupied. Disbudded calves used the shelter more during daylight hours (0700 to 2000 h; 8.9 vs. 4.1 min/h) on each day, including d 0 when pain mitigation was effective, whereas use did not differ during the night. Disbudded calves spent approximately 40 min less time lying/d and spent a greater percentage of their lying time inside the shelter. These results suggest that disbudded calves make greater use of environmental features that offer seclusion, with use of the shelter possibly reflecting an increased preference for social withdrawal or for some other aspect of this area of visual and physical separation. Further, these results suggest that disbudding even with recommended pain mitigation affects behavior for at least several days.

A randomized trial of permanent supportive housing for chronically homeless persons with high use of publicly funded services.

ObjectiveTo examine whether randomization to permanent supportive housing (PSH) versus usual care reduces the use of acute health care and other services among chronically homeless high users of county‐funded services.Data SourcesBetween 2015 and 2019, we assessed service use from Santa Clara County, CA, administrative claims data for all county‐funded health care, jail and shelter, and mortality.Study DesignWe conducted a randomized controlled trial among chronically homeless high users of multiple systems. We compared postrandomization outcomes from county‐funded systems using multivariate regression analysis.Data CollectionWe extracted encounter data from an integrated database capturing health care at county‐funded facilities, shelter and jails, county housing placement, and death certificates.Principal FindingsWe enrolled 423 participants (199 intervention; 224 control). Eighty‐six percent of those randomized to PSH received housing compared with 36 percent in usual care. On average, the 169 individuals housed by the PSH intervention have remained housed for 28.8 months (92.9 percent of the study follow‐up period). Intervention group members had lower rates of psychiatric ED visits IRR 0.62; 95% CI [0.43, 0.91] and shelter days IRR 0.30; 95% CI [0.17, 0.53], and higher rates of ambulatory mental health services use IRR 1.84; 95% CI [1.43, 2.37] compared to controls. We found no differences in total ED or inpatient use, or jail. Seventy (37 treatment; 33 control) participants died.ConclusionsThe intervention placed and retained frequent user, chronically homeless individuals in housing. It decreased psychiatric ED visits and shelter use, and increased outpatient mental health care, but not medical ED visits or hospitalizations. Limitations included more than one‐third of usual care participants received another form of subsidized housing, potentially biasing results to the null, and loss of power due to high death rates. PSH can house high‐risk individuals and reduce emergent psychiatric services and shelter use. Reductions in hospitalizations may be more difficult to realize.

Fine‐tuned responses to chemical landscapes: crayfish use predator odors to assess threats based on relative size ratios

AbstractThe threat‐sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis suggests that prey animals should minimize the costs of antipredator behaviors by only responding to predators that pose a potentially lethal threat. Thus, prey must use risk assessment strategies to determine which predators present a great enough threat to merit a response. A rich literature demonstrates that chemical signals can communicate information about predator identity, diet, and size. However, the relationship between predator size and prey size has been largely overlooked. What remains unknown is how prey respond to odors from predators along a continuum of relative size. Here, we tested the responses of crayfish (prey) to odor cues from two species of predatory fish along a gradient of relative size relationships. Crayfish and fish were paired according to crayfish carapace width and the fish’s gape width to represent different relative size pairings. Foraging and shelter use video assays were used to evaluate changes in crayfish behavior under the different levels of threat presented. The analysis revealed significant increases in macrophyte consumption, foraging effort, and overall activity among crayfish that were small relative to their predators, independent of the absolute size of fish or crayfish size. Crayfish that were small relative to predator size showed significantly less shelter use than crayfish that were large relative to predator gape size. The results demonstrate that the crayfish are assessing threat based on their size relative to the predator gape size solely using chemical signals. As a result of this assessment, crayfish are changing their resource use to potentially grow larger to limit future predatory threats. Overall, this research supports the threat‐sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis and provides an opportunity to refine the landscape of fear concept to accommodate more detailed risk assessments by prey.

Знахідки вовчка сірого (Glis glis) у сховищах печерного типу в регіоні Середнього Придністер'я

The Middle Dnister Region (left bank and right bank of the Dnister from the mouth of the Zolota Lypa River in the northwest to the mouth of the Zbruch River in the southeast) has a complex geological structure and richness of geomorphological forms: limestone, gypsum and sandstone outcrops, travertine rocks and forms of karst origin. This determines the richness of the fauna of troglophilic species. This report presents cases of observation of the fat dormouse in cave-type shelters, both natural (karst caves, cavities in the outcrops of Albian and Cenomanian limestones and travertines) and artificial origin (abandoned basements, stone foundations, etc.). These facilities provide animals with shelters for rest and reproduction. They are usually located on hard-to-reach steep slopes in canyon-like river valleys, where the level of disturbance of animals during various phases of their daily activity and annual life cycle is minimized. An important factor in the existence of populations of the studied species is the combination between complex geomorphological objects that provide shelters and a rich forage base. This is determined by the presence of forest and other tree and shrub vegetation, which includes nut species (hazel, wild walnut trees, beech) and berry and stone species (turf, viburnum, black viburnum, cherry, thorn, barberry). The information presented here on records of the fat dormouse (Glis glis) is not the result of purposeful research but it was accumulated in the process of describing geomorphological objects. Further research using special techniques and appropriate instrumentation would allow us to expand our understanding of the ecological requirements of the fat dormouse to the conditions of existence, which would be the scientific basis for environmental management of this species. However, current data on 13 records at 11 sites also provide clarity on the use of shelters by dormice.

Shelter use interactions of invasive lionfish with commercially and ecologically important native invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs.

Indo-Pacific lionfish have become invasive throughout the western Atlantic. Their predatory effects have been the focus of much research and are suggested to cause declines in native fish abundance and diversity across the invaded range. However, little is known about their non-consumptive effects, or their effects on invertebrates. Lionfish use shelters on the reef, thus there is potential for competition with other shelter-dwelling organisms. We demonstrate similar habitat associations between invasive lionfish, native spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) and native long-spined sea urchins (Diadema antillarum), indicating the potential for competition. We then used a laboratory experiment to compare activity and shelter use of each species when alone and when lionfish were paired with each native species. Spiny lobsters increased their activity but did not change their shelter use in the presence of a lionfish, whilst long-spined sea urchins changed neither their activity nor shelter use. However, lionfish reduced their shelter use in the presence of spiny lobsters and long-spined sea urchins. This study highlights the importance not only of testing for the non-consumptive effects of invasive species, but also exploring whether native species exert non-consumptive effects on the invasive.

A study on the use of cyclone shelters in Bangladesh

AbstractBangladesh's geography renders it vulnerable to cyclones. The most severe cyclone occurred in 1970, resulting in severe damages and over 300 000 deaths. The government has implemented cyclone disaster mitigation primarily by providing cyclone shelters. Recently, BRAC University proposed a new type of cyclone shelter, the house‐shaped “mini‐shelter.” This study aims to contribute to the government's cyclone mitigation schemes, especially regarding the appropriate utilization and construction of cyclone shelters that can be used throughout cyclone‐prone areas. Investigations in two cyclone‐affected areas reveals that cyclone shelters, which are intended for a few hours of occupation during inundation, function as temporary living quarters during post‐cyclone reconstruction. Moreover, most cyclone shelters are elementary schools, and their storage and staff rooms may be locked during cyclones owing to poor management, which complicates their use as evacuation centers or temporary post‐cyclone living quarters. The “mini‐shelters” can be used as both evacuation centers and livestock storage during cyclones. Although locals doubt the buildings' safety because the wooden second floor is too low for protecting against storm surges, “mini‐shelters” can be useful in remote coastal areas with limited space for cyclone shelters. Hence, a combination of these cyclone shelter types affords a holistic solution to cyclone disaster mitigation.