Use Of Plant Proteins Research Articles

TREATMENT and prevention of kwashiorkor.

Recent research carried out on kwashiorkor in Kampala, Uganda, is discussed. The first essential in both the treatment and the prevention of this disease being a diet rich in protein (preferably animal protein, to ensure an adequate intake of vitamin B(12) and a satisfactory mixture of amino-acids), methods of incorporating sufficient protein into children's diets were investigated.For the treatment of severe cases, two high-protein diets-one based on animal protein, the other on plant protein-gave good results. In the first, the protein was obtained from dried skimmed milk and a calcium caseinate preparation known as Casilan; in the second, it was supplied by soya. Some vitamin B(12), which is lacking in the soya itself, was added to the second diet in order to ensure satisfactory weight gains.With regard to prevention, the author points out that although it is theoretically simple there are serious practical difficulties. The best sources of protein-milk, meat, and fish-are unfortunately, at present, too expensive for general consumption in Uganda. Therefore, the best possible use of plant protein must be made for the time being. In this connexion, the author recommends investigating the value of sunflower, which grows more easily in Uganda than soya. He feels that soya, sunflower, and maize could probably be combined to provide a mixture of amino-acids which-though not as perfect as that found in animal proteins-would be very satisfactory.

Acute and chronic insecticidal activity of a new mannose-binding lectin from Allium porrum against Acyrthosiphon pisum via an artificial diet

AbstractIn view of the increasing use of plant proteins as valuable alternatives to chemical insecticides, the susceptibility of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), to three purified mannose-binding plant lectins was determined in an artificial-diet bioassay. The insecticidal activities of a new lectin, APA (Allium porrum L. (Liliaceae) agglutinin) from garden leek, were compared with those of GNA (Galanthus nivalis L. (Liliaceae) agglutinin) from snowdrop and ASA (Allium sativum L. agglutinin) from cultivated garlic. GNA and ASA showed acute toxicity to first-instar nymphs; LC50 values for GNA and ASA were 350 and 700 µg/mL, respectively. With APA, mortality was scored only at high doses. In chronic experiments, however, lower doses significantly reduced survival and fecundity of adults (P < 0.05). Aphids fed a diet containing APA at 100, 500, and 750 µg/mL showed a significant delay in reaching adulthood and no aphids survived beyond 19 days of development. The data support the potential application of APA in the integrated management of insect pests.

EVALUATION INTO THE PROXIMATE AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED BAMBARA (VIGNA SUBTERRANEA (L.) VERDC) ISOLATE – 'OGI' MIX

The use of plant protein in the formulation of new food products has been the focus of recent research in developing countries because of the inadequate supplies and shortages of food protein; hence, there is a constant search for underutilized legumes as new protein sources for functional foods and nutritional supplements. Protein isolates from bambara groundnut flour was prepared and modified through thermal denaturation. Mix was formulated from fermented maize flour 'ogi' (FMF) and modified bambara isolate flour (MBI) at ratio 12:1 obtained via linear programming (Corel Quatro pro8), using protein (16%) and fat (9%) as target in the formulation. The FMF, MBI, and mix obtained from the mixture of FMF and MBI (FMB) were subjected to proximate composition and functional properties. The incorporation of modified bambara isolate flour (MBI) into fermented maize flour 'ogi' (FMF) resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) in the crude protein content, significant improvement in the water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), foaming capacity (FC), and the least gelation concentration (LGC). The significant increase and improvement in both the proximate and functional properties of the new product may find its relevant application in food systems.

The inclusion of plant protein in cod diets, its effects on macronutrient digestibility, gut and liver histology and heat shock protein transcription

This paper reports on the use of plant protein in cod diets, and where corn gluten meal, soybean meal, a mixture of these, or a mixture of wheat gluten meal and soy protein concentrate, substituted fish meal in a regression design up to 440 g kg−1 plant ingredients. Feeding lasted for a period of 20 weeks. High growth rates were obtained, and fish were able to maintain growth in all groups by increasing feed intake when plant proteins exerted high amounts of the protein fraction. This was confirmed by increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) values. The apparent digestibility measured by means of faecal stripping, showed high apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for fat, starch and protein. Small decreases in protein ADC and larger decreases in fat ADC were observed with high levels of plant protein ingredients. No histopathological changes were found, neither in liver nor in the different sections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, for any of the diet groups. Expression of stress genes (heat shock protein 70 and 90 (HSP70 and HSP90)) in liver showed no response to high levels of plant protein. Invasion of gut-bacteria in the distal part of the GI tract was substantial, but independent of diet level of plant ingredients. Gut evacuation analysis showed that the time for a meal to pass through the stomach and the GI tract was more than 72 h, with no variation dependent on diet plant protein level. The major conclusion is that cod shows a high tolerance to the plant protein sources investigated in this experiment, and consequently that Atlantic cod safely can be fed diets holding up to 440 g kg−1 of the present investigated plant protein ingredients without any adverse effects on intestinal or liver function. There seems to be no gain if feeding frequency exceeds more than one large meal every 24 h at 6–7°C.

Use of Plant Proteins in Catfish Feeds: Replacement of Soybean Meal with Cottonseed Meal and Replacement of Fish Meal with Soybean Meal and Cottonseed Meal

AbstractPlant protein sources were evaluated in 32% protein grow‐out feeds for channel catfish (initial weight: 180 g/fish) stocked at high densities (24,700 fish/ha) in 0.04 ha earthen ponds. Each of the eight practical‐type feeds was assigned for five replicate ponds. The fish were fed to satiation once daily for 170 d. Specifically, cottonseed meal and cottonseed meal plus supplemental lysine were evaluated as replacements for soybean meal. Soybean meal, a combination of soybean meal and cottonseed meal, or a combination of soybean meal and cottonseed meal plus supplemental lysine were evaluated as a substitute for animal protein sources. Based on weight pin, feed conversion ratio, body composition, percentage visceral fat, and dressed yield, the data indicated that cottonseed meal plus lysine can be used as a total substitute for soybean meal in catfish feeds. However, it is not recommended that more than 30% cottonseed meal be used in catfish feeds until additional data are available on the effects of gossypol on reproduction in catfish. Also, data indicated that plant proteins can be used as a total replacement for animal protein without detrimental effects. Reduced weight gain was observed in fish fed a feed that contained 68% of the established available lysine requirement. However, fish fed feeds estimated to contain only 76 or 82% of the available lysine requirement did not show reduced weight gain. This suggests that lysine may be more highly available from cottonseed meal than previously estimated, or that natural food organisms in the pond contributed nutrients including lysine, or that fish were able to consume enough of the marginally deficient feeds to meet their requirement for lysine. This study was conducted with large catfish fed a 32% protein feed to satiation once daily. If smaller fish, a lower protein fed, or a restricted feeding regimen had been used, the results may have been different.

THE EVALUATION OF PROTEIN QUALITY IN MIXTURES OF PLANT PROTEINS

This paper considers the use of plant protein as an alternative or supplement to animal protein in the attempt to balance the world's protein supply with the increasing world population. The evaluation of the quality of plant proteins using chemical and mathematical methods is considered. The paper shows how plant proteins can complement each other when combined in recipes developed with the aid of a computer programme.

THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC

IN THE proper study of human nutrition, it is impossible to keep a limited objective, because the problems that at first sight appeared to be academic are quickly seen to be problems in ecology. The difficulty of selection of the most profitable lines of enquiry increases greatly, and the present account of the Infantile Malnutrition Group will probably be found to illustrate that difficulty only too well. As always happens in practice, the selection made was dominated to a large extent by familiarity with certain techniques, and other investigators with different techniques at their command would undoubtedly have chosen differently. The account also attempts to indicate the necessary scope of an enquiry into the effects of undernutrition on the development of the African child, and into the measures required to eradicate the undernutrition. I. THE ORIGINS OF THE GROUP 1. Mulago Hospital Kampala Early in 1951, the author and one assistant, a biochemist, arrived in Uganda. Their aim was to find to what extent some earlier work on the use of plant proteins, carried out in Germany shortly after the recent war, might be applicable to East Africa. It was at once obvious that nowhere in Uganda would it be possible to find an orphanage, or similar institution, where a collection of young children might be closely observed under controlled conditions.

Treatment and Prevention of Kwashiorkor

Recent research carried out on kwashiorkor in Kampala, Uganda, is discussed. The first essential in both the treatment and the prevention of this disease being a diet rich in protein (preferably animal protein, to ensure an adequate intake of vitamin B(12) and a satisfactory mixture of amino-acids), methods of incorporating sufficient protein into children's diets were investigated.For the treatment of severe cases, two high-protein diets-one based on animal protein, the other on plant protein-gave good results. In the first, the protein was obtained from dried skimmed milk and a calcium caseinate preparation known as Casilan; in the second, it was supplied by soya. Some vitamin B(12), which is lacking in the soya itself, was added to the second diet in order to ensure satisfactory weight gains.With regard to prevention, the author points out that although it is theoretically simple there are serious practical difficulties. The best sources of protein-milk, meat, and fish-are unfortunately, at present, too expensive for general consumption in Uganda. Therefore, the best possible use of plant protein must be made for the time being. In this connexion, the author recommends investigating the value of sunflower, which grows more easily in Uganda than soya. He feels that soya, sunflower, and maize could probably be combined to provide a mixture of amino-acids which-though not as perfect as that found in animal proteins-would be very satisfactory.

Gross Values of Combinations of Cottonseed Meal, Soybean Oil Meal, and Herring Fish Meal

THE limited supply of animal protein concentrates for poultry mashes has forced the feed industry to find new sources of protein concentrates.Plant protein concentrates have largely replaced animal protein concentrates and are being used very extensively to meet the feed requirements of an expanded poultry industry. The use of plant protein concentrates as the sole protein supplement, or various combinations of plant proteins with a limited amount of animal protein, needs further investigation.Soybean oil meal and cottonseed meal are two plant protein concentrates that are produced in considerable quantities in the United States. Recent experiments conducted by Robertson, Carver, and Cook (1940), Carver, Rhian, Bearse, Boucher, Berg, and Miller (1943), Draper and Rhian (1942), Heuser and Norris (1943), Scott, Avery, and Matterson (1943), and Irwin and Kempster (1942), have demonstrated that properly processed soybean oil meal is a good substitute for animal protein concentrates. Results obtained by Hartwell .