Use Of Prefixes Research Articles

Analysis of the role and use of prefixes in word formation in modern german compared to english

The aim of the paper is to formulate and summarise the research on word formation in German in comparison with English. The literature review made it possible to conduct a typological analysis of word formation rules in German and English to classify the scope of current research in this area. The results showed that the paradigm shift of recent years has led to increased attention to issues related to language use and empirical issues, theories, and methods of word formation not only from a synchronic perspective but also from a diachronic one. The fact that words are formed distinguishes them from a competing process, phrase formation, in which phrases, i.e., groups of words, form collocations rather than words, i.e., groups of words to verbalise concepts. Since a phrase verbalises a concept in the same way as a word, these two methods compete both at the intra- and inter-linguistic levels. We conclude that it is the potential of word formation that distinguishes modern language from primitive language. The comparative compilation of German and English word formation models has led us to the typology of language.

Kesalahan Morfologi dalam Karangan Narasi Siswa SMA Kelas XI Muhammadiyah Lamahala Adonara Timur Kabupaten Flores Timur


 
 
 
 This study aims to describe the forms of morphological affixation errors in students' narrative essays, especially prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and confixes. The subjects of this study were students of class XI SMA Muhammadiyah Lamahala. The data collected amounted to twenty narrative essays. The method used in this research is qualitative method . After the data is collected from the results of the analysis in written form. The analysis technique used is note-taking technique and reading technique. In composing narrative essays students are asked to write narrative essays in the form of personal experiences related to life stories both about family, friends, environmental conditions and others. The results of this study showed that of the twenty narrative essays analyzed, all students' narrative essays were obtained, namely the use of prefixes with 26 errors, 11 errors in the use of suffixes, and 3 errors in the use of confixes. Meanwhile, the use of infixes did not find errors.
 
 
 

ERRORS IN USING AFFIXES OF EXPOSITION TEXT AT ELEVENTH-GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA NEGERI 1 TAPUNG HULU

This paper describes and analyzes the errors in the use of affixes in the exposition text for students in class X of SMA Negeri 1 Tapung Hulu. The research is qualitative research using the descriptive-analytical method, which analyzes and explains the data found in the form of words. Data analysis techniques began with data reduction, presentation, conclusion, and data verification. The data collection technique used was the writing skill test and note-taking techniques. The research data source of the exposition text was written by students. Based on the research results, five types of errors in the use of affixes were found. There were errors in the use of prefixes, ber-, ter-, di-, meN-, ke-, and peN-. There was the misuse of infixes –em- and –el-. There was the misuse of suffixes -an, –i, and –kan. There were errors in the use of confixes pen-an, ber-an, ke-an, and per-an. There was incorrect use of join affixes meN-per-kan, ter-per-, di-kan, di-per-i, meN-kan, ke- to meN-per, and -i.

SOCIO-POLITICAL NEOLOGISMS OF THE XXI CENTURY: FEATURES OF CREATION AND FUNCTIONING

From the point of view of the theory of neology, the processes of the formation of new words, the causes and prerequisites for their occurrence have not yet been studied in linguistics, in the end there is still no balanced clear definition of neologism. The very fact of registration of new words by lexicographers who are at the same time native speakers means that these words have passed the stages of entry and partial or complete assimilation in the language, namely: acceptualization and lexicalization in speech and language. On the slope of the last century, dynamic socio-political processes took place both in the international arena and within English-speaking countries. They continue today, certainly reflecting in the lexico-semantic system of the new socio-political vocabulary. This is evidenced by the emergence of a significant number of new words, syntagms, phrases, as well as lexicalized syntactic constructions, semantic derivation. Coverage of these issues and the transience of socio-political phenomena determine the relevance of the study of new words of socio-political content. This will contribute to a deeper knowledge of the multifaceted relations between language and society, an adequate perception of the structure and meaning of new words to achieve the most important goal of communication – mutual understanding. This research is an attempt to explore the creation of socio-political neologisms to determine the main productive word-building models, methods of their use and translation in the context of socio-political newspaper texts of the 21st century. The purpose of the study is to establish and analyze the ways of creating, functioning and translating neologisms in the English language journalistic discourse. The object of research are neologisms, the ways of their creation and functioning, and the subject is the ways of adequate translation of neologisms. Neologisms are words and phrases that mean a new concept or a new meaning for an already existing word. Taking into account the method of creation, neologisms are divided into: phonological neologisms; borrowings; semantic neologisms and morphological neologisms. The examples of socio-political neologisms analyzed in the research reflect the trends in the development of the word-forming system of the English language at the present stage. Their analysis allows us to conclude that at the present stage such types of coining new words as affixation (prefixation), reduction (abbreviations and shortenings), composition, blending, conversion are the most productive. Prefixation as a word-forming device is widely used in the English language due to the lack of endings as such. The levelling of case endings and the simplification of verb inflections led to deep lexical distinctions motivated by the use of prefixes. Prefixing is quite a powerful way of innovation, but it is inferior to reduction (abbreviations and acronyms) in frequency of use. A relatively new way of word formation – reduction, has reached a high degree of productivity due to the fact that the current media are trying to provide maximum information in the most compressed form to save time and space. The composite method of word-formation or word-composition occupies a significant place in the formation of English neologisms, its result is lexemes with diverse word-formation, structural and semantic characteristics, which in turn can serve as a derivational base for the creation of new composites. Currently, there is a tendency to increase compositional semantic structures in the English language. Blending is one of the most popular means of word formation in the English language. The bulk of modern research covers such areas as the field of information technology and advertising, because it is in these areas that the largest number of telescopic neoplasms are formed. Quite productive and common is the use of conversion in socio-political life. Conversion is referred to as an affixless way of word-building or even affixleless derivation. It consists in making a new word from some existing word by changing the category of part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged. Thus, the most productive models of the creation of neologisms are affixation, reduction, word composition, blending, conversion. The non-productive ways of modern English word formation include sound inheritance and repetition or reduplication. The study of the dynamics of the development of vocabulary was and is an important problem of linguistic science. This scientific exploration is an attempt to explore the ways of creating neologisms in the socio-political discourse presented in the language of the modern press; identify their main productive word-forming models, methods and forms of functioning in the context of socio-political newspaper texts of the XXI century. The research also establishes possible ways of translating neologisms into the Ukrainian language.

ЛІНГВОПРАГМАТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ АФІКСАЛЬНИХ ДЕРИВАТІВ У ЛІТЕРАТУРІ ВЕРИЗМУ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ РОМАНУ Л. КАПУАНИ “ILMARCHESEDIROCCAVERDINA”)

Affixation is widely represented in the Italian language and is the most productive word-forming pattern. The article examines the peculiarities of the functioning of affixal derivatives in the Italian literature of the verismo era. As the example, the novel "Il Marchese di Roccaverdina" of L. Capuana was taken. As a rule, the choice of affix is directly related to the social and cultural sphere of society's life, as well as the linguistic picture of the world of the ethnic group. The peculiarities of the functioning of suffix and prefix word-formation models from the point of view of expressing emotionally figurative stylistic nuances were analyzed, as well as a linguo-pragmatic analysis of derived units was made. The features of the use of diminutive-affectionate and augmentative suffixes are considered, their functions and connotative meanings are analyzed. The peculiarities of the use of prefixes in the phenomenon of derivation are also considered, taking into account the contemporary ethnographic, historical and cultural components. It was discovered that the most used way of forming affixal derivatives in the literature of verismo is suffixation.

The noncausal/causal alternation in Muher (Ethiosemitic)

This paper is concerned with noncausal/causal verb pairs in Muher — a little-known South Ethiosemitic language of the so-called Gunnän Gurage sub-group in Ethiopia. Muher is a morphologically complex language, characterized by nonconcatenative verb morphology and the use of prefixes in combination with template changes to derive verbs. The study is based on a dataset of the Muher equivalents for the verb pairs in Haspelmath (1993). Muher uses several strategies to mark the noncausal/causal alternation, whereby directed pairs dominate. Within these pairs, a causal verb is more often derived than a noncausal verb. Non-directed pairs, i.e., equipollent, labile and suppletive verb pairs, are also attested, but are less frequent. Moreover, for five of the original items in the list, Muher has no pairs, i.e., one verb only occurs in the noncausal form while four verbs lack a noncausal counterpart. These four verbs, as well as most of the other verbs in the list with a human subject, make use of a morphosyntactic construction, the impersonal, to express an event in which the patientive object is foregrounded.

La enseñanza basada en la reflexión: la prefijación en Educación Secundaria

This paper examines the issues which are identified in the lists of prefixes and activities which are related to prefixes in Secondary Education books. The Spanish Language and Literature subject may provide the students with the necessary tools and knowledge which will give them the essential knowledge to manage any communicational situation. One of these knowledge are the grammar. Our research focuses on the use of prefixes in the Secondary Education level, throughout a variety of activities which favour the development of student’s critical thinking ability to observe morphological phemomena and to create generalizations at a basic level. Thus, teaching prefixes must take into account different components like the semantic, the syntactic and the pragmatic.

Kesalahan Berbahasa Bidang Linguistik pada Pidato Mahasiswa MPBI-UMS yang Berperan sebagai Bupati Terpilih Boyolali

One of the language skills related to the speaking aspect is speech. Speeches are usually made by leaders or people who have important roles, such as the regent or mayor. Even giving a speech is not without errors or obstacles, especially the use of words or sentences that are spoken, causing confusion, misunderstanding, and even deviations. This study aims to describe the forms of language errors at several levels, including the fields of phonology, morphology, syntax, and spelling. The method in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The data is taken from Indonesian language errors in the speeches of MPBI-UMS students. The collection technique uses recording, note-taking, and observation techniques. Data analysis is done by grouping the data based on the error category. The results of this study describe four areas of language errors, namely (1) phonological errors, including errors in the use of capital letters, the use of italics, and errors in number symbols; (2) morphological errors, including errors due to pleonasm and the use of prefixes; (3) syntax errors consist of errors in the use of redundant words, unclear sentences, and sentence composition; and (4) spelling errors, consisting of punctuation errors, use of non-standard words, and use of prepositions.

Penggunaan Prefiks pada Teks Biografi Karya Peserta Didik Kelas X SMK Negeri 1 Juwangi Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021

This study aims to determine the use of prefixes in biographical texts created by students of class X SMK N 1 Juwangi in the 2020/2021 school year. The method in this research is descriptive and equipped with a recapitulation table, with a sample of 43 biographical texts taken randomly from class X TB1 (dressing), TB2, and TBSM3 (motorcycle engineering and business). The data collection technique used in this research is the documentation technique. The results of the use describe the use of prefixes in biographical texts written by students. This is because prefixes are one of the linguistic rules that influence the clarity of information or meaning conveyed by students in biographical texts. Research on prefixes is based on the form of prefixes, namely prefixes {ber}, prefixes {me-}, prefixes {per-}, prefixes {di-}, prefixes {ter-}, prefixes {se-}, prefixes {peN-}, and prefix {to-}. This description can be used as an evaluation material to improve the quality and quality of students' writing skills.

Standardised orthography challenges in class 5 and 6 prefixes and prepositions in Xitsonga

This article examines the use of prefixes and prepositions in classes 5 and 6 in Xitsonga. A qualitative approach was used to collect and analyse data. The focus group method was used to collect data through assigning some practical exercises to students enrolled for a BA degree in Xitsonga. Words studied were purposefully sampled from various prescribed Xitsonga schoolbooks and one monolingual Xitsonga dictionary. Though there is no specific rule that explicitly addresses the use of prefixes and prepositions, rules 4.1 (a), (b) and (c) of Milawu ya Matsalelo na Mapeletelo ya Xitsonga [Xitsonga Rules] were considered for analysis of the findings. The study identified three prefix challenges for the classes 5 and 6 nouns, namely (1) the class 5 words, which are used either with a prefix or with zero prefix, and (2) words which are classified either in classes 5 and 6 or 11/10, and lastly, (3) words with two syllables which start with the ri- syllable. The study found that there is no consistency in the use of the preposition for class 6. The article proposes rules that can be followed to standardise the use of prefixes and prepositions for the classes under investigations. It is recommended that the rule identified in the study be considered when revising the Xitsonga spelling rules and orthography booklet.

До питання антонімічних відносин у англійській, французькій та німецькій терміносистемах урбоекології

The purpose of this article is a comparative structural and semantic analysis of the antonymous relations of the terms of urban ecology in English, French and German. The analysis is based on one of the urban ecology sections of “physical factors of urban pollution”. Identifying similarities and differences in the terminological systems allows us to bring the basis for a comparative-typological study of terms, both in the field of lexical semantics and in the field of lexical morphology. In modern linguistics, the question of the existence of antonymous relations in terminological systems is debatable. As you know, science has repeatedly stated that antonymous relations are not inherent in the terms, and it is indicated that it is more of simple division, delimitation of concepts, rather than their opposition. These ideas are typical for such scientists as L. O. Novikov or L. A. Bulakhovsky, who denied the existence of monosyllabic antonyms. But according to today's leading scholars, lexical antonymy is inherent to the scientific language even more than to the literature language. The antonymy is even more specific to terminological units than synonymy or polysemy. The phenomenon of terminological antonymy is quite widespread in terminological vocabulary, the only question is which of these varieties are inherent to the scientific field. According to V. P. Danylenko, “two structural types of antonyms in the language of science are used – lexical and word-forming”. The lexical type of antonymy is quite widely represented in the studied term system. Central to determining the lexical antonymy of the terminology of urban ecology is the concept of opposition. The logical basis of antonymy is formed by incompatible opposite species concepts (contrasting and complementary). The contrary difference is expressed by highly symmetric members of an ordered set (contrasting species concepts), between which there is a middle intermediate term. As you can see, in the compared versions of the studied urban ecology terminology, the picture is almost the same. The word-forming type of antonymy is expressed through the regular use of prefixes. Most often there is an alternation of prefixes with its absence. The only difference is that in English and French such prefixes have not completely lost their own meaning. The vector difference is also manifested. The only difference is that such prefixes have not completely lost their own meaning and in some cases are written with words not together, but through a hyphen. The study presented allows us to conclude that antonymic relations are inherent in the term system of urban ecology and play a significant role in structuring the concepts of given scientific field. So, if the synonymy inherent in this terminology to some extent deprives it of its accuracy, introduces variability into it, the antonymous relations, on the contrary, are the manifestation of its consistency and integrity.

Derived Meanings of the Verbs "Нести-Носить" In Russian Proverbs

Turkish and Russian languages, which belong to separate language families in terms of origin, differ structurally. For this reason, it is often difficult for Turkish learners of Russian to comprehend Russian grammar rules and find contexts to apply these rules. Moreover, semantic memorization of many concepts in the process of learning Russian poses a major challenge for Turkish students, who do not have an actual verb of motion category and prefixes in their native language. To this end, the present study will focus on the verbs of motion “нести-носить”, derived thorugh the use of prefixes, and will intend to evaluate them from formal and semantic aspects in the light of examples selected from Russian idioms and from the Turkish point of view. Key Words: Russian, Idioms, Нести–Носить, Verbs of Motion, Connotation DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-07-12

CNMNC guidelines for the use of suffixes and prefixes in mineral nomenclature, and for the preservation of historical names

New CNMNC guidelines are established, in order to standardize the use of prefixes and suffixes in mineral nomenclature, and to preserve historical names. The recommendations for the use of suffixes are: (I) chemical suffixes have to be in parentheses, except for extra-framework cations; (II) a maximum of three chemical suffixes is allowed; (III) cations and anions should never be used together in the parentheses. For the use of prefixes, the following guidelines were adopted: (I) for common names, prefix-type nomenclature is preferred to facilitate the pronunciation; (II) an unnecessary proliferation of prefixes must be avoided, and a maximum of three chemical prefixes is recommended; (III) it is allowed to use a combination of chemical, structural or other descriptive prefixes; (IV) when Levinson modifiers are used as suffix for REE, then other cations or anions have to be placed as a prefix; (V) in case of polytypes and topologically similar polymorphs, a chemical prefix-type nomenclature is preferred, since the polytype and polymorph symbols have to be suffixes. When possible, the CNMNC recommends to avoid changing names, especially for grandfathered species. Well-established mineral names or names dedicated to localities or persons have to be preserved, except if the species is shown to be not valid. Historical names cannot be changed in order to standardize the nomenclature of a group or supergroup, since mixed nomenclature systems are now accepted by the CNMNC.

Cross-linguistic investigation of Greek and Latin prefixes: Spanish and English contrastively

This manuscript sets forth an in-depth study of competing pairs of prefixes of Greek and Latin origin: hyper- vs. super-, micro- vs. mini-, and polyvs. multi- from a contrastive Spanish-English perspective. Two major source corpora, the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual for Spanish, and the British National Corpus for English were used for the purpose of this research. The prefixes were further analysed within the framework of a corpus of 200 translational equivalences, compiled from a lexicographic bilingual source, the Oxford Spanish Dictionary (2003); the results were then corroborated with the use of the prefixed words in a bilingual text-based online source, Linguee. This research sheds light on similarities and differences between such pairs of prefixes. The present contribution confirms the higher use of prefixation in Spanish. A much more frequent use of Latin prefixes, mainly super- and multi-, is attested in both languages. The cross-linguistic study reveals that prefixes seem to overlap semantically and syntactically across Spanish and English. Nevertheless, a representative percentage of Spanish prefixed words contrastively exhibit a non-morphological equivalence in English. Hence, a single different word, or a multiword unit may be used in English where derivational expansion of the base is preferred in Spanish

Das Präsens im Tigre

In the grammatical descriptions of Tigre it is usual to quote the 3rd masc. sg. and pl. and the 3rd fem. pl. with word-initial lǝ- (e.g. 3rd masc. sg. lǝqannǝṣ ‘he gets up’, Raz 1983) where it is generally remarked upon that there is an “optional use of prefixes in the imperfect”. In the light of older grammars and especially based on recent relevant analyses of modern Tigre texts, it is qannǝṣ which should be considered as the normal form, unless the conjunction ʾǝt precedes. The elision of elements other than lǝ- is rarely documented. Verbs with laryngeals show some peculiarities.

Awareness of L1 and L2 word-formation mechanisms for the development of a more autonomous L2 learner

Unlike traditional approaches, new communicative trends disregard the role of word-formation mechanisms. They tend to focus on syntax and/or vocabulary without analyzing the mechanisms involved in the creation of lexical items. In this paper, based on the analysis of the use of prefixes by L2 learners in oral and written productions, as provided by the SULEC, we emphasize the advantages that word- formation awareness and knowledge may have for the learners in terms of production, creativity, understanding, autonomy, and proficiency. Through the teaching of word- formation learners may more easily decipher, decode and/or encode messages, create words they have never seen before, etc.

The Educational Relevance of Communication Disorders

The Educational Relevance of Communication Disorders

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF AMPHIBOLES

Major issues involved in the classifi cation of the amphiboles are examined: (1) the role of (OH), Li and Fe 3+ , (2) the formal defi nition of a root name, (3) irreducible charge-arrangements and distinct species, (4) the use of prefi xes, (5) the principal chemical variables used in a classifi cation procedure, and (6) the use of the dominant-constituent principle. The current IMAapproved classifi cation scheme is based on the A, B and T groups of cations in the amphibole formula: AB2C5T8O22W2. We argue here that classifi cation should be based on the A, B and C groups of cations as (i) it is in these groups of cations that the maximum variation in chemical composition occurs, and (ii) as a result of (i), the scheme is more in accord with the IMA-sanctioned dominant-constituent principle, which governs the recognition (and approval) of distinct mineral species. Two new classifi cations are presented here; one is based on the A, B and C groups of cations, and another on the dominant-constituent principle. These two schemes were produced to illustrate (i) the problems inherent in the classifi cation of a group of minerals as complicated as the amphiboles, and (ii) the sometimes disparate needs of crystallographer, mineralogist, petrologist and geochemist. Scheme 1 conserves current formulae and names as much as possible, whereas scheme 2 minimizes the number of formulae and names as much as possible. The differences between the current classifi cation and the two schemes presented here are discussed, and we highlight the problems associated with each scheme.

"Named Amphiboles": A new category of amphiboles recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) and a defined sequence order for the use of prefixes in amphibole names

A new category of named amphiboles whose names can be published without previous approval by the IMA-CNMMN, is now recognized by the IMA-CNMMN, so long as the names agree with the IMA-CNMMN-approved system of amphibole nomenclature. Generally there will be only a chemical composition and monoclinic or orthorhombic symmetry known. These are not new amphibole species and the criteria for recognition by the IMA-CNMMN of new amphibole species remain unchanged. In addition, for the first time, the sequence order in which prefixes appear in amphibole names, whether in species or in named amphiboles, is defined and applies immediately.

Variations in underwater vocalizations of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) at the Vestfold Hills as a measure of breeding population discreteness

Weddell seal vocalizations from Davis Station showed similarities to those from McMurdo Sound and Palmer Peninsula, but none were identical. One vocalization, DD1, was unique to Davis Station. At all sites trills, or territorial defense calls, were the most common and had more types than other calls. Chugs, an aggressive sound, were common at all sites. Weddell seal calls from Davis Station showed similarities to sounds from McMurdo by sharing the use of prefixes and suffixes. Sounds from Davis Station shared the use of both ascending and descending trills and whistles with calls from Palmer Peninsula.