Use Of Screening Technologies Research Articles

Legal Education in The Era of Disruption : Challenges and Opportunities

Entering the era of change known as industrial revolution 4.0 or era of disruption whose machine is globalization, education business or industry comes into the most extreme stage with the merging of corporations doing business in education under the (neo) liberalism ideology. Digital acceleration has turned education into a-fast-food-like industry in which success is measured by speed, first come first served. Legal education cannot be separated from such condition. The concept of openness, equality, and success naturally is the jargon crushed by the acceleration. Globalization and digitalization are the machine of acceleration. Digitalization enables us to connect whenever and wherever. Learning process is impacted most with developed technology. On one hand, education got facility especially when Covid-19 virus hit when all process of learning starting to be conducted in digital facility. Education shifts from material reality to artificial reality. However the use of screen technology may slowly erode the value of human-to-human interaction. The main duty of legal education is to advocate justice, utility of law and legal certainty carried out, mainly, by the students and at the same time sensitizing their students to the social injustice happens in the society and hopefully is to produce lawyers with morality of reformer where this lesson is believed to be best gained when a real interaction of people involved, the in-person interaction. Legal education should participate more in the construction of human resources who are more sensitive to the social problems and more focused on creating job opportunity and care more to the marginalized community. Legal education, in particular, social justice education is the step to achieve the objectives in which community is involved (collaborative) in learning process. Their involvement should be full in the activity to generate common concern, and the fulfilment of the better life. The question raising is what model of legal education that can maintain those values and aims using the digital technology to tackle the disruptive era?. Keywords: Legal education, disruption era, VR-technology

Screen time and adiposity among children and adolescents: a systematic review

The younger generation is witnessing a major lifestyle change due to the incorporation of a myriad digital devices into their daily lives. Susceptibility to screen exposure at an early age may have far-reaching effects on health outcomes. A review of various cross-cultural studies would help to ascertain the impacts of screen-based technologies on adiposity among children and adolescents. To examine the relationship between screen time and indicators of adiposity among children and adolescents, based on a systematic review of previous research carried out in this area around the world. Articles in English language from 2010 to 2017 were selected through web databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, Pub Med, etc. Published empirical research works that demonstrated the association between screen time or sedentary time and adiposity measures such as BMI, percentage of body fat, and waist circumference were included for review. The search was limited to boys and girls aged 5–19 years. For this review, 235 full-text articles were collected, out of which only 40 met the inclusion criteria. Of 40 selected studies, 36 had reported results for BMI, seven for percentage of body fat, and 13 for waist circumference. With regard to screen-related activities, data were obtained mainly for TV viewing (n = 18), computer use (n = 11), video game playing (n = 5) and Internet use (n = 1). Among the studies selected for review, 85% (31 cross-sectional, six longitudinal and one interventional, i.e. n = 38) indicated positive association between screen time and incidences of adiposity among children and adolescents. However, 15% (n = 6) of the studies (four cross-sectional, one longitudinal and one interventional) reported no significant associations between time spent on screen devices and any of the indicators of adiposity. None of the studies showed a negative association. Age- and gender-related differences were also seen in usage of screen-based technologies and related activities. Reducing overall use of screen technologies and displacing it with other active pursuits, increasing sleep duration, and promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors could be an effective approach to attenuate increased risks of overweight or obesity and improve health of children and adolescents.

Evaluation of Children's Screen Viewing Time and Parental Role in Household Context.

Limited screen time has been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for all children and no screen time for children under 2 years of age. With the advancement in technology, the prevalence and detrimental effects of excess screen time on children has become a global problem that can lead to health issues such as obesity and other cardiovascular diseases among both adults and children. This article examines the drivers of screen-related sedentary behavior within the home context and reports on parents’ attitude in supporting children’s associated behavior. The study implemented a mixed method approach of online questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. A total of 140 questionnaires, 10 semistructured interviews, and responses from parents were used to evaluate children’s behavior toward screen use and parents’ perception. The analysis of the article has shown that parents are concerned about their children’s screen time during weekends and holidays with a significant correlation between the number of hours their children spend on on-screen activities and their level of concern (P < .01). Also, for the same P value (P < .01), it has been found that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between children’s screen time and their food and beverages consumption. Children’s use of screen technology is becoming a challenge for parents as they present barriers to healthy physical activities. From the parents’ viewpoint, there is a need to change the screen use habit and this requires an appropriate intervention that promotes gratifying measures to induce more active behaviors to displace screen viewing.

Prototyping Innovation in Place-Based Integrated Care Teams in Eastern Cheshire

The Caring Together Programme in Eastern Cheshire is a system wide approach to address the challenges of caring for the fastest aging population in North West England. Our vision of “joining up local care for all our wellbeing” is the driver for bringing together local people and professionals to co-design a new approach to care which has empowerment at its heart. An integrated care model built on the five principles below has been co-designed and tested with all key stakeholders:. Driven by the needs of the population As much care as possible to be delivered within the boundary of Eastern Cheshire Safe Sustainable Integrated In 2017, work to develop an implementation plan for the community element of the care model began. Two prototype sites were selected from the five pre-existing primary care locality areas. The work was led by the Chair of the GP Federation with the support of key stakeholders. The model is based on empowerment of people and staff with a focus on adults in the initial stages. Overarching principles for the development of community hubs: Provision of care to the registered populations in each locality. An integrated workforce, with a strong focus on partnerships spanning primary, secondary and social care. Combined focus on personalisation of care with improvements in population health outcomes. Aligning clinical financial drivers through unified, capitated budgets with appropriate shared risks and rewards. Care professionally led, large scale change, rapid improvement methodology was adopted involving a wide range of care professionals. Specific cohorts of the population were focussed on in each area, dependent on the individual projects chosen e.g. use of screening technology, frailty tool/assessment and compassionate communities. The high level outcomes anticipated from the place based approach included; improving patient experience, achieving greater efficiencies in the use of care resources and reducing the demand for care overall. Qualitative information suggests working relationships have been strengthened across services and this has resulted in the provision of greater integrated care. Initial data and geriatric medicine case study feedback is positive and indicates reduced GP call outs and avoided hospital attendances and admissions. The evaluation is continuing in order to measure the impact of the work. Care professional leadership and buy-in from senior managers has given “permission” for this work to take place and enabled local areas to develop needs based initiatives creating a new culture and way of working. Lead care professionals require their time to be released and work has commenced to review the roles, skills and capacity of junior roles to release the more skilled team members to expand proactive care management and rapid response. Learning from the initial prototypes will inform the future development of community hubs in the remaining localities. Key learning points: New governance and programme management approaches adopting a light touch, robust methodology are required to ensure innovation and improvement is not stifled. Identifying the objectives and outcomes from the outset is essential to measure delivery. Ensure Care Professional Leaders are identified from the outset for each Community Hub

Global landscape assessment of screening technologies for medicine quality assurance: stakeholder perceptions and practices from ten countries

BackgroundThe spread of substandard and falsified (SF) medical products constitutes a growing global public health concern. Some countries use portable, handheld screening technologies (STs) in the field to accelerate detection of SF medicines and reduce the number of medicine samples that undergo costly and time-consuming confirmatory analysis.MethodsA multi-country, multi-stakeholder landscape assessment utilizing qualitative methodology was used to examine practices and perceptions related to the use of STs. Qualitative interview guides were designed using the results of a literature review and comprised of open-ended questions with the study participants, who were from national medicine regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmacies, and distributors. Ten geographically and economically diverse countries were selected: Argentina, China, Egypt, India, Jordan, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, the United States, and Zimbabwe. Of the completed 53 interviews, 32 were in-person, 16 were phone interviews, and 5 were via written questionnaires.ResultsData analysis shows a wide variation in understanding and usage of STs in different sectors. Virtually all of the study participants indicated a lack of objective, accessible information on STs to advise them on what technologies would be beneficial for their needs. Study participants also described their ideal capabilities of the next generation of STs, including shareable spectral libraries, lower acquisition costs, lesser training requirements, and in-country maintenance and technical support.ConclusionThe results and recommendations presented in this article can be used to help regulators communicate and justify their needs to acquire and invest in new STs. There is a need for additional standardized, trustworthy and scientifically sound evaluations of STs, and to support regulators to effectively deploy the most promising technologies. ST manufacturers can take into account some of the limitations of the technologies the interviewees identified in this article, such as a dearth of technologies, which provide quantitative information about the active ingredient, and take steps to address them to better serve their customers. These results and recommendations, can catalyze research and actionable interventions into the development, review, application, and use of STs.

Evaluation of HEV Batteries for Recycle~Investigation for Practical Use of the Low Capacity Retention Sorting Technology By Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy~

Introduction Recently, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is getting popular in the car market. After the end of life of HEV, Almost all the Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery packs used for HEV go to the recycle process. There is a possibility that some of the batteries remain capacity and we could reuse these batteries without any troubles. Regarding Ni-MH battery as well as other secondary batteries, capacity decreased during the actual usage, and batteries should be thrown away if the capacity drops below threshold value. In other words, the capacity estimation method is necessary to reuse used batteries. Generally, the battery capacity is measured with the full charge and discharge cycle. But it takes much time to do the full charge and discharge cycle. This results in low productivity of the reuse used battery. Therefore we have investigated the quick and easy way to measure the battery capacity. We reported that the low capacity retention batteries caused by decrease of the hydrogen amount in the negative electrode could be sorted out with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in SOC 0%. And this technology has been put to practical use in our factory [1, 2]. In the other session of this meeting, we plan to make a presentation that the low capacity retention batteries due to the deterioration of the positive electrodes, such as the memory effect and material degradation, could be sorted out by EIS in a charge state. In this study, we would like to report the test results which we have carried out the evaluation of the deteriorated batteries aiming for practical use of screening technology of a low capacity retention batteries caused by positive electrodes. Experimental We evaluated the two types of deteriorated batteries. One was the single cell whose capacity decreased by charge and discharge cycles. Another was 6-cell-battery which was collected from the market. In order to confirm the capacity decrease reason, batteries were measured the imaginary value of Nyquist plots at 0.1 Hz. Based on the test results, these batteries turned out to be deteriorated by positive electrodes. After the impedance measurement of these batteries at 3.9Ah charging state, the battery capacity was measured by 0.4C charge and discharge cycle from SOC 0% to 100% at 25deg.C. The EIS was done with 0.15C of AC signal of the frequency from 100kHz to 10mHz. Results and discussion Figure 1 shows Nyquist plots of the batteries whose capacity decreased by charge and discharge cycles up to 6.5Ah, 6.0Ah, and 4.1Ah. Nyquist plots of Ni-MH battery shows semicircle which indicates the charge transfer reaction and linear part which indicates the diffusion resistance. The semicircle in Nyquist plot of Ni-MH impedance is mainly attributed to the negative electrode. On the other hand, the linear part is mainly attributed to the positive electrode. Nyquist plots were affected by difference of the battery capacity which was caused by positive electrode. So we found that the imaginary value get higher with the decrease of battery capacity. (ΔZ "/ Δ (ω-1))-1[A · s · V-1] was calculated as the frequency response of the linear part image value in a diffusion resistance. The relationship between the calculated results and battery capacity is shown in figure 2. Figure 2 indicated that (ΔZ "/ Δ (ω-1))–1 and capacity have positive correlation. This results suggested that the battery capacity, which was decreased by charge and discharge cycles, and the collected batteries from the market could be estimated by using (ΔZ "/ Δ (ω-1))–1as the frequency response of linear part of Nyquist plots. Detailed results and discussion will be given in the presentation.

Plasmodium meets AAV-the (un)likely marriage of parasitology and virology, and how to make the match.

The increasing use of screening technologies in malaria research has substantially expanded our knowledge on cellular factors hijacked by the Plasmodium parasite in the infected host, including those that participate in the clinically silent liver stage. This rapid gain in our understanding of the hepatic interaction partners now requires a means to validate and further disentangle parasite-host networks in physiologically relevant liver model systems. Here, we outline seminal work that contributed to our present knowledge on the intrahepatic Plasmodium host factors, followed by a discussion of surrogate models of mammalian livers or hepatocytes. We finally describe how Adeno-associated viruses could be engineered and used as hepatotropic tools to dissect Plasmodium-host interactions, and to deliberately control these networks for antimalaria vaccination or therapy.

Digitods: Toddlers, Touch Screens and Australian Family Life

Digitods: Toddlers, Touch Screens and Australian Family Life

Blunt Abdominal Trauma Patients Are at Very Low Risk for Intra-Abdominal Injury after Emergency Department Observation

IntroductionPatients are commonly admitted to the hospital for observation following blunt abdominal trauma (BAT), despite initially negative emergency department (ED) evaluations. With the current use of screening technology, such as computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis, ultrasound, and laboratory evaluations, it is unclear which patients require observation. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of intra-abdominal injury (IAI) and death in hemodynamically normal and stable BAT patients with initially negative ED evaluations admitted to an ED observation unit and to define a low-risk subgroup of patients and assess whether they may be discharged without abdominal/pelvic CT or observation.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study performed at an urban level 1 trauma center and included all BAT patients admitted to an ED observation unit as part of a BAT key clinical pathway. All were observed for at least 8 hours as part of the key clinical pathway, and only minors and pregnant women were excluded. Outcomes included the presence of IAI or death during a 40-month follow-up period. Prior to data collection, low-risk criteria were defined as no intoxication, no hypotension or tachycardia, no abdominal pain or tenderness, no hematuria, and no distracting injury. To be considered low risk, patients needed to meet all low-risk criteria.ResultsOf the 1,169 patients included over the 2-year study period, 29% received a CT of the abdomen and pelvis, 6% were admitted to the hospital from the observation unit for further management, 0.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1%–1%) were diagnosed with IAI, and 0% (95% CI, 0%–0.3%) died. Patients had a median combined ED and observation length of stay of 9.5 hours. Of the 237 (20%) patients who met low-risk criteria, 7% had a CT of the abdomen and pelvis and 0% (95% CI, 0%–1.5%) were diagnosed with IAI or died.ConclusionMost BAT patients who have initially negative ED evaluations are at low risk for IAI but still require some combination of observation and CT. A subgroup of BAT patients may be safely discharged without CT or observation after the initial evaluation.

Does Tumor Size Trump Biology?

The widespread use of screening technologies has resulted in the identification of tumors that are significantly smaller in size. This has resulted in thought-provoking issues related to systemic therapy, especially chemotherapy, for these patients. In early days of chemotherapy, tumors > 2 cm were considered high risk and merited the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. More recently, in the 1990s, when taxanes were introduced, the trials were open for patients with node-positive or high-risk node-negative breast cancer. The definition of high risk was > 1 cm irrespective of estrogen receptor (ER) status. The decisions with regard to size and biology were also made easier by the fact that there is a good correlation between tumor size and grade; larger tumors are generally of high grade. As we understand more and more about tumor biology and as the tumor sizes continue to plummet, the question of relative importance of these distinct parameters of assessing tumors has come to the forefront. In this issue of the Clinical Breast Cancer, Chereau et al present the data with regard to the outcomes of breast cancers detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.1 They compare the outcomes with a similar group of patients diagnosed by more traditional means. As one might expect, they find that patients diagnosed through the use of MRI had smaller tumors. However, this did not translate into significant differences in 3-year disease-free or overall survival. They state that the treatment decisions were made as per the St. Gallen guidelines.2 For patients hormone receptor (HR)–negative or high-histologic-grade tumors with node-negative disease, these guidelines recommend the use of chemotherapy only if the tumors are > 1 cm. Because significant numbers of the patients with BRCA mutations have high-grade HR-negative tumors but were under 1 cm in size, these patients did not get adjuvant chemotherapy. In fact, patients in the group diagnosed through MRI were half as likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy (43% vs. 86%). Several studies have analyzed the issue of prognosis in T1ab N0 breast cancers. Leitner et al analyzed a series of 218 patients and found that poor nuclear grade and presence of lymphatic invasion identified a small subset of patients with significant risk of recurrence that warranted adjuvant systemic therapy.3 Studies from the Finland and British Columbia Cancer registries have documented recurrence rates between 15% and 30% for these small tumors.4,5 More recently, there have been back-to-back articles on the outcomes in small HER2-positive tumors, irrespective of their ER status.6-8 These show that HER2 positivity is associated with a twoto five-fold increase in the absolute risks of recurrence. In addition, there is some evidence to suggest that these patients are as likely to benefit from anti-HER2 therapies as those patients with larger tumors.9 There is a dearth of studies analyzing the prognosis of small tumors in the triple-negative population. Evans et al, in a study of 1944 women with screen-detected tumors < 15 mm, showed that basal phenotype was significantly associated with poor survival.10 In addition, there are several aspects of triple-negative tumors that are unique. Size does not appear to be a reliable prognostic factor in these tumors.11 These tumors tend to spread via the hematogenous route rather than by classical lymphatic route12; thus, the tumors are more likely to be understaged. All of these articles bring home a simple message: ignore biology at your peril. So the next question that needs to be answered is how low does one go? The past often provides clues about the future. Since the early 1970s, evaluation of HR status, in addition to size, is routinely performed in the management of invasive cancers. The St. Gallen guidelines recommend the use of chemotherapy for patients with ER-positive tumors only for large (≥ T2) tumors.2 Perhaps the treatment algorithm for the treatment of small (T1ab N0) tumors might be similar to that used in the management of ductal carcinoma in situ, where multiple parameters are used to guide therapy. It is quite possible that a multi-parametric equation that takes into account the patient parameters such as age and menopausal status; tumor characteristics such as histology, immunophenotype, and size; as well as type of surgery and width of margins will enable educated decision making for these small tumors. Based on the recent data in ER-positive tumors,13 one may also postulate that race could play a role in determining outcome. Needless to say, women need to be made aware of the risks and benefits of therapies and be involved in the treatment of their cancer.

Using Technology to Expedite Screening and Intervention for Domestic Abuse and Neglect

In response to escalation of community violence, the U.S. Department of Commerce funded Home Health VNA (HHVNA), serving the Merrimack River valley communities in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, for a project demonstrating innovative use of technology in screening for abuse and neglect. All health care providers in the HHVNA were trained in screening through tools loaded on their personal digital assistants. The sample was comprised of patients served by HHVNA during the study period. When a patient screened positive, the health care provider mobilized resources, including social workers, the office of elder services, or the local department of social services office for same-day follow-up. Screening for abuse and neglect was mainstreamed into routine care. Health care providers noted significant reduction in redundant domestic abuse data collection. The close communication networks created enabled health care providers to mobilize resources, initiating same-day in-depth social work assessment and referrals to appropriate community agencies. Health care providers now transmit selected encrypted health information and mandated reports to official agencies. Wedding technology with health care professionals' skills and knowledge can move prevention of and early intervention for domestic abuse and neglect to a new level of efficacy.

Urban screens: Towards the convergence of architecture and audiovisual media

Architecture and media technology is melting into each other, and buildings are turning into becoming media infrastructure. Following Sharon Zukin's suggestions on how to interpret urban change as social and cultural change, the article discuss how our new electronic landscapes mediates, both symbolically and materially, between the socio-spatial differentiation of capital implied by market and the socio-spatial homogeneity of labour suggested by place. The focus is set on how large media corporations are presently developing building projects where the use of screen technology is an important element. These projects are analysed as reflecting shifting corporate and cultural ideas about the relations between media and society: a new material and symbolic relation between constructed spaces for symbolic creativity in the global audio visual industry and global urban centres. As with all "new" technologies, the convergence of buildings and media technology has been envisaged for some time; what is new is not necessarily the idea, but the ways in which current technology makes it possible. As the technological possibilities of urban screens unfold, we become able to analyse their social and cultural consequences more fully.

Impact of Induced Abortions and Statistical Definitions on Perinatal Mortality Figures

Summary. Two problems originating from the advanced use of medical technology in screening for malformations and in the care of preterm and low birthweight infants are presented: the impact of the increasing number of induced medical abortions and the differences in statistical definitions on perinatal mortality (PNM) figures. Data on 186562 births registered in the Finnish Medical Birth Registry between 1987 and 1989 were studied, and 65554 medical abortions (of which 1647 were performed after the sixteenth week of gestation) registered in the Abortion Registry between 1985 and 1990. A 115% increase in abortions for medical reasons in the period 1985–1990 was found. It was estimated that the trend accounted for up to one-third of the decline in PNM rate during that time. The perinatal mortality rate was strongly influenced by very small infants. The application of the Finnish version of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) (including all livebirths and using both birthweight of 500g and gestational age of 22 weeks as the criteria) resulted in PNM rates which were about 5% higher than according to ICD-9. We suggest that the impact of medical abortions on perinatal statistics has reduced the value of the perinatal mortality rate as an indicator of the standard of care.