Use Of Radio Spectrum Research Articles

A novel spectrogram based lightweight deep learning for IoT spectrum monitoring

The integration of cognitive radio network (CRNet) with internet of things (IoT) holds tremendous potential for creating more intelligent and advanced technological ecosystems. By allowing IoT devices to dynamically access and utilize the available radio spectrum, CRNet-based IoT systems can enable transparent connectivity, faster data transmission, and efficient resource utilization. The successful deployment of CRNet-based IoT systems highly depends on spectrum sensing implementation, which makes selecting the appropriate spectrum sensing technique extremely critical. However, several challenges are associated with the current spectrum sensing techniques, including limited representation of signal features, susceptibility to noise, inadequate hardware compatibility, and significant performance degradation using deep learning models. To deal with these issues, a novel approach is proposed integrating spectrogram representation and lightweight convolutional neural network models. Unlike raw digital representation, spectrograms allow efficient and consistent feature extraction using time–frequency representation of the received signals. Lightweight convolutional neural network models leverage advanced deep learning techniques to achieve fast and accurate predictions from spectrograms. They require few parameters to process while reduce the computational burden. The proposed approach is a promising solution for performing spectrum sensing in resource-constrained environments paving the way for efficient use of radio spectrum in IoT networks. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated and compared to the existing techniques. Spectrogram based lightweight deep learning achieved high efficiency while required less computational resources.

Efficient Node Insertion Algorithm for Connectivity-Based Multipolling MAC Protocol in Wi-Fi Sensor Networks

Since low-power Wi-Fi sensors are connected to the Internet, effective radio spectrum use is crucial for developing an efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for Wi-Fi sensor networks. A connectivity-based multipolling mechanism was employed for Access Points to grant uplink transmission opportunities to Wi-Fi nodes with a reduced number of multipolling frame transmissions. The existing connectivity-based multipolling mechanism in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs with many nodes may require excessive time to derive the optimal number of serially connected sequences due to the backtracking algorithm based on the Traveling Salesman Problem model. This limitation hinders the real-time implementation of the connectivity-based multipolling mechanism in Wi-Fi sensor networks. In this study, an efficient node insertion algorithm is proposed, by which the number of derived serially connected multipolling sequences that cover nodes in Wi-Fi sensor networks converges to only one as the number of Wi-Fi sensors increases in Wi-Fi sensor networks. As verified by simulation experiments for Wi-Fi sensor networks, the proposed node insertion algorithm produces a near-optimal number of multipolling sequences that cover the nodes in Wi-Fi sensor networks. This study proposes a node insertion algorithm for the real-time implementation of the connectivity-based multipolling mechanism in MAC protocol for Wi-Fi sensor networks.

PENANGGANAN GANGGUAN FREKUENSI RADIO RADAR CUACA BMKG WILAYAH III DENPASAR PADA PITA FREKUENSI 5 GHz

The existence of a radio frequency spectrum is regulated by the state as stated in Government Regulation number 53 of 2000, which is a limited natural resource that has strategic value in the operation of telecommunications. And the utilization of the radio frequency spectrum as a natural resource needs to be carried out in an orderly, efficient and appropriate manner so as not to cause harmful interference. Denpasar Class I Radio Frequency Spectrum Monitoring Center (Balmon Denpasar) as one of the UPT (Technical Service Units) of the Directorate General of SDDPI has the task of carrying out supervision and control in the field of radio frequency spectrum use in the Bali region. This study aims to be able to carry out supervision and observation of the radio frequency spectrum through observation (Ocupansy). Seeing the scope of the existing problems, this practical work report will provide the following problem boundaries: Observation of the occupation of the radio frequency spectrum through observation, measurement of technical parameters and law enforcement. There are complaints of disturbances on the radio frequency 5625 MHz for weather radar by the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) Region III Denpasar caused by the use of the 5 GHz band frequency by ISPs using wireless LAN.

Proof of Sense: A Novel Consensus Mechanism for Spectrum Misuse Detection

Optimal use of scarce radio spectrum is essential in the proliferation of beyond 5G networks, and promising blockchain technology offers various benefits for the spectrum management. However, existing blockchain-based solutions are expensive, nonoptimized, and lack spectrum fraud detection. This article proposes a novel consensus mechanism for a blockchain-based dynamic spectrum access (DSA) system. The proposed “ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Proof-of-Sense</i> ” consensus mechanism operates based on spectrum sensing procedures rather than cryptographic calculations. It is specially designed to address fraudulent/unauthorized access to the spectrum by analyzing the sensed spectrum data. The core of the consensus mechanism is a cryptographic key sharing mechanism inspired by Shamir’s secret sharing scheme. Moreover, the proposed DSA system can enable different microservices, such as automated spectrum auctions, payment and penalty handling, and spectrum fraud detection. A proof of concept based on experimental approaches coupled with Matlab simulations is presented to analyze the performance of the proposed consensus mechanism.

Interference Avoidance in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Cooperative Localization

In the recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of wireless medium and radio frequency spectrum due to the development of new types of wireless networks, applications, and enabling technologies. Consequently, the radio frequency spectrum is getting overcrowded due to this increasing demand. Traditionally, frequency bands are allocated to licensed users for their specific use. Cognitive radio allows secondary users to communicate using these frequency bands. However, this may result in interference to the primary users. Information of the relative positions of the primary and secondary users and the distance between them can be exploited to avoid this interference. In our work, we use cooperative localization strategy to determine the distance between the secondary and primary users. This distance information is then utilized to adjust the transmission power of the secondary nodes so that the interference threshold of the primary users is not exceeded. The proposed methodology is evaluated using simulation experiments. Different aspects of the proposed algorithm including location and distance estimation, channel availability, and channel capacity against transmission power and path loss are evaluated. The results show that the proposed scheme is able to achieve considerable gains as a consequence of interference avoidance.

REAL SIMULATION OF A "WAR DRIVING" ATTACK ON A WIRELESS NETWORK

The inevitable spread of wireless networks and the growing traffic in them can lead to an increase in information security incidents. The main threats are aimed at interception, violation of the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted data, attacks on the availability of nodes of the transmission channel and their substitution. Due to its characteristics, the wireless data transmission environment creates potential conditions for eavesdropping on network traffic and uncontrolled connection to the wireless network by attackers who are in its range. Wireless networks, unlike wired networks, are extremely vulnerable to possible attacks and unauthorized access due to the use of radio spectrum and the broadcast nature of the physical layer. To intercept data, it is enough to be in the range of the Wi-Fi network. Therefore, an attacker, being at a safe distance, can use wireless devices to carry out attacks. The article analyzes a cyberattack of the "War Driving" type on wireless networks. The analysis carried out in the article showed that there are open wireless networks. Wireless networks are open or because the administrators who configure them are not security aware. A full-scale simulation of a "War Driving" attack was carried out. Real-time simulation data show that 10.1% of networks do not use any encryption. The detection error of access points not using encryption is from 8% to 12%. This is a very good result and confirms the adequacy of the conducted full-scale modeling. Based on the analysis of the results of live simulation, recommendations have been developed to protect the wireless network from a "War Driving" attack. The developed recommendations will protect wireless networks from "War Driving" attacks

COCO: Coherent Consensus Schema For Dynamic Spectrum Allocation For 5G

Numerous wireless technologies have been integrated to provide 5th generation (5G) communication networks capable of delivering mission‐critical applications and services. Despite considerable developments in a variety of supporting technologies, next‐generation cellular deployments may still face severe bandwidth constraints as a result of inefficient radio spectrum use. To this end, a variety of appropriate frameworks have recently emerged that all aid mobile network operators (MNOs) in making effective use of the abundant frequency bands that other incumbents reserve for their own use. The proposed COCO model for Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA) has 2 functionalities such as 1. Coherent PU‐SU packet acceptance algorithm for Secondary User (SU) in DSA. 2. Consensus Algorithm for PU‐SU Channel Reservation in DSA. To enable a 5G service with one‐millisecond latency, interconnection ports between operators are expected to be required at every base station, which would have a significant influence on the topological structure of the core network. Additionally, just one radio network infrastructure would need to be created, which all operators would then be able to use. We allow change of PU SU characteristics to satisfy the needs of new services. These modifications are accomplished via the use of Coherent and Consensus Algorithms that regulate PU and SU through negotiation and allocation procedures. Our primary objective was to decrease interference, handoff latency, and the chance of blocking. In this paper, we describe our idea for employing COCO Model to address the issues of spectrum mobility, sharing, and handoff for Cognitive Radio Networks in 5G.

DETERMINATION OF THE NORMS &#x0D; OF FREQUENCY-TERRITORIAL DIVERSION &#x0D; DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF 5G TECHNOLOGY &#x0D; IN 3,4–4,2, 4,4–5, 14,5–15,35 GHZ FREQUENCY RANGES

The article presents scientific and technical proposals on the possibility of joint use of radio frequency spectrum of the fifth-generation mobile radio communication means and existing departmental radio-electronic facilities. On the basis of the load analysis, using the method of theoretical assessment of electromagnetic compatibility, the norms of territorial diversion between radio means are obtained. On the basis of the results of the calculations, it is possible to determine the subbands in which the joint use of radio means is possible, subject to optimization of the frequency-territorial plan and implementation of technical and organizational measures to ensure electromagnetic compatibility.

Sharing Radio Spectrum for Research and Innovation

In most countries academic researchers have access to advanced academic telecommunications networks and infrastructures to test and demonstrate the results of their research work. These networks are usually funded by national or regional public authorities. To provide access to the academic networks on a wider scale, European and international collaboration initiatives have been taken. For the fixed network environment this may suffice but the situation is different in the wireless context, partly because here, researchers must, in one way or another, obtain spectrum usage rights. Today spectrum usage rights can be quite easily obtained in the restricted territorial space of a testbed. Yet, small-scale testbeds are not sufficient anymore for realistic validation, and the scientific community today needs large-scale field deployments working with the same radio spectrum as the commercial networks and capable of supporting new technologies and services. The evolution from lab testbeds to field deployments is required to increase the validation capabilities for complex systems like connected cars, massive Internet of Things (IoT) or eHealth solutions. Appropriate frequency bands, needed by researchers to carry out, for example, large-scale 5G experiments, are generally allocated via auctions and on an exclusive basis to large mobile network operators. While it is perfectly feasible for these MNOs to keep dedicated slices for tests and demonstrations in their networks separate from their day-to-day operations without negative effects for the latter, there are few regulatory mechanisms for stimulating MNOs to make parts of their spectrum usage rights available for the academic research community. All EU Member States allow short-term licenses for the use of radio spectrum for research, testing, and experimental purposes, but procedures, requirements, and costs for obtaining such license vary significantly. These national differences do not allow for the creation of a persistent and pan-European network of wireless capacity for research, testing, and experimental purposes. On the secondary market, leasing or transferring radio spectrum usage rights is possible, and procedures seem more harmonized.

RADIO SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT IN MODERN MILITARY ACTIONS

&#x0D; Due to the continuous development of civil and military communications and information technology services, in an era of digitalization in which the need to allocate, allot or assign a much larger number of frequency bands is essential, it is necessary to adopt national and international rules and guidelines for sharing and efficiently managing the radio spectrum. The use of modern and/or emerging technologies involved in current or future military actions is dependent on the use of radio spectrum in an increasingly congested, contested and constrained electromagnetic operational environment.

Analysis of spectrum pricing for commercial mobile services: A cross country study

The Simultaneous Multiple Round Ascending Auction (SMRA) pioneered by Milgrom, Wilson and McAfee in 1994 has become a defacto standard auction mechanism for the award of radio spectrum for commercial mobile services around the world. The winning bid price in such SMRA spectrum auctions is of interest as it determines the valuation of the scarce resource by the mobile operators, and also indicates the revenue accrued to the governments as auction proceeds. We examine, using a cross-country panel dataset, the determinants of spectrum prices, of all the SMRA auctions held in about 25 countries during 1994–2019. Our findings indicate that reserve prices fixed by the auctioneer as the starting price of auctions and the competition in the auction are the two variables that significantly affect the winning bid prices positively in SMRA auctions. The effect of reserve prices is more pronounced in regional auctions held in countries such as the U.S. and India. Further, the larger the amount of spectrum put on auction, lesser is the winning bid price, thereby indicating the traditional supply-demand relationship. Based on these findings, we provide policy prescriptions on fixing appropriate reserve prices, providing a clear visibility of spectrum availability, and increasing competition in mobile services for effective use of scarce radio spectrum.

Licensing Activities in the Field of Provision of Telecommunications

Using the methodology of systematic analysis of legal phenomena, the licensing activities in the field of telecommunications services in the context of current legislation on telecommunications and the licensing system in the field of management are considered. Legislation in the field of telecommunications is characterized by complexity, instability, disorder of legal regulation. The disadvantages of sectoral legislation are the emphasis on technological aspects without taking into account the needs of the market. In modern scientific research, licensing is defined as a specific administrative and legal regime, which is implemented mainly prohibitive or binding rules, aimed at official certification of the right of the business entity to conduct certain activities in compliance with rules, regulations and standards. It is noted that licensing activities in the field of telecommunications are organized activities of authorized executive bodies, which consists of successive administrative procedures for providing legal entities or natural persons-entrepreneurs who intend to provide telecommunications services, permits or other legal act to confirm the occurrence, change, transition, termination of rights. Licensing activities in the field of telecommunications services are aimed at ensuring: the rights and legitimate interests of subscribers and consumers of telecommunications services; security of the person, society and the state; rational use of numbering resources. Improving the legal regulation of licensing activities in the field of telecommunications is necessary in order to reduce administrative barriers to entry into the markets of the digital economy in terms of access to innovative technologies in the field of telecommunications and ensure efficient use of radio frequency spectrum

주파수의 경제적 가치 측정 방법과 적용

A market-based management system based on economic value is being actively considered as a policy alternative for the efficient use of radio spectrum. However, there exist insufficient cases for evaluating the economic value of radio spectrum in Korea. To address these policy demands, this study proposes alternatives to evaluate the economic value of radio spectrum. The auction, profit approach, benchmark approach, opportunity-cost approach, and production function approach can be considered as alternatives. Moreover, the applications of radio spectrum evaluation may vary depending on competitive demand, the number of services provided, cases of past-usage charges, and the existence of least-cost alternatives. The results of this study are therefore expected to be used as basic data for the establishment of related policies by contributing to objectification and systematization of the economic evaluation of radio spectrum.

Ensuring Uninterrupted MTC Service Availability during Emergencies Using LTE/5G Public Mobile Land Networks

During emergencies LTE/5G-based public mobile land networks (PLMNs) restrict network access by normal users, which means a lack of service reliability which limits application of LTE/5G for machine-type communication (MTC) in critical applications, such as power systems This paper shows how existing LTE/5G features can be used to differentiate MTC of devices in a microgrid from other MTC or human-to-human (H2H) communication and ensure that these microgrid devices have service during emergencies, which enables use of LTE/5G communication to co-ordinate the use of distributed energy resources (DER) in microgrids, so that they can autarkically perform blackout recovery of an islanded microgrid. It is shown that this method allows the blackout recovery 100 times faster than with a conventional black start. The microgrid blackout recovery is demonstrated using the LTE/5G PLMN Access Barring feature. The disadvantage of using PLMN-based Access Barring is the need to define two separate PLMNs in one radio cell, which is an inefficient use of radio spectrum. However, this can be avoided by using the Extended Access Class Barring (EAB) override or application-specific congestion control (ACDC) features of the CAT-M1 low-power wide-area MTC technology, which are included in LTE and 5G standards.

Optimal energy efficiency resource allocation strategy for cognitive clustering network under PUEA attack

5G has pushed the use of radio spectrum to a new level, and cognitive clustering network can effectively improve the utilization of radio spectrum, which is a feasible way to solve the growing demand for wireless communications. However, cognitive clustering network is vulnerable to PUEA attack, which will lead to the degradation of system detection performance, thereby reducing the energy efficiency. Aiming at these problems, this paper investigates the optimal energy efficiency resource allocation scheme for cognitive clustering network under PUEA attack. A cooperative user selection algorithm based on selection factor is proposed to effectively resist PUEA user attack and improve detection performance. We construct the energy efficiency optimization problem under multi-constraint conditions and transform the nonlinear programming problem into parametric programming problem, which is solved by Lagrangian function and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker condition. Then the sub-gradient iterative algorithm based on optimal energy efficiency under PUEA attack is proposed and its complexity is analyzed. Simulation results indicate that proposed method is effective when subjected to PUEA attacks, and the impact of different parameters on energy efficiency is analyzed.

Performance analysis of QoS in IoT based cognitive radio Ad Hoc network

AbstractSince the advent of Internet of Things (IoT), there is a dramatic increase in the number of devices being connected to networks. This increase causes spectrum shortage for devices competing to share the limited spectrum. Wireless IoT devices mostly utilize unlicensed radio spectrum. Soon, the bands in this spectrum will become overcrowded causing collisions among subscribers that will result in scarcity of spectrum. Therefore, in order to ease the smooth running and frequent proliferation in IoT objects, the efficient use of radio spectrum is necessary. One of the solutions to this problem is cognitive radio (CR) that has gained the attention among researchers. The network, formed by CRs, allows an unlicensed user to occupy and use the spectrum of a licensed user/primary user (PU) when the spectrum is found to be free. In this work, these two technologies are combined to get the advantages of both in ad hoc manner while relating this concept with trunking theory. The distances of CRs from nearby PUs are calculated using radio frequency identifications (RFIDs), and then based on these distances, some quality‐of‐service (QoS) parameters of CR network are analyzed. The main objective of this study is to go through the performance analysis of CR network integrated with IoT in the non‐queued system. Numerical results show that this integration is beneficial for the survival of future wireless technologies.

A Novel Idea of Implementing Birth-Death Process to Model SU Transmission in CRN Over MPC

This article proposes a solution to address spectrum scarcity matter by providing birth-death process dealing with a secondary user (SU) transmission over multiple primary channels (MPC) in a cognitive radio network (CRN). By taking advantage of the under-use of spectrum resources of licensed users, CR systems can develop the use of radio spectrum efficiently. The SU must remain in the interweaving performance process and find spectrum gaps before transmission. Furthermore, both expected slots and transmission slots comprise the extended delivery time (EDT) for the secondary user. In order to model the cognitive transmission of the SU on MPC, especially the author has made a birth-death model. This strategy is referred to as an accurate probability density function (PDF) and probability mass function (PMF) of EDT of the secondary transmission for both continuous and periodic sensing cases. In this research, the author also represents numerical and simulation results to demonstrate analysis and mathematical expression.

Between Integration and Protection of National Sovereignty in the European Union's Radio Spectrum Policy: Uncovering Potential Research Avenues

AbstractThis article stresses the importance to understand the institutional context in which decisions on radio spectrum use are taken. In particular, this article focuses on the European Union's (EU) institutional context. The history of EU radio spectrum policy is narrated highlighting the tension between the EU integration process and protection of national sovereignty. This tension sets the stage to discuss two research areas which call for further attention: lack of legitimacy of EU law and use of soft power to promote EU integration. Investigating these areas may contribute to identify institutional barriers to better decision making for radio spectrum use.

Coverage of Neighbouring Broadcasting System Using Efficient Activity Flow Control

Although more than 10 years have elapsed from the proposal of Spatial Radio Value system, in these years the analysis was based around evaluation in order to update the convenience of flexible braking for versatile philosophical radios specially built.In versatile specially appointed systems (MANETs), the system topology changes as often as possible and eccentrically because of the subjective portability of hubs. This element prompts successive way disappointments and course reproductions, Which creates an increase in control friction influence course disclosure can't be dismissed. Consequently, it is basic to lessen the overhead of course revelation in the outline of steering conventions of MANETs taking into account .Here we concentrates on a novel steering convention in light of probabilistic rebroadcast and neighbor scope data got utilizing Cognitive radio worldview toward decrease and directing above .Cognitive Radio is a late worldview that goes for added adaptable besides proficient utilization of radio range. It permits remote radios to deftly get to partitions of whole radio range with no unsafe impedance to authorized clients. This joined methodology empowers to give better execution of steering in portable specially appointed Networks and effective use of Radio Spectrum.

Between Integration and Protection of National Sovereignty in the European Union's Radio Spectrum Policy: Uncovering Potential Research Avenues

AbstractThis article stresses the importance to understand the institutional context in which decisions on radio spectrum use are taken. In particular, this article focuses on the European Union's (EU) institutional context. The history of EU radio spectrum policy is narrated highlighting the tension between the EU integration process and protection of national sovereignty. This tension sets the stage to discuss two research areas which call for further attention: lack of legitimacy of EU law and use of soft power to promote EU integration. Investigating these areas may contribute to identify institutional barriers to better decision making for radio spectrum use.