Use Of Present Tense Research Articles

The Improperness Of Present Tense In Jonathan Liandi’s Empetalk

This research aimed to discover the improperness of present tense in Jonathan Liandi’s Empetalk. In this research, qualitative descriptive used as the research method. The researchers used the script of interview from Jonathan Liandi’s Empetalk as the data source. In collecting the data, the method was observation and the technique was non-participant. Meanwhile, in analyzing the data, the method was identification and the technique was competence in comparing. The utterances from the script of interview which were taken as the data were analyzed narratively. The researchers used the theory of (Hewings, 2013) to discover the improper of present tense. The researchers discovered 7 utterances based on the findings. spoken that show the improper use of present tense. There were the improperness of verb used, and the improperness of adverb of frequency used.

Move Analysis of Thesis and Dissertation Abstracts in One Philippine Graduate Institute

In the Philippines, move-analytic investigations have been carried out. However, none of these have attempted to look into the genre of thesis and dissertation abstracts. Cognizant of this gap, this study examined a corpus of 100 research abstracts written by Filipino graduate students in one private university in Western Metro Manila. In order to identify the moves, rhetorical organization, linguistic features, and deviations in the corpus, mixed-method research design was employed. Analyses of data reveal that all the moves in Hyland’s model are present in the corpus. Such moves are linguistically realized through the use of present tense, present perfect tense, attitudinal stance words, deictic item+ inquiry type noun+ reporting verb formulaic pattern, past-passive constructions, opening subject+ reporting verb+ that-complement clause formulaic pattern, modals, and nominal phrases. As to rhetorical organization, non-linear organization is the most preferred, while linear organization is the least. With respect to deviations, word count, format, level of usage, syntactic structure, mechanics, grammar, and lexis are uncovered. Based on the results obtained, it is deduced that thesis and dissertation abstracts as corpus can provide meaningful insights as regards the exploration of moves vis-à-vis their linguistic realizations and sequences, academic writing, and Philippine English.

John Maxwell Coetzee’s Disgrace: A Covert Narrative of the Transition in South Africa

In John Maxwell Coetzee’s Disgrace (1999), some aspects of style are an implicit image of the uncertainty, feeling of discontinuity, and the new trends of violence in the transition period in South Africa. This study of Disgrace conjugates Seymour Chatman’s analysis of covert narration, and Alain Rabatel’s explication of the point of view and narrative perspective, to demonstrate, through narratological and reader-response theories, that the third-person present-tense narrative gives an encoded image of the tense social context in the post-apartheid era. Specifically, this paper shows that the use of present tense, character-oriented perspective, and hybrid use of language are signs of the unbridled violence in the nascent democratic nation, of individuals battling against the demons of the past, to deal with an unstable present, with the hope to negotiate an evanescent future. Through the lenses of feminism, this article discusses the experience and symbolism of rape in the novel.

Exploring the linguistic features of Philippine headlines in on-line newspapers

This study is aimed to analyze the linguistic features of Philippine English headlines which are published online by three of the country’s national newspapers -INQUIRER.net, philstar.com and mb.com. Using the framework by Mardh (1980) and Mouillaud and Tétu (1989) on the typical features of news headlines in French and English, a sample of 82 headlines were gathered and analyzed from the said online newspapers. The findings revealed that the typical linguistic features of English headlines in the country include the use of present tense for the past tense, the use of to+ infinitive for future tense, the use of main verb + infinitive, extensive use of abbreviations, omission of words, the use of colon to introduce direct speech, the use of comma to replace the conjunction “and”, and the use of loaded words enclosed in scare quotes.

GRAMMAR ERROR BY STUDENTS IN TRANSLATING INDONESIAN INTO ENGLISH

This research was to analyze the students’ grammar errors on the use of present tense and past tense in translating Indonesian sentence into English. The aims were to find out what errors were made by the students and what error was the dominant one. The method used was descriptive qualitative. It was conducted at SMP Swasta Dwitunggal Tanjung Morawa in academic year 2018 – 2019. The population was the students of the eighth grade consisted of 3 classes with the total number of population was 138. The sample was the class VIII-3 consisted of 41 students which was obtained through cluster random sampling with lottery technique. The instrument used was a translation test which consisted of 20 items of Indonesian sentence. Through the data analysis, it was obtained that there were four types of errors made by the eighth grade students, namely error of omission (17.22%), error of addition (32.05%), error of miss-formation (34.44%), and error of miss-ordering (12.91%). The most dominant error was error of miss-formation.

Epistolary cognition: The family letters of Rosalie Calvert

This article argues for the distinctive nature of cognition involved in correspondence, arguing that this cognition is highly creative and in corollary, arguing that this cognition is positioned within social and cultural conditions that must be considered in a full analysis. The author argues that letters are often written from the perspective of an “embodied epistolary present,” the letter writer’s temporal, spatial, and corporeal viewpoint depicted through the use of present tense and other markers. The author further elaborates the relationship between correspondence and common ground. The embodied epistolary present facilitates the “imagined copresence” of writer and recipient (possible through conceptual blending), which the author describes as “the fictitious conceit that a recipient is present to serve as an interlocutor during the writer’s embodied compositional present.” Like the face-to-face conversation that it simulates, epistolary discourse depicted with imagined copresence relies on the common ground shared by the writer and recipient; the author argues that the common ground also shapes other discourse modes present in correspondence including narrative episodes and reporting. The author further shows that epistolary discourse reflects cultural norms, shaping what writers include and elide. To demonstrate all these points, the author draws examples from the letter collection Mistress of Riversdale: The Plantation Letters of Rosalie Stier Calvert, 1795–1821, edited by Margaret Law Callcott (1992). Calvert was a plantation mistress in postrevolutionary Maryland who corresponded with intimate relatives in Belgium; as such, Calvert’s letters demonstrate both the imaginative work that letters deploy and the common ground that shapes epistolary content.

Who Are These People Anyway? by Chief Irving Powless Jr.

Reviewed by: Who Are These People Anyway? by Chief Irving Powless Jr. Gwendolyn Saul (bio) Who Are These People Anyway? By Chief Irving Powless Jr. and edited by Lesley Forrester. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2016. The Iroquois and Their Neighbors. 189 pages, 6” x 9.” $45.00 cloth, $19.95 paper, $19.95 e-book. Most New Yorkers are unaware that the oldest democratic form of Indigenous government in North America, recognized internationally, continues to thrive in what is now New York State. The center of that government, a confederacy of six Indigenous nations that make up the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, is the Onondaga Nation located south of Syracuse, a city built on Onondaga territory. To understand New York as Indigenous lands and to recognize the significance of Haudenosaunee and Algonquian nations continuing to uphold their connections to these lands, is an obligation of all New Yorkers and one that the late Chief Irving Powless Jr. excelled at teaching about with humor and wisdom, among Native and non-Native audiences alike. Indeed, in 2009 Chief Powless was bestowed with an honorary doctor of laws degree from Syracuse University for his prolific work as a “spokesperson for the Haudenosaunee nations” (title page, Nancy Cantor, Former Chancellor and President of Syracuse University). Daha’tgatdohs, Irving Powless Jr., Beaver Clan Chief of the Onondaga Nation, passed away in 2017 (1929–2017). Thankfully, he gifted the world with this insightful compilation of sixty-five vignettes and essays, edited by Lesley Forrester. As Forrester relates in her preface to the book, her work transcribing speeches by Tom Porter, Sakokweniónkwas [End Page 311] (Akwesasne Mohawk), contributed to the publication of And Grandma Said… Iroquois Teachings as Passed Down Through the Oral Tradition (2008) and caught the attention of Akwesasne Mohawk journalist and scholar Doug George Kanentiio, who encouraged her to complete a similar project with Chief Powless. Forrester is experienced working with individuals who speak English as a second language, and she makes careful note in her preface to point out some of the differences in syntax that also reflect insight into the delivery and context of oral histories for Haudenosaunee; for example, readers will notice the use of present tense to describe the past, as Forrester clarifies, “Listeners can feel they are present while historical or sacred events are relived in the present moment” (xii). This detail is important, and Forrester clearly understands that working with oral history narratives, transforming them into text, often involves a cultural translation as well since the context for delivery of oral histories is often as significant as the words and teachings being shared. Other details about the completion of this project are not forthcoming in Forrester’s preface. While she comments that it took some time for her and Chief Powless to become acquainted and comfortable with each other, the specifics of the arrangement, such as how many trips she made to Onondaga, how long the process took, how they agreed upon the title, and whether or not Chief Powless made comments and edits to earlier drafts, are un-addressed. However, this omission in no way detracts from the substance of the stories and teachings imparted by Chief Powless. A citizen of the Onondaga Nation, Chief Powless was appointed the title and responsibility of chief of the Beaver Clan for Onondaga in 1964 at age thirty-five. Haudenosaunee chiefs are appointed a clan chief title by clan mothers, respected women of the community who have watched as children grow, learn, and take on the characteristics essential for the charge of being chief. Chief Powless’s profound knowledge of Haudenosaunee histories of treaty-making provides the reader with a solid understanding of what it means for Onondaga to be a sovereign nation and how treaties continue to shape the politics of relationships between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, the United States, Canada, and other foreign nations. Approximately twenty-one of the sixty-five essays in the book discuss historic treaties made with the Dutch, English, and the United States. “[I]t’s important for us as Native people to understand the treaties and the intent of the treaties,” Chief Powless explains, “[a]nd to teach the U.S. citizens about these treaties...

MOVES AND GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACTS

Rhetoric in writing an abstract is required for the writers’ goal which is to deliver adequate information to the readers by implementing an appropriate compositional structure of the abstract. This study aims to explore the use of grammatical construction of every rhetorical move in the research article abstracts. The result showed that grammatical constructions are found in the research article abstracts. The use of present tense is dominant in all five moves. Additionally, past tense is mostly found in method move. Active voice and passive voice are also found in all five moves. However, passive voice is frequently found in method and conclusion. In this case, the writers construct the abstract as objective as possible. That-complement clause is characteristically found in product move. Thus, implementation of this study is beneficial for the writers in academic writing to realize the use of grammatical constructions in the research article abstracts.

‘Walk with me, talk with me’1: the art of conversive wayfinding

This article considers three guided walks that conduct participants' attention to landscapes through whispering voices in the ear or through the live voice of the performer: Graeme Miller's guided walk Linked; Platform's ‘operatic audio walk’ And While London Burns; and Tim Brennan's alternative tour of quotations, Luddite Manoeuvre. Each walk employs various strategies to conduct a convivial way of interacting with and knowing place: attunement through kinaesthetic, synesthetic and sonesthetic perception; sharing ‘earpoints’ and ‘viewpoints’ with another through intimate or conversational conviviality; use of present tense and the tension between the real-time present and a past present; and the use of particular rhythmic structures of narrative paces and paths to encourage experiential, creative and critical states of witness appropriate to the content and context of the walks. This form of performance is explored for its convivial potentiality as a way of knowing and expressing people's perceptions and experiences of places through a sociable, conversational or dialogic mode of interaction and a particular mode and methodology of guided walking is defined as conversive wayfinding.

Ambient Thinking: Or, Sweating over Theory

Ambient Thinking: Or, Sweating over Theory

비상운전절차서 작성과정의 인적오류 저감을 위한 지침서 제안에 관한 연구

Gori-I nuclear power plant has been examining the effectiveness and efficiency of the current emergency operation procedures from human factors viewpoint. Previous study showed that some mistakes that the procedures did not comply with the writers` guidelines. Reviewing the current writers` guidelines for emergency operating procedures revealed that they lack of some important human factors rules such as enumeration of switching conditions and detailed action requirements, definite expression for setup points, description for anticipated results, and recommendation for use of present tense, affirmative sentence and active voice. This study suggested a new classification system for the writers` guideline contents supplementing the deficiencies of the current emergency operation procedure text.

Why Now, Why Then?: Present-Tense Narration in Contemporary British and Commonwealth Novels

Why Now, Why Then?: Present-Tense Narration in Contemporary British and Commonwealth Novels1 Kazunari Miyahara (bio) Introduction Anne Enright’s The Gathering (2007), DBC Pierre’s Vernon God Little (2003), J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace (1999), Graham Swift’s Last Orders (1996), Penelope Lively’s Moon Tiger (1987), Keri Hulme’s The Bone People (1984)—what do these books have in common, other than the fact that they are all Booker Prize winners in the last quarter-century? Answer: they are novels narrated basically in the present tense, and examples abound when we expand our scope and search all types of novels published in the same period—with Margaret Atwood’s quasi-autobiographical Cat’s Eye (1988), Michael Cunningham’s temporally multilayered fiction The Hours (1998), Deborah Moggach’s straightforwardly-plotted mystery Tulip Fever (1999), Jacqueline Wilson’s teen book Girls in Love (1997), Jon McGregor’s prose-poem If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things (2003), Paul McCartney and Philip Ardagh’s picture book for children High in the Clouds (2005), Paul J. McAuley’s techno-thriller sciencefiction Fairyland (1997), and Sophie Kinsella’s chick-lit The Secret Dreamworld of a Shopaholic (2000). This considerably wide use of the narrative present tense is not a unique phenomenon in these two or three decades. According to Christian Paul Casparis, the extensive use of present-tense narration in the novels in [End Page 241] English saw a “sudden increase [. . .] around the beginning of the ’sixties”, presumably as a result of the delayed influence of the French nouveau roman (Casparis 205). However, as many will agree, present-tense narration has turned out to be a lot more than just a fad import from France. In fact, it seems to have become quite a common, or commonplace, practice. Concurrently, there have been a number of studies carried out to explain the effects and possibilities of present-tense narration. More often than not, those explanations show mutual contradiction. Almost all the scholars of present-tense narration depend more or less upon Otto Jespersen’s “vividness” interpretation as a springboard (see Jespersen 258), and they individually try to clarify what in the present tense enhances the vividness of description. Roughly speaking, there are two schools in the study of present-tense narration. One tries to establish a single, comprehensive principle which covers all the uses found in all types of communication, including uncanonical ones such as simultaneous reporting of a current procedure and so-called historical present. The other maintains that there should be a tense grammar which deals specifically with the genre of storytelling. The scholars belonging to this latter group tend to argue that, in the grammar of narration, tense does not have to express the relationship between speech time and event time, whereas the former group sees the speech-event coincidence as imperative.2 Differences and incongruities can be observed not only between the two groups but within each group as well. Most of those who give absolute priority to temporal coincidence of speech and event rely on a kind of epistemic leap when they deal with the narrative present tense. In order to enable the speaker to exist simultaneously with the past event, they maintain that the speaker’s consciousness temporarily goes back to the point where the event took place. Cognitive grammarian Ronald W. Langacker expresses it as “virtual occurrence [of an event] as part of a non-canonical viewing arrangement,” and says that this “virtual occurrence coincides with the time of speaking,” bringing about “epistemic immediacy” (267, 271n6). Mental-space theorist L. Michelle Cutrer falls in line in principle; she thinks that the readers’ BASE goes through the process of “mental transfer” to the narrator’s V-POINT (418). However, they seem to differ on the issue of how strictly punctual the speech-event coincidence must be. To Langacker, it is of critical importance; so much so that he feels the need to bring in an aspectual concept of imperfectivity to the argument, [End Page 242] contriving a deft metaphor of documents and video tapes that are archived intact in human memory and hence always available for reading or replaying at the speaker’s “now.” The way such documents...

Time Will Tell: Tense in Narration

Time Will Tell : Tense in Narration — This article examines both linguistic and narrative motivations for the use of present tense in a series of children's novels in French, concluding that the choice is dictated by temporal proximity between the time of the story and the time of the narration, and by the aspectual indeterminacy of the present tense. The choice of tense in the English translation is then discussed. Since the English tense system makes different distinctions and has different effects, various solutions are called for.

The Thaw: Reclaiming the Person for Psychiatry: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewsFull AccessThe Thaw: Reclaiming the Person for Psychiatry: Second Edition, Revised and ExpandedAndrew Siegel, M.D.Andrew SiegelSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Feb 2004https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.2.199AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail The Thaw: Reclaiming the Person for Psychiatry is an excellent collection of essays and articles written in an engaging style. The author, Paul Genova, M.D., is a seasoned psychiatrist psychotherapist who articulates a position that reclaims psychodynamic psychiatry. From his extensive reading—which is evident from his references to professional, philosophical, biblical, and literary works—he builds compelling support for an open-ended approach to working with people suffering emotional pain. This book is enjoyable to read and appropriate for a wide audience, including mental health professionals and trainees, especially psychiatrists and psychiatric residents.All mental health work has been affected dramatically by the corporate culture that now dominates the delivery of health care. Genova speaks to this depredation and its effects on the people who seek our help and the clinicians who attempt to alleviate their suffering. He addresses the dilemmas that psychiatry faces and the problems that the profession causes itself by abandoning wisdom in favor of knowledge. A defining characteristic of the position he takes is the need not to polarize. For example, he makes use of a medical model while decrying its overly simplistic application. His stance is not one of constant nurturing nor one that relies solely on psychoanalytic interpretation.A point the author makes regularly is that we need to listen to the people with whom we work and avoid shrinking from painful aspects of what people tell us they are dealing with. Genova's emphasis is on the centrality of the person who is the patient. The therapist as person is also important in this collection. Through his vignettes the author demonstrates his effort to assist—or simply bear witness to—the healing that can take place if the person's story is permitted to unfold. His emphasis on narrative recognizes that although memory is reconstructed, telling one's story has therapeutic effect as well as heuristic value.The book is not an attempt to define a comprehensive theoretical model. Genova never overstates a position and is remarkably open in describing his own fallibility. His personal transparency is more valuable than any attempt at cohesive theory or didactics. The reader's understanding develops not only from Genova's descriptions of how he thinks about a given situation or how he works but also from the style with which he writes. He often makes a point by citing and demonstrating contradiction. His poetic and flowing prose is a pleasure to read. The use of present tense, metaphor, double entendre, and plays on words speaks to our subconscious and so brings the reader—or learner—into the process as well.Dr. Siegel is clinical assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Vermont School of Medicine in Burlington.by Paul Genova, M.D.; Hillsdale, New Jersey, Analytic Press, 2002, 208 pages, $29.95 softcover FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 55Issue 2 February 2004Pages 199-200 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 February 2004 Published in print 1 February 2004

Viking poems on war and peace: a study in skaldic narrative (review)

232 Reviews Whether or not Pagis achieves his objective of defending himself against bigotry the work is an attractive introduction to pre-modern Hebrew poetry that witi repay rereading. Alan D. Crown Department of Semitic S todies The University of Sydney Poole, Russell G, Viking poems on war and peace: a study in skaldic narrative (Toronto medievaltextsand translations, 8), Toronto.University of Toronto Press, 1991; cloth and paper; pp. xv, 217; R.R.P. CAN$45.00 (cloth), $14.95 (paper). The core of this book by Dr Russell Poole of Massey University is a study of seven Old Norse poems, the fourth of which, the famous 'Danadarljod', from Brennu-Njdls saga, is, as Poole observes, actually eddaic rather than skaldic in style. The six 'skaldic' poems are, in order of appearance in the book, (1) 'Djdddtir Antorsson: The battle of the River Nissa (from Sexstefna)'; (2) '"Fridgerdarflokkr": The peace negotiations between Haraldr and Sveinn', which, like 'The battle of the River Nissa', is probably best known from Heimskringla; (3) '"Lidsmannaflokkr": The campaigns of Knutr and borkell in England', most fully preserved in the Legendary saga of St 6ld.fr and in Flateyjarbdk; (4) 'Torf-Einan's revenge', most fully preserved in Orkney inga saga; (5) 'Egill's duel with Lj6tr\ from Egils saga Skalla-Grimssonar; and (6) 'Eirikr Vi6sj£ A battle on the heath', from Heidarviga saga, Each of the first three of these poems, and also 'Danadarljod', appears according to Poole 'more or less as a unity in our sources', while the remaining three are 'reconstructed' by him from what the sources present as 'lausavisur' ('brief spontaneous improvisations'). In fact the textual situation he reveals is somewhat more complex than this might imply. The central thesis of his book is that all seven poems, considered in the light of medieval conventions, characterized by 'running commentary' on events and by considerable use of present tense. In the 'Preface', in which Poole explains that he has taken his 'cue' from work on anti-nanativity, he assumes some familiarity with the subject matter and technical terminology of the monographs on skaldic verse by E. O. G. Turvdle-Petre and Roberta Frank. He invites those new to the poetry to skip at first material dealing with subjects described as 'complex' and 'notoriously intricate'. This may weU daunt the fainthearted but, in fact those who persevere are likely to be pleasantly surprised by a book which provides linguistic and textual analysis, consideration of sources and analogues, historical research and literary criticism in an admirably lucid, accessible, and jargon-free fashion. The texts of the seven poems are normalized and clear English prose translations Reviews 233 accompany the stanzas. Norse poetic terminology is usually rendered by the 'basic' meaning so that for example, w e find 'sword' rather than 'swinging twig of the mailcoat' in the translation of 'Egill's duel with Lj6tr', stanza two. In Poole's exposition the reader is frequently, though not invariably, aided by translations of short Norse phrases and should rarely have great difficulty in following the argument. Some readers may feU that the author is occasionally over-generous in detecting unity in his texts but his case is always carefully argued and generally it is convincing. The book is attractively presented on acid-free paper, with a useful twelvepage bibliography. Slightly regrettable, as introducing an amateurish touch into an otherwise very professional production, is the representation of the letter 'eth' by a 'd' with a horizontal stroke through it. 'Thorn' was, however, available to the printer. The statement in the 'blurb' on thefirstpage that what Poole calls 'Fri ger arflokkr' is an extract from Sextefha is both surprising and unsupported elsewhere in the volume. One abbreviation used in the bibliography, ASB (for Altnordische Saga-Bibtiothek) is omitted from the 'Abbreviations'. In his acknowledgements Poole speaks of his 'attempts to survey Ultima Thule from the distant perspective of Tena Australis Incognita'. This latest addition to the small band of Norse monographs with an 'Antipodean' connection should be welcomed by all interested in skaldic poetry qua poetry or in the role that the verse plays in the fslendingasogur and konungaso'gur. John Kennedy School of Information Studies Charles Sturt University...

Twenty years of haunting eidetic imagery: where's the ghost?

AbstractThis paper is a theoretical analysis of eidetic imagery, based upon the author's ten-year study of elementary-school-aged children. The presence of eidetic imagery is inferred from reports of persisting visual images of stimuli when they are no longer in view. According to the criteria for differentiating eidetic images from afterimages, eidetic images should occur even when saccadic eye movements are made during exposure to the stimulus; it should be possible to make saccadic eye movements while one is reporting the image without the image also moving; the image should last long, and it should be positive. The criteria for differentiating eidetic images from nonvisual memorial representations include: reports of seeing an image projected onto a surface in space, the consistent use of present tense when reporting images as opposed to past tense when reporting from nonvisual memory, and the ability to superimpose two images and report the composite image.Eidetic images are only available to a small percentage of children 6–12 years old, and are virtually nonexistent in adults. However, extensive research has failed to demonstrate consistent correlates between the presence of eidetic imagery and any cognitive, intellectual, neurological, or emotional measure. The negative correlation between eidetic imagery and age has prompted hypotheses to explain eidetic imagery as a developmentally less mature memorial representation, which is gradually replaced by more abstract representations as the child acquires abstract thought, reading, and more advanced cognitive abilities. The evidence in the present review casts doubt on this hypothesis on numerous grounds: an extensive longitudinal study over the entire span of elementary school years found that eidetic abilities remain remarkably stable; there is no correlation between eidetic imagery and abstract thinking or reading performance; there is no higher incidence in preschool ages, among retarded or brain-injured subjects, or among illiterate subjects in crosscultural studies.It is concluded that we should not abandon work on eidetic imagery or simply force it into a preconceived mold of what memory must be, but rather, expand work on the phenomenological indicators of perception and memory.

A feature of performed narrative: the conversational historical present

The historical present, the use of the present tense to refer to past events, is a feature of narrative which has long been recognized. The object of this analysis is the use of the historical present tense specifically in narratives which occur in everyday conversational interactions. This usage will be referred to as the conversational historical present to distinguish it from the use of this tense in other genres such as travelogues and jokes. In the analysis of the occurrence of the conversational historical present, it was found that features of the relationship between the speaker and the audience had a strong influence. This is true not because the use of the linguistic feature itself is socially stratified, but rather because it functions as one of a set of features which appear in a specific type of narrative and is therefore governed by norms of interaction which constrain the social behavior involved in the recounting of such narratives. The fact that the use of the conversational historical present is an interactional variable in this respect has had important theoretical and methodological implications for the analysis which is reported here. The basic theoretical point is that in the study of the conversational historical present one sees a perfect example of the relationship between linguistic structure and language use.