Use Of Photogrammetric Methods Research Articles

THE APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN AUDIO-VISUAL ART (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM “ADVERTISING AND VIDEO ART” AT KSADA)

Over the past few years, photogrammetry has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide in different aspects and branches of science. Ecological issues and environmental changes update research related to the digitisation and preservation of cultural heritage and museum exhibitions. Photogrammetric methods also find their place in video production – creating virtual doubles of people, buildings, or landscapes. This article brings up the question of the use of photogrammetric methods in the educational process at the educational professional program “Advertising and video Art” specialty 021 Audio-visual Art of the first degree of higher education at KSADA. Selected and detailed knowledge and skills obtained as a result of studying mandatory educational components (processing of static images, photography theory, work with video editors, compositing programs, colour theory, colour correction, grading, theory and practice of 3D modelling programs), which contribute to the study of the discipline of choice “Fundamentals of photogrammetry”. Following the analysis, the technology to create a photogrammetric project is considered step by step, the steps of this process are outlined and described, namely: the shooting process, processing of the captured material, creating a cloud of points, polygonization of the three-dimensional model, retopology of the model, texturing and texture baking. The main fields of application of the photogrammetry method in audio-visual art are identified: “practical” photogrammetry (digital conservation of architectural and sculpture monuments, copy of museum exhibitions); construction of models for further use in the production of films and videos; using photogrammetric models as objects of artistic creativity, including advertising; the use of unusual textures, perspectives, physical processes that cannot be implemented in the real world; creating large-scale copies of historic buildings and 3D printing sculptures.

Knud Rasmussen Glacier Status Analysis Based on Historical Data and Moving Detection Using RPAS

This article discusses partial results of an international scientific expedition to Greenland that researched the geography, geodesy, botany, and glaciology of the area. The results here focus on the photogrammetrical results obtained with the eBee drone in the eastern part of Greenland at the front of the Knud Rasmussen Glacier and the use of archive image data for monitoring the condition of this glacier. In these short-term visits to the site, the possibility of using a drone is discussed and the results show not only the flow speed of the glacier but also the shape and structure from a height of up to 200 m. From two overflights near the glacier front at different times, it was possible to obtain the speed of the glacier flow and the distribution of velocities in the glacier stream. The technology uses a comparison of two point clouds derived from a set of aerial photos taken with the eBee drone, and calculating the M3C2 (Multiscale Model-to-Model Cloud Comparison) distances with CloudCompare software. The results correlate with other measurement methods like accurate and long-term measurement with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), satellite radar, or ground geodetical technology. The resulting speed from the drone data reached in the middle part of the glacier, was approximately 12–15m per day. The second part of the paper focuses on the analysis of modern satellite images of the Knud Rasmussen Glacier from Google Earth (Landsat series 1984–2016) and Sentinel 2a, and a comparison with historical aerial images from 1932 to 1933. Historical images were processed photogrammetrically into a three-dimensional (3D) model. Finally, orthogonalized image data from three systems (drone photos, historical aerial photos, and satellite data) were compared in the ArcGIS software. This allows us to analyze glacier changes over time in the time span from 1932 to 2020, with the caveat that from 1933 to 1983 we did not have data at our disposal. The result shows that more significant changes in the area of this glacier occurred after 2011. The main aim of this article is to research the use of photogrammetric methods for monitoring the condition and parameters of glaciers based on non-traditional technology, such as drones or new processing of historical photos.

New opportunities and challenges in surveying underground cavities using photogrammetric methods

The exploitation of the underground is currently undergoing a major transformation process. Besides mining, alternative ways of utilization are playing an increasingly important role. These alternative utilizations include the storage of gases, the disposal of radioactive wastes, and the implementation of geothermal storage facilities. In addition, more and more mining operations are being shut down, like the German hard coal mining industry in 2018. But the integrity of closed mines must be ensured in the post-mining phase. In order to capture such large and complex structures efficiently and reliably, new surveying techniques are required. A promising approach is the use of photogrammetric methods to generate three-dimensional models of the cavity. Photogrammetry is currently known mainly from aerial photography. It is conceivable to use such methods for underground applications. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the algorithm-based orientation of unstructured image sets. More powerful computer systems and the growing range of unmanned aerial vehicles could enable partially automated capture. However, a number of problems have to be solved for underground imaging techniques. Unfavorable exposure conditions complicate image alignment. Furthermore, the models must be integrated into existing surveying systems with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy. In order to consider the numerous technical aspects, the development of an integrated capture and evaluation approach is necessary. This could make an important contribution to the monitoring of critical cavities of different commodities. Such an approach would also fit into the current digitization trend in the mining industry and provide new opportunities for ground control in particular.

CREATION OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE IN AGISOFT PHOTOSCAN

All architectural structures are a subject to periodic surveys and use of photogrammetric methods for these purposes will ensure a reduction in time required to complete the work, required accuracy, as well as ability to fulfill the required measurements on a pair of images in office conditions without additional field visits, which will significantly reduce the cost of implementation of this type of work. In order to solve the problems of building three-dimensional models of such objects, a ground-based photography is used more often. This method of photographing, in comparison with other methods, such as ground-based laser scanning, facade shooting with the help of electronic total stations, seems more affordable, since it does not require the use of expensive equipment, but it makes it possible to build an object model with the specified accuracy. For ground photography it is enough to have a calibrated digital camera, computer and software. The purpose of this work is to study the method of constructing a three-dimensional model of an architectural structure based on photogrammetric processing of images, as well as optimizing the result and demonstrating the operability of the method.

PEMANFAATAN GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM) UNTUK PEMETAAN VERIFIKASI SISIP DAN POKOK PADA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DI KABUPATEN KUTAI BARAT KALIMANTAN TIMUR

Verification of oil palm plants is done to cross check with census data on the number of plants to find out the number of oil palm plants in each. Unfortunately the company still has difficulty detecting the amount of palm oil in each block. One effort to overcome this problem is to use GIS (Geographic Information System). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and differences in the use of photogrammetric methods with the waypoint method, the role of GIS (Geographic Information System) and determine the number of oil palm trees to be planted in the blocks in Afdeling I and Afdeling IV. This research through the preparation stage by preparing a sub-block map and flight plan, data collection stage by collecting aerial photo data, waypoint, block SHP, information on block area, planting year information and initial basic information on oil palm, the data processing stage using the mosaicking approach on the Agisoft PhotoScan Propessional application, waypoint conversion with Global Mapper and overlaying aerial photos with a waypoint with ArcMap 10.3. The results showed that the waypoint using GPS had higher accuracy compared to aerial photography and had an effect on the overlay results at the planned waypoint distance with the initial principal palm oil object. GIS is useful for processing aerial photo data and waypoints from GPS, and can speed up side verification. The plan is to insert in the B37 Block as many as 462 principal, B38 Block as many as 928 principal, B39 Block as many as 1,611 principal, B40 Block 351 principal, Block D29 1,063 principal, D30 Block 1,085, A53a Block 2,665 principal, A55a Block 539 subjects , C55 Block as many as 371, C56 Block as many as 510 principal, D55 Block as many as 157 principal, D56 Block as many as 375 principal, D57 Block as many as 1,561 and Block D59 with 1,431.

Comparative examination of the trailer frame in accordance with UIC 596-5

The aim of the study was to perform comparative examination of the numerical and experimental analysis of the intermodal trailer frame. The analysis encompassed the test defined in the Annex 5 of the UIC 596-5 standard - Measurements andarrangement of grab handles on semi-trailers. The examination consists of lifting the frame structure, loaded with the proper mass described in the document. Numerical calculations has been carried out using Finite Element Method (FEM) and Abaqus CAE software during the designing stage of the load-bearing structure. The experimental determination of the stress values was accomplished by proper conversion of the results obtained by strain gauges measurements taken in the areas with the highest effort of the structure material. The deflection of the frame was measured by the use of photogrammetric methods, enabling determination of the 3D coordinates of the examined structure. The experiment was to verify the results obtained from the numerical calculations carried out before the actual trailer was made in order to optimize the structure

Evaluating roughness scaling properties of natural active fault surfaces by means of multi-view photogrammetry

Fault roughness is a measure of the dimensions and distribution of fault asperities, which can act as stress concentrators affecting fault frictional behaviour and the dynamics of rupture propagation. Studies aimed at describing fault roughness require the acquisition of extremely detailed and accurate datasets of fault surface topography. Fault surface data have been acquired by methods such as LiDAR, laser profilometers and white light interferometers, each covering different length scales and with only LiDAR available in the field. Here we explore the potential use of multi-view photogrammetric methods in fault roughness studies, which are presently underexplored and offer the advantage of detailed data acquisition directly in the field. We applied the photogrammetric method to reproduce fault topography, by using seven dm-sized fault rock samples photographed in the lab, three fault surfaces photographed in the field, and one control object used to estimate the model error. We studied these topographies estimating their roughness scaling coefficients through a Fourier power spectrum method. Our results show scaling coefficients of 0.84±0.17 along the slip direction and 0.91±0.17 perpendicularly to it, and are thus comparable to those results obtained by previous authors. This provides encouragement for the use of photogrammetric methods for future studies, particularly those involving field-based acquisition, where other techniques have limitations.

Augmented reality (AR) of historic environments: Representation of Parion Theater, Biga, Turkey

Similar to other fields in architecture, architectural representation involves adopting digital methods and digital data at a fast pace as in the case of cultural heritage preservation often referred to as digital heritage. Among these digital technologies, augmented reality (AR) techniques are well-known since they contribute a lot to the representation process. In addition to various sectoral uses, the use of AR tools and methods is important to study and research with regards to their integration in historical representation. This study aims to represent historical heritage in terms of photogrammetry and AR methods for the Parion Theater, Biga, Turkey, dates back to 1 st -2 nd century A.D. and has been under excavation since 2005. There is a need for a high-tech visualization of cultural heritage because it is important to share and visualize data for such users as historians, archaeologists, architects, tourists and so on. The paper uses MULTIRAMA, a method previously developed by ARC Team (MIT) in 2013, which aims to represent the “unseen” to such users by documenting and visualising the site for use in this user-friendly app. The method will support cultural heritage representation in the following stag es: i) documentation (use of photogrammetric methods), ii) data process and modeling, (correcting 3D photogrammetric images using AR) and iii) presentation (3D reconstruction of the cultural heritage via an AR application). This holistic and low cost approach will focus on the problem of accurate reconstruction and representation in cultural heritage of Parion.

Hydrodynamics in mangrove prop roots and their physical properties

The circulation of water in riverine mangrove swamps is expected to be influenced by mangrove roots, which in turn affect the transport of nutrients, pollutants and sediments in these systems. Geometric properties of mangrove (Rhizophora sp.) prop roots in the field were studied through the use of photogrammetric methods and samples of such roots were harvested to determine their material properties in the laboratory. The field studies were carried out in the mangrove areas along some of the coastlines of Singapore where the Rhizophora genus are located. We found that the prop roots under tidal hydrodynamic loadings in a mangrove environment can be regarded as fairly rigid on account of a large Young's modulus of about 15 GPa. Physical prop root models were fabricated from downscaling based on field observations with porosity values ranging from 0.96 to 0.98. Flume experiments were performed and measurements of mean flow velocities, Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) were made. Our results indicate that the prop roots provide blockage effect on the flow and cause complex secondary flow. The turbulence energy can be generated by both wake and shear, with shear-generated turbulence being dominant in the upper open area between prop roots. A force balance analysis was performed in the nearly uniform flow region to investigate the flow resistance caused by the prop root models. The Chézy roughness coefficient C was found to be 10 and the drag coefficient CD was found to be 1.2 in the fully developed flow, which agrees with reported field studies in mangrove swamps.

Automation of measurements of selected targets of photopoints in application to photogrammetric reconstruction of road accidents.

Presently, the use of photogrammetric methods in vari- ous measurement tasks is becoming more and more popular. More and more often, the achievements of photogrammetry are utilized in the reconstruction of road accidents, thus making it possible to measure the post-accident situation not only on the site but also in desk work conditions based on accident site photos. Before a photo is taken, it is necessary to target mea­surement points in a proper way. The measurement of those targets takes place most often in an automatic mode. During the reconstruction of road accidents, most often targets in the form of black and white chequered patterns, fixed at the ends of a metal cross, are used. Such targets considerably impede the measurement automation (cf. perspective distortions and scale difierences). In this paper an attempt was made at creating a program for an automatic detection and measurement of those targets. For that purpose, Matlab v. 7.10 package was applied. Due to that type of signalling, only a qualified success was attained, since target measurement needed to be supported by the pro­gram user. Also another way of signalling was proposed that enabled encoding of point numbers. Signs in the form of ring codes were selected. Algorithms of automatic detection, mea­surement and the identification of signals in digital images were developed. The created algorithms performed well under field conditions, and also allowed for the determination of de- tailed rules of making photos in accident sites.

Making a photomap of the human eye based on the spherical shape of its sclera and the circular contour of its iris

Iridology was defined as a method of diagnostic used in alternative medicine to analyze health status by studying colors, marks and signs in the sclera of the eye which according to iridologists can be demarcated into zones corresponding to parts of the human body. These are then made into “iridology charts” for comparison with photo images of a patient’s eyes. Due to the large tilt angles of the images relative to the eye’s geometrical axis, accurate comparison is not possible, and this paper suggests the use of photogrammetric methods for making a photomap for each of the patient’s eyes which is then compared to its respective iridology chart. Because of the small overlapping area between any two successive images (about 20%) and the lack of control points, we were prevented from using conventional photogrammetric methods and instead had to develop an alternative photogrammetric method based on the spherical shape of the sclera and the circular shape of the iris contour. Accuracy tests showed that this method is relatively accurate and has small residuals following the process of bundle adjustment.

Cloud mapping from the ground: use of photogrammetric methods

from the existing observation networks, except at a very few Abstract places around the world which are equipped with high-cost in- Within the European Union (EU) project Cloudmap, a ground- struments (see Table 1). At most climate stations of the national based sky imager system consisting of two commercial digital networks, cloud macroscopic properties—mainly cloud cover, CCD cameras with wide-angle lenses has been established which cloud depth, and cloud-base height—are still visually ob- can theoretically be used to derive various macroscopic cloud served. Mainly at airports, ceilometers are in operational use to parameters (cloud-base height, cloud-base wind, cloud measure the cloud-base height automatically and continuously amount). In this paper, we present the method to calculate a in additionto thevisual observations. It is well recognized today digital surface model (DSM )o fthe cloud base. It includes both thatthe infrequent,spatially notequallydistributed, subjective, the precise determination of the interior and exterior orienta- and too sparse point observations of clouds do not meet the re- tion of the cameras as well as the automatic derivation of the quirements of numerical weather prediction (NWP )a nd global cloud-base heights using modern photogrammetric algorithms. climate models (GCM). The data from our ground-based stereo The presented measurements were taken during the imager system will in this context nicely complement existing Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP )i nS witzerland in October instruments and observations with very accurate, spatial, and 1999. The results from our own matching software and from frequent 3Dcloud-base heights which should be suitable for the commercial photogrammetric systems were validated with meteorological models. semi-automatically measured points and compared with visual Within the EU project Cloudmap2 (Cloudmap2, 2001), we observations, lidar, and radiosonde data from the MAP are currently workingon gaining knowledge aboutthe require- Composite Observing Network and satellite-based cloud-top ments oftemporal frequency,spatial coverage,and accuracyfor heights from ERS2-ATSR2 .T he potential of the system to provide cloud products to be usedas assimilation data into NWP or spe- very accurate areal cloud-base height data was shown. This is cific cloud models. These new requirements are certainly important for the objectives of the EU project Cloudmap2, where higher than the operational user requirements defined in the it is planned to assimilate various cloud parameters, including World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Guide to Meteoro- cloud-base height, into cloud and high-resolution numerical logical Instrumentation and Methods of Observation, which weather prediction (NWP) models.

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS FOR THE WILD NTP CONCEPT

AbstractThis paper discusses a number of the theoretical and practical aspects of the use of photogrammetric methods in solving problems that arise from the measurement techniques employed in engineering applications. A brief description is given of the theoretical principles on which the NTP (non‐topographic photogrammetry)concept, developed by Wild Heerbrugg, is based and examples of practical projects which have employed this approach are presented. Future prospects are examined and conclusions are drawn concerning the economy and accuracy that can be achieved by techniques based on this concept.

PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE ORDNANCE SURVEY: 1972–1986

AbstractFollowing a period of considerable debate and change in the organisation of the Ordnance Survey, the use of photogrammetric methods and equipment in the support of its mapping tasks during the period 1972–1986 is reviewed.