Use Of Protection Methods Research Articles

Understanding gender and its intersection with social stratifiers on prevention and care seeking behavior of lymphatic filariasis in Nepal

BackgroundLymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating and painful neglected tropical disease and is one of the leading causes of permanent disability. In many countries, the intersection of gender with various social stratifiers has influenced exposure to LF and ultimately impacting the disease burden and its elimination. This study aimed to explore the influence of gender and its intersection with other social stratifiers for the prevention and care seeking behavior of LF in Nepal.MethodsThis study employed qualitative research methods: in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) for data collection in Bardiya, Nepal. A total of 22 IDIs (11 male, 11 female) and 2 FGDs (1 male and 1 female) were conducted with the community people between January and March 2020. The participants were purposively selected to represent different social stratifiers including age, sex, ethnicity, occupation. The data collected were analyzed using a thematic framework approach with use of intersectional gender analysis matrix.ResultsThe study findings revealed that men spend more time outside their household compared to women while fulfilling their roles and responsibilities, largely determined by societal expectations and gender norms. This resulted in limited access to preventive health services for men, as they often missed annual mass drug administration programme in their community and limited access to preventive methods. Further traditional occupation, specific to particular ethnicity, influenced the vulnerability to LF for certain ethnic groups. The ability to prevent exposure varied among individuals. Although women made decisions regarding the use of protective methods, it was influenced by patriarchal and gender norms. They often felt a responsibility to take care and priorities males and other family members when resources are limited. The intersectionality of gender with other social stratifiers such as marital status, ethnicity, and geographical areas influenced individual’s ability to access information related to LF and care seeking.ConclusionsOverall, the findings emphasized how access to resources, division of work, norms and values and decision-making power alone and its interaction with various social stratifiers shaped peoples’ vulnerability to disease, ability to prevent exposure and response to illness.Graphical

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ СИСТЕМА ЗАЩИТЫ КАРТОФЕЛЯ ОТ СОРНЯКОВ, БОЛЕЗНЕЙ И ВРЕДИТЕЛЕЙ

Potatoes are among the crops that are heavily affected by diseases. To a large extent, this is due to the peculiarities of the biology of the potato plant. In the conditions of the North Caucasus region, the probability of the spread of late blight and various viral diseases is high. In addition, potatoes, like other crops, high-yielding varieties are most sensitive to climatic factors, their potential yield cannot be realized if they are not resistant to extreme conditions. In the southern regions of Russia, including in the Republic of Alania, such limiting factors should include, first of all, high summer temperatures and rather long dry or long rainy periods during the growing season of potatoes. Under the influence of high temperatures during the formation and growth of tubers, prolonged hot weather causes metabolic disorders, a decrease in yield; weakened plants are more affected by viral, viroid and mycoplasma diseases. In this regard, the most urgent issue is the identification of drought-resistant varieties and hybrids. In recent years, along with the immunological characteristics of varieties, more and more attention has been paid to their qualitative consumer properties, therefore, resistance to diseases, pests and weeds should be combined with the main economically useful qualities - yield, starchiness and others. The weed control system in landscape farming should be considered as an integral part of the management of the entire agricultural system. To build a weed control system, it is necessary, first of all, to know the actual and potential contamination of the object under examination (plot, field, crop rotation). The analysis of factors shows that one of the main reasons is a strong contamination of potato plantings with the floral composition of perennial, annual cereal and broad-leaved weeds, infestation with pests and diseases. Weeds, pests and diseases, having complex biological features, are characterized by strong adaptability to potato cultivation conditions, high competitive ability, harmfulness and on this basis reduce the yield of tubers, their quality in the absence of a scientifically-based comprehensive system for protecting plantings from them. In this regard, potato plants are characterized by low competitive ability compared to weeds, pests and diseases, and vulnerability to them, which necessitates the integrated use of protection methods at all stages of crop cultivation technology. At the same time, it is advisable to direct the agricultural technology of culture cultivation to create favorable conditions for the growth and development of potato plants, the dominant component of agrophytocenosis, increasing its competitive ability against harmful objects and reducing their harmfulness. Agroecological assessment of the conditions affecting the clogging of potato plantings, their infestation with pests and diseases allows us to note that this is facilitated by a decrease in the material and technical base and financial capabilities of agriculture, violation of farming systems, crop rotations, established technologies, lack of monitoring of the species composition of weeds, weak implementation of the results of scientific developments

Study on Local Scour Protection Countermeasures of Bridge Pier

The scouring effect is a crucial factor affecting the stability of the bridge foundation. Many engineering methods have been developed to reduce the impact of local scour on bridge structures. Among the commonly used protection methods, each method has its limitations and advantages. In this paper, passive method, active method and combination method are used to describe the effects of riprap, collars, slot, sacrificial pile, and vanes methods on the erosion protection effect. The overall judgment of each method is made through the analysis of the factors that may affect the efficiency of protection and the possible shortcomings in the use of protection methods. Then, the inference of device size is derived by combining the various scenarios of the method, so as to help the protection efficiency of the protection method reach the optimal state. Finally, the future development trend and application prospect of the protection method were prospected.

Sexual Health among Youth in Residential Care in Spain: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors.

Adolescents in the child welfare system often face multiple maladaptive experiences that predispose them to worse sexual health outcomes. This study aims to (1) describe the sexual health of adolescents in Spanish residential care by exploring their sexual knowledge, attitudes toward sexuality, and sexual behaviors and (2) to find out whether there are certain characteristics that make a subgroup particularly vulnerable to engaging in risky sexual behaviors. A total of 346 adolescents recruited from 47 Spanish residential care facilities (34.1% girls, 65.9% boys) aged between 11 and 19 years old completed some self-report instruments. Descriptive analyses and tests to prove gender and age differences were conducted. Their knowledge of sexuality was lower than observed in the general adolescent population, their attitudes more negative, and their tendency to engage in risky sexual behaviors higher. Girls made very infrequent use of condoms, while boys had more sexist attitudes and made habitual use of withdrawal. Although more than 20% of them had experienced sexual exchange activities before the age of 13 until 17, they did not use condoms systematically. The low level of knowledge, the early initiation of sexual exchange activities, and the scarce use of protection methods, together with sexist attitudes, place this group in a situation of great vulnerability, increasing the risk of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and even teen dating violence.

Zoonotic Diseases Prevention Program for Veterinary Workers in Rural Health Units at Benha City


 
 
 Context: Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that naturally transmitted from animals to humans. Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Zoonotic Diseases prevention program for Veterinary workers in Rural Health Units at Benha City. Methods: A quasi-experimental design. The study was carried out in Veterinary Health Units at Benha City. A convenience sample used which includes (85) Veterinary workers. Two tools used for collecting data: 1) A structured interviewing questionnaire to assess: a) demographic characteristics, b) medical history of previous exposure to Zoonotic diseases and c) knowledge of Veterinary workers regarding zoonotic diseases. 2) An observational checklist sheet was used to assess: a) practices of veterinary workers regarding the prevention of zoonotic diseases, b) veterinary health unit environmental condition. Results: More than three quarters (76.5%) of veterinary workers were male, less than half (45.9%) aged ranged from 30 < 40 years with mean±SD (32.3±6.62) and about one third (31.8%) of them were secondary education. The majority (89.4%) of veterinary workers had poor total knowledge score regarding zoonotic diseases pre-program intervention compared to more than half (55.3%) of them had good total knowledge score post-program intervention. On the other hand, about two thirds (62.4%) of veterinary workers had unsatisfactory total practices score regarding zoonotic diseases pre-program intervention compared to more than three quarters (78.8%) of them had satisfactory total practices score post-program. Conclusion: Post-program score was higher than the pre-program score both in knowledge and practices of veterinary workers regarding zoonotic diseases, and there is a positive correlation between total knowledge and total practice pre and post-program (P=0.000). The study recommends an illustrated booklets and brochures in each Veterinary Health Unit focus on the use of protective methods during contact with animals and adherence to adequate sanitary standards.
 
 

Information Hygiene: General Theoretical Assessment of the Problem

The use of information technology in all spheres of activity raises the problem of hygienic regulation of information loads for the population, especially children. The authors describe the negative effects of information on children and adolescents. Due to this fact, there is a need to create secure information environment. It is necessary to list some principles of information hygiene: complexity, focus, socio-political activity, science, accessibility, integrity, consistency, qualitative and quantitative approach in data analysis, differentiated and individual approach to the child, continuity of protection, ease of use of protective methods and tools, reasonable sufficiency, flexibility of management and application, openness of algorithms and protection mechanisms, validity of access, personal responsibility, etc. Thus, the development of the information society involves developing information hygiene to prevent the negative impact of information load from different sources on the health of the population, especially children. It is necessary to calculate the individual risks of different types of information and to predict their consequences for the health of adolescents, followed by the development of a program of preventive and recreational work with them. To this end, Russia has the scientific potential and modern technologies in the field of hygiene, protection and promotion of the health of children, adolescents and young people.

Do formal and informal protection methods affect firms' productivity and financial performance?

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the direct relationship between formal and informal protection methods and firms' productivity and financial performance. This study used Chilean firms' level data. The principal findings are that micro, small and medium‐sized enterprises (MSMEs) with informal protection methods positively influence productivity and financial performance. Moreover, the results show that formal and informal protection methods are interconnected. Their joint effect accelerates firms' productivity and makes financial performance stronger as compared to using a single protection method. This outcome is robust across SMEs and large firms. Thus, this finding suggests that using a combination of formal and informal protection method benefits firms' productivity and financial performance. The managerial implications of this study suggest that business managers/owners could use multiple protection methods (a mix of formal and informal) to increase their firms' productivity and profitability. In addition, to support innovation in Chilean firms, economic policies must encourage innovation in small businesses through subsidies (tax credits) and R&D grants, as well as awareness of the use of protection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender Differences in Determinants of Condom Use Among HIV Clients in Uganda

Little research has examined gender differences in reporting of condom use, which is the goal of our analysis. A baseline study was conducted in two urban clinics and we examined data from sexually active clients entering HIV care who enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. The primary outcome was consistent condom use and determinant variables were demographics, physical health and immune status, economic well-being, relationship characteristics, psychosocial functioning, and self-efficacy. Of 280 participants, 129 were males and 151 females, and 41.7% had at least some secondary education; 60.7% did not always use condoms. Nearly half (48.1%) of men reported always using condoms compared to 31.8% of females. In bivariate analyses, men who consistently use condoms were more likely to be working, have a primary partner who was HIV negative, to have disclosed their HIV status to their primary partner, and to have higher general self-efficacy and condom use self-efficacy compared to men who did not always use condoms. Higher general self-efficacy and condom use self-efficacy were the only variables associated with reported consistent condom use among women. In regression analysis, working in the last 7 days, general self efficacy, and condom use self-efficacy were associated with consistent condom use among men. These findings reveal low rates of consistent condom use among people living with HIV, and a gender difference with men more likely to report consistent condom use. These data suggest the need for gender sensitive prevention programs and strategies, including programs that can provide women with greater control and self-efficacy regarding use of protective methods.

Choice Is Empowering: Getting Strategic About Preventing HIV Infection in Women

Since the late 1980s and early 1990s we have come a considerable distance in recognizing that successful HIV prevention work among women means the adoption of a woman-centered paradigm one that is grounded in womens realities and acknowledges gender roles and gender-based power differentials as critical factors in womens ability to make and effect decisions regarding their health and welfare. We have learned that most women around the world cannot control male condom use and we have begun to understand that womens attitudes toward and use of protective methods are based on personal relational sociocultural and structural factors with a different mix for each woman. HIV prevention has required us to work on two levels: to achieve long-term structural change in womens status and to provide women with tools for protection over the short term. We have now recognized the limits of a sole dependence on the male condom. Although this device is highly effective against sexually transmitted pathogens when used correctly and consistently male control over the male condom undermines its real-world impact. As a result large-scale male condom campaigns over the first two decades of the HIV epidemic have been inadequate as a public health strategy. Recent studies of U.S. women at high HIV risk show that the proportion of protected sex acts rarely exceeds 15% a statistic that has not changed over the past decade. Women in developing countries are often not protected at all. (excerpt)