Use Of Second Homes Research Articles

Water footprints and sewage management challenges in second home tourism

While water consumption and water conservation have been issues in the discussion of sustainable tourism for many years, the residual part of the water cycle, the management of wastewater, lacks attention in tourism and planning research. This study addresses the wastewater challenges in Danish second home tourism. More than 200,000 second homes represent an important touristic resource both for owners and for short-term renters, and increasingly, the accommodation capacity is used over the whole year. Data from the building and housing register (BBR) show that only 54% of second homes are connected to public sewage and purification utilities. The remaining second homes rely on individual solutions such as septic tanks. A substantial regional variance can be partly explained by differences in the spatial layout and location of second homes, but mainly the dissimilar priorities in the responsible municipalities are the result of systemic factors following semi-privatized governance structures. The intensified use of second homes, rising ground water levels, more frequent climate incidences and EU and national quality obligations for the environmental standards of waterways and seas are and will in the future be challenges for the municipal wastewater management. A mobilization of second home owners and users to support updated wastewater infrastructures is hampered by the principles laid down in the governance structures.

Estimation of the equivalent tourist population trough indirect methods


 Purpose
 
 This proposal represents four main advantages: the immediate availability of the relevant information to the local manager; its potential application to any municipality regardless of its size; its reduced economic cost both in terms of information and calculation; and the possibility of obtaining information for very short periods (monthly or even daily) which is very important in areas where the population varies significantly throughout the year.
 
 
 
 Design/methodology/approach
 
 The authors present an indirect estimation method based on extrapolating the equivalent tourist population from the monthly variations in the production of solid urban waste.
 
 
 
 Findings
 
 It would also be desirable to compare the estimates made by using other indirect indicators such as electricity or water consumption, which could also provide relevant information on the degree of use of second homes.
 
 
 
 Originality/value
 
 These advantages turn this indicator into a practical and accessible estimation tool, which can be directly applied to the planning and management of all types of services and facilities provided by municipalities.
 

Miten kaupungistuminen ja väestön ikääntyminen vaikuttavat vapaa-ajan asumisen suosioon?

Mökkeily on keskeinen osa suomalaista elämäntapaa. Suomen yli puoleen miljoonaan kesämökkiin on infrastruktuureineen sitoutunut huomattava määrä kansallisvarallisuutta ja suomalaisten henkilökohtaista omaisuutta. Mökkeilyn tulevaisuudesta on kuitenkin esitetty huolta. Miten yhteiskunnan suuret trendit, kuten väestön ikääntyminen ja kaupungistuminen, vaikuttavat vapaa-ajan asumiseen? Väheneekö vai lisääntyykö vapaa-ajan asunnoilla vietetty aika? Tässä tutkimuksessa laadittiin vapaa-ajan asumisen skenaario vuodesta 2018 vuoteen 2040. Skenaario pohjautuu Tilastokeskuksen väestöennusteeseen, kaupunki-maaseutuluokitukseen sekä valtakunnalliseen vapaa-ajan asumisen kyselyyn. Skenaarion mukaan kaupungistuminen ja ikääntyminen lisäävät jonkin verran vapaa-ajan asuntojen käyttöä tulevaisuudessa. Kaupungistuminen lisää mökkeilyä enemmän kuin ikääntyminen. Kaupunkialueilla asuvat viettävät merkittävästi enemmän aikaa vapaa-ajan asunnoilla kuin maaseudulla asuvat. Keskimäärin eniten mökkeilevät 65–74-vuotiaat sisemmällä kaupunkialueella asuvat. Kaupungistumisen ja ikääntymisen lisäksi myös muut trendit, jotka eivät sisälly skenaarioon, voivat lisätä tai vähentää vapaa-ajan asunnoilla vietettävää aikaa. Tällaisia ovat muun muassa hyväkuntoisen eläkeiän pidentyminen, tulojen ja varallisuuden kasvu, tietoliikenneyhteyksien paraneminen vapaa-ajan asunnoilla, kasvava matkailu ja muut vapaa-ajanviettotavat, pidemmät mökkimatkat ja maahanmuutto.

Estimation of the equivalent tourist population trough indirect methods

Purpose This proposal represents four main advantages: the immediate availability of the relevant information to the local manager; its potential application to any municipality regardless of its size; its reduced economic cost both in terms of information and calculation; and the possibility of obtaining information for very short periods (monthly or even daily) which is very important in areas where the population varies significantly throughout the year. Design/methodology/approach The authors present an indirect estimation method based on extrapolating the equivalent tourist population from the monthly variations in the production of solid urban waste. Findings It would also be desirable to compare the estimates made by using other indirect indicators such as electricity or water consumption, which could also provide relevant information on the degree of use of second homes. Originality/value These advantages turn this indicator into a practical and accessible estimation tool, which can be directly applied to the planning and management of all types of services and facilities provided by municipalities.

Second homes in Italy: every household’s dream or (un)profitable investments?

The use of a second home may result in different outcomes for households, ranging from financial profit and holiday use to uses that are clearly unprofitable. We contribute to the literature on second homes by exploring the case of second homes that are not let out, representing the least profitable outcome from an economic viewpoint. The empirical investigation relies on the 2002–2012 Bank of Italy Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW), which also provides extensive information on property, including the actual use. Our results highlight: a gender gap, whereby the unprofitable use of second homes tends to be more clearly associated with male decision-makers; a lack of association with the economic characteristics of the household; and a strong association with the specific characteristics of the property, with inherited property more likely to be used unprofitably. In addition to casting doubt on the effectiveness of second homes as an investment vehicle, our results may have important policy or regulatory implications for housing and rental markets.

Substitute or addition to hypermobile lifestyles? Second home mobility and Finnish CO2 emissions

ABSTRACTTourism produces an increasing share in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These are mostly derived from transport emissions, and long-haul air travel in particular. Short-haul domestic tourism is believed by some to be a potential substitute for long-haul tourism. Using the example of Finland this paper examines the extent to which domestic second home tourism can substitute for other leisure trips and therefore contribute to reductions of travel-generated GHG emissions. Survey data are used to evaluate the CO2 emissions caused by travel to domestic second homes, and to create statistical models that verify if the owners of domestic second homes travel to other leisure destinations less frequently than others, and if they cause less emissions by their leisure mobility than others with comparable economic and demographic background. We find that although the owners and users of domestic second homes travel for other leisure purposes less frequently than others, this does not mean their leisure mobility generates less emissions. Overall, owners of second homes produce significantly more CO2 by their leisure mobility than non-owners. The use of second homes does not seem to be a substitute for high emission long-haul travels, but rather a part of an overall highly mobile leisure lifestyle. It is therefore necessary to better understand and influence the entire range of individual mobility behaviours in order to reduce travel-related GHG emissions.

Cottage sprawl: Spatial development of second homes in Bory Tucholskie, Poland

Currently, urban sprawl is one of important spatial problems in Poland, although to date it has mostly been recognised as an issue in suburban areas. This study aims to explain how the expansion of purpose-built second homes contributes to the creation of a sprawled settlement pattern in areas of high natural value, focusing on the example of Bory Tucholskie as a study area. Two research approaches are used: first, an inventory of second homes and archival aerial photographs are combined to perform a GIS analysis of the factors affecting the location of second homes and other new buildings within the past two decades; second, the results of a survey, interviews and the analysis of documents provide a deeper understanding of the quantitative results. The location of new second homes is conditioned by the presence of the forest, lakes, and their isolation from main villages. Unlike other new developments, second homes create a disorganised, discontinuous and increasingly dispersed spatial pattern in the vicinity of natural areas, which can be explained by the motives for the use of second homes, the practices of their acquisition and the planning regulations. Second homes are an integral part of the sprawl process that is occurring in Poland, which is generated by economic restructuring, increasing consumption, and lifestyle changes.

Moving to the countryside? The case of second home users in Norway

Rye, J.F. 2015. Moving to the countryside? The case of second home users in Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography Vol. 69, 00–00. ISSN 0029-1951.Different forms of rural mobilities, such as everyday travels, commuting practices, business trips, tourism, and short- and long-term migrations, have emerged as a key topic in rural studies. The article discusses the views of second home users in Norway concerning long-term migration to their second home locality as permanent residents. Analysis of large-scale, quantitative material that constitutes a statistical representation of the Norwegian second home population reveals that a preference for translating circular recreational mobility (the use of second homes) into permanent and long-term migration (residency) is widespread among second home users. Further analysis suggests that such rural migration preferences are related more to actors’ everyday life challenges than to amenity and quality-of-life motivations. As a consequence of these findings, the author suggests that rural municipalities attempting to attract second home users into becoming permanent residents need to reorient their policies.

From tourism to multilocal residence?

The article analyses the recent status and development of permanent inhabitants and second homes in the UNESCO World Heritage (WH) Dolomites area in the Italian Alps. First, the results show that a growth of permanent population is ongoing selectively in the urban and periurban areas, confirming earlier research in the Alpine arc and showing that agglomeration advantages are taking place. Second, the results show that these processes are parallel to a shifting use of second homes, announcing a transformation from an export-based to a residential economy in which second homes seem not to be homogeneously complementary to the tourist sector. Third, the Dolomites are not a homogenous region: despite the joint application process for WH site involving five provinces, demographic and economic differences can be highlighted along the provincial borders. This proves that demographic development is strongly path- dependent and conditioned by institutional settings and legislation. Therefore, ongoing strong agglomeration advantages and institutional differences are more decisive for the economic and demographic transformation in the Alps than single strategies carried out by local tourism consortia or enterprises. This brings to a relativization of the emerging debate about new migrants: regions with stable economic structures profit by gaining permanent residents, while regions with declining structures up to now attract mainly multilocal residents.

Governing Second Homes: A Study of Policy Coherence of Four Policy Areas in Finland

Peoples' housing practices are changing and their mobility is increasing in contemporary society. An increasing and more diverse use of second homes raises new governance challenges. We apply the concepts of policy integration and policy coherence to analyze the governance of second homes in Finland. We explore two case study areas rich with second homes by analyzing policy and planning documents and conducting interviews in four policy areas: (i) land use planning policy, (ii) regional and municipal development policies, (iii) tourism policy, and (iv) rural and island policies. The results show that second homes are often addressed only implicitly or indirectly. Contradicting policy goals between land use planning policy and rural policy are identified at the national level, as well as numerous conflicts at the local level. Interviews reveal that second homes are considered as a major societal phenomenon that should be addressed more in policy and planning instruments.

Impact of the residential environment on second home use in Finland – Testing the compensation hypothesis

Calls for densification of urban structure highlight questions of compensation: do residents in dense urban environment compensate for the relative lack of gardens, parks and outdoor leisure opportunities in their primary residential area by traveling to second homes or other leisure destinations? How should compensation be addressed in urban planning? In Finland the use of second homes is widespread and may be such a compensation mechanism. The compensation hypothesis has previously been explored in the context of second home ownership. This study examines compensation for the first time with respect to the actual use of second homes. Use is a more flexible variable and second home users are a larger and socio-economically more heterogeneous group than the owners. The quality of the permanent home's residential environment was assessed by four factors: building density, access to private garden, and accessibility of local and larger green areas. The impact of these residential environment variables on both second home use and ownership was analyzed by regression analysis in which the socio-economic and demographic factors were controlled. Statistical relationships were found between the residential area and second home use, which provides support for the compensation hypothesis. When building density increases or the access to a private garden is reduced, the use of second homes increases. However, accessibility to green areas does not explain use. Analysis reveals that second home use is a more valid indicator for compensation than ownership. None of the residential environment variables explain the ownership of second homes.

Second exurban residences of citizens in Russia and Ukraine: Evolution of dachas and trends of their post-soviet changes

The concept of a dacha, the specificity of the study of dachas in Soviet and post-Soviet times, and the variety of dacha types depending on the type of building and on the use of garden plots are discussed in this article. The evolution of dachas from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day is analyzed. The causes of the mass distribution of dachas in the USSR and in post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine are considered. The structure of owners and character of the use of second-homes by citizens depending on the distance from large cities and the frequency of visits are shown. The common and different features of the dachas of Moscow and Kyiv residents are identified.

Second home mobility in Finland: Patterns, practices and relations of leisure oriented mobile lifestyle

The paper focuses on leisure oriented mobile lifestyle between urban home and rural second home in Finland which is one of the world’s leading countries in terms of second home ownership and tourism. Spatial patterns and social practices of physical mobility related to second home use are revealed by using triangulation of research methods and data. Analysis is based on GIS data, questionnaire survey results and national statistics. A relational approach is applied to conceptualise and contextualise second home mobility which is influenced by many bio-physical and socio-cultural processes and changes. Relational elements and processes interlinked to past, present and future of second home related physical mobility are identified. Natural amenities form the physical geographical basis for rural second home distribution which correlates with length of shoreline, distance to urban areas and local land use in second home environments. Second home related spatial mobility patterns differ and depend on size of the urban region of origin. Helsinki metropolitan dwellers have the longest trips to second homes which is explained not merely by environmental but by historical, societal and social reasons as well. Second home related social mobility practices are dependent on cottage owners’ and users’ life phase and standard of second homes. Retiring baby boom generation is the largest and most active cottager group and after retirement the use of second homes increases remarkably. The vast majority of second home owners and users travel the cottage trips by private cars and wish to spend at least as much time at rural second home as present. However, they do not intend to give up the urban home which leads to the conclusion that leisure related lifestyle mobility in between urban and rural living environments will continue to characterise second home owners’ and users’ way of life.

'I would much rather be still here and travel in time': the intertwinedness of mobility and stillness in cottage living

Along with urbanisation and modernisation, the use of second homes has increased in the Western world. This can be seen as part of the increasing mobility of people in society, but also as part of a search for stillness and escape from modern urban society. Recently, scholars in geography and other disciplines have argued that mobility and fixity are two sides of the same coin. This paper aims to explore the complex, manifold and often paradoxical relationship between mobility and immobility in practices of dwelling and seeking stillness in a highly mobile society. It elaborates on how mobility and stillness, in both space and time, are intertwined and mutually influence each other by analysing second home usage of old cottages that formally were dwelling houses of poor tenant smallholdings in Sweden. How do mobility and stillness exist and interact at these cottages and what parts do the cottages themselves have in this? This is studied through interviews with cottage users on their daily life practices and encounters with history and materiality at the cottages. These cottages are easily thought of as places of immobility where time has stood still. However, the paper shows that these cottages are places that continuously emerge through entanglements of mobility and stillness and of present and past times. The practices and experiences of mobility and stillness at the cottage are much integrated in and directed by the cottages’ specific geography, history and materiality, and the activities and thinking of their users because of these characteristics. The users go to the cottage to be at a place where they, with the help of the preserved materiality and history of the cottages, can feel rooted and still. At the same time the cottages offer imaginary time travels and experiences of other times and lifestyles.

A RESIDÊNCIA SECUNDÁRIA EM TIBAU/RN – A “cidade praia” mossoroense

Tibau are an important seaside resort in the western Rio Grande do Norte, where the second home is the element responsible for significant changes in urban landscape litorênea tibauense. This paper identifies how the use of second homes has been responsible for land use and coastal search, becomes an allowance to manage the coast tibauense and contributing to discussion of the right to free access and use of beaches. The study aims at analyzing the relationship of the secondary residence with the forms of ownership and occupation of the coast for second homes, having as objectives: a) the profiles of users of those addresses seasonal use, b) determine the origin of flows these users, identifying the emitting nucleus expressive. The methodology consisted of literature review, field observation, questionnaires to users of second homes and, in consultation GRPU / RN. Art. 10 of Law 7.661/88, formed the legal basis for the analysis of the issue to the research problem. From field observation, through analysis of questionnaires and verification of pertinent legislation, it was found that lack of control of public power, stretches of coastline are occupied by residences tibauense secondary, jeopardizing the right of free access and use the beach.

İkinci Konutların Turizm Sektörüne Kazandırılması: Muğla İli Datça İlçesi Örneği

Turkey has developed rapidly over the last two decades in international tourism with record number of international visitors and tourism earnings. Parallel with developments in international tourism, greater achievements have been reached in domestic tourism and an increasing number of second homes were built on coastal areas of Turkey. More than three million second homes are used as vacation homes especially during summer seasons today. One of the continuing debates about these second homes is their seasonality and the excess capacity that can be used during low seasons. The aim of this research is to measure perceptions of home owners toward alternative business models for the year round use of second homes in Turkish tourism and propose policy improvements for tourism planners. Research results show that five alternative business models can be used to revive second homes in tourism sector; direct marketing model, peculiar second home entrepreneurship model, international operations model, domestic operations model and facility board model.

Environmental Impacts of Rural Second Home Tourism – Case Lake District in Finland

Second homes are widespread in the Finnish countryside and represent a significant part of domestic tourism. In this paper impacts of rural second home tourism on natural environment and landscape are discussed mainly from a non‐anthropocentric point of view and from the perspective of ecological sustainability. Both negative and positive impacts of second home tourism on nature, climate and landscape are distinguished. Environmental impacts caused by housing and living, shoreline building and physical mobility related to second home tourism are highlighted. It is argued that mobility related to second home tourism and year‐round use of second homes are likely to increase in the near future and consequently pose negative environmental impacts. The argument is based on current societal trends and on results of a questionnaire survey conducted amongst second‐home owners living in the metropolitan region of Helsinki and possessing second homes in eastern Finnish Lake District. There is today a large political will to enhance second home tourism in Finland, which is seen crucial for revitalizing the declining countryside. Contradictions between rural development policy on one hand, and environmental protection on the other, are critically discussed and ecological sustainability of second home tourism explored.

Second homes, community and a hierarchy of dwelling

The word ‘dwelling’, to dwell, supposes engagement, in the sense that those who dwell are seen to engage with others and, in doing so, contribute to social capital and cohesion expressed in the forming of ‘community’. Second home buying may be viewed as a course of action severing the process–product link between dwelling and community, as a brake on the community building process. In this paper, I contrast the view of dwelling as process – and its coupling with the ‘traditional’ place–community – with alternative notions of dwelling, and argue that the prevailing view is largely concerned with public and collective dwelling (and ‘productive interaction’), and underplays the importance of private dwelling, and hence the self‐identity and orientation – key aspects of dwelling – that flow from the use of private property, including the use of second homes.

Development of Second-Home Tourism in Denmark

Second-home tourism is the predominant branch of the tourism industry in Denmark today. Second homes are privately owned cottages and houses that are used for recreational purposes. This paper presents an overview of the tradition of second-home use, its origins in Denmark in the nineteenth century and its subsequent development up to the present day. Different stages in Danish second-home development are presented, which have culminated in second-home tourism's dominance of the Danish tourism industry today. Second-home tourism developed in the late nineteenth century when artists and citizens of Copenhagen discovered the recreational value of the countryside, mainly in the small villages at the coast. Small cabins for weekend use supplemented the early homes of the richer people in the early 1920s and 1930s. From 1950 to 1970, second-home development increased enormously. The character of non-commercial tourism changed in the 1960s and 1970s when Danish second homes became vacation homes for domestic and foreign tourists. Since the 1970s, second-home development has been restricted to certain recreational areas at the coast. In the 1980s, primarily German vacationers began to make commercial use of second homes. In the mid-1990s, the peak of commercial second-home overnight stays was reached with about 17 million overnight stays per year. Since then, commercial second-home tourism has slowly decreased. Today, more than 218,000 second homes exist.

SETTLEMENT IN EXURBAN/SUBURBAN ZONES: CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

The authors survey settlement in suburban zones of major cities as an important component of spatial and socioeconomic planning of settlement systems. “Inner” and “outer” suburban zones are identified—the former on the fringes of the built-up area of an agglomeration and the latter comprising exurban sites in oblasts adjoining the agglomeration. The substantial desire for and widespread use of second homes by city dwellers, particularly near sites of collective gardening, is viewed as a key component to be incorporated into future planning as a tool for regulating the influx of urbanites into the countryside (translated by H. L. Haslett, Leamington Spa, UK).