Use Of Petroleum Products Research Articles

Outcome of novel combination of graphene nanoparticles and Moringa methyl ester fueled engine working under varying loads and compression ratios

The widespread use of petroleum products in modern times has led to a search for alternative resources. Biofuel is a promising alternative to petroleum fuel, but biodiesel has a lower calorific value and is slightly more denser than diesel. To address this, a novel combination of GNA emulsified MME20 fuel is being investigated. This study aims to analyze the impact of a novel Nano additive blended biodiesel on engine performance and optimize the best compression ratio for the selected blend. The novelty of the study lies in the production of novel GNA emulsified MME fuel and its influence on a conventional CI engine. To achieve the objectives of the study, MME was produced using a two-phase transesterification method, and GNA was added to the MME20 at concentrations of 30, 60, and 90 ppm using the ultrasonication method. Engine experiments were then conducted using the prepared samples at CRs of 16, 17.5, and 19, and the results were compared with the standard diesel and MME20 blend. The results showed that the CP of the MME20 + GNA30 fuel at a CR 19 revealed a 14% increase compared to diesel. The ID of the fuel decreased by 20% compared to diesel at CR19, and there was a 23.5% increase in the CD for the MME20 + GNA30 blend compared to diesel at CR19. The BTHE for the MME20 + GNA30 fuel showed increases of 2.64% and BSFC and EGT decreases of 3.6% and 3.9%, respectively, at CR19 compared to the other blends. In summary, the study found that MME20 with GNA30, along with VCR, significantly enhanced the engine attributes compared to the pure diesel-operated standard CI engine conditions.

Improvement of technologies for recycling waste petroleum

Relevance. Currently, the rational and economical use of petroleum products is of particular importance. This applies, among other things, to all known types of oils. Waste oils entering the natural environment are only partially neutralized as a result of natural processes. Most of them are a source of pollution of soils, water bodies and atmospheric air, leading to disruption of the reproduction of birds, fish, mammals, and having a harmful effect on humans. Thus, the widespread problem of collecting and recycling waste petroleum products is a relevant, cost-effective and knowledge-intensive area; since with the correct organization of regeneration, the cost of recovered oils is 40–70% lower than the cost of fresh oils with almost the same quality. Aim. To improve the technology of recycling spent petroleum products in the conditions of the northern territories in order to achieve eco- and energy efficiency. After the regeneration stage, used oils can be used for their intended purpose – returned to equipment lubrication systems, this is up to 75–80% of the original amount of waste oil generated. The remaining, “unrecovered” amount of 20–25% is burned in the form of a water-fuel mixture at enterprises equipped with liquid fuel boilers. The information available in the literature is insufficient to create an effective system for the disposal of used oils and other petroleum products, especially in the circumpolar territories. A differentiated approach to the problem is required, taking into account the peculiarities of the climate, the remoteness of the Arctic territories from the transport infrastructure, with mandatory compliance with environmental standards. Methods. cavitation technology (i. e. cavitation effects) and the LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) deep learning method for processing hydrocarbon waste using the example of industrial oil W30 and, accordingly, modeling the migration of pollutants from industrial objects in open natural water sources. Results and conclusions. The results obtained indicate that the integrated use of raw materials is the result of the most complete, economically and environmentally justified application of all advantageous components contained in raw materials, as well as in production waste. Any hydrocarbon waste can be considered as secondary material resources that can be used for economic purposes, partially or completely replacing traditional types of material, raw materials and fuel and energy resources, the main value of which is their constant reproducibility in the production sector.

Strategi Public Relations PT Pertamina Dalam Pengelolaan Krisis Komunikasi Pada Kasus Depo Pertamina, Plumpang

The tragedy of the fire that occurred at the Pertamina Plumpang Depot in March 2023 resulted in casualties. This incident claimed lives, caused injuries, and led to facility damage and other losses. The root cause of the fire was attributed to various factors, primarily stemming from the use of petroleum products. In responding to this incident, PT Pertamina implemented a strategy that involved providing health assistance, accommodation, and food. Additionally, the company held a press conference on March 4th, 2023, and issued press releases through Pertamina's official YouTube channel. The objective of this research is to understand how Pertamina's crisis communication management unfolded during the Pertamina Plumpang Depot fire issue. The research employed a qualitative method with descriptive analysis. The findings and discussions in this study indicate that the Plumpang Depot fire crisis did not significantly damage the reputation and credibility of PT Pertamina. This was because the company successfully instilled a positive perception among the public, and Pertamina's Public Relations demonstrated responsiveness in handling the case.

INFLUENCE OF ZnO, Al2O3, CeO2 NANOPARTICLE-ADDED JULIFLORA BIODIESEL HRF ON RCCI ENGINE’S PERFORMANCE

The increase in demand for petroleum fuels attracted the attention of the research community to identify a control measure for petroleum source depletion. On the other hand, the heavy usage and burning of petroleum products cause environmental pollutants like oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc. Therefore, it is important to control all the problems caused by the increasing use of petroleum products, such as diesel, petrol, Kerosene, fuel oil, etc. This investigation aims to reduce the usage of fossil-based petroleum diesel by producing an effective substitute bio-diesel from Juliflora seeds, which exhibit similar properties to diesel. Furthermore, the operational and emission behaviors of the biodiesel in the Reactive Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) engine are analyzed by including nanoadditives such as ZnO, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the obtained performance and emission results are optimized using a hybrid deep neural network (DNN) using the Aquila optimization algorithm (AOA). The algorithm chooses the diesel-biodiesel blend with 75 ppm of alumina nanoparticle as the optimum blend. This considered blend provided better performance and emission results at 72.86% loading condition. The obtained results are 28.19% for brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 446.14 g/kWh for brake-specific fuel consumption, 0.105% for carbon monoxide emission, 19.82 ppm of unburnt hydrocarbon, 457 ppm of NO[Formula: see text] emission and 21.98% of smoke emission.

Состав и строение нефтяных дисперсных систем

Physico-chemical properties and behavior in the processes of extraction, transportation, processing, storage and use of petroleum products depend on the chemical, component and dispersed composition of oils, gas conden-sates, oil-like systems. For qualified management of these processes, it is necessary to understand the role of the composition and structure of oil dispersed systems (VAT). The classical descriptions of the structural elements of VAT are considered, their main varieties and types are given. It is shown how the size of a dispersed phase or a complex structural unit can change when external conditions change. Models of the structure of asphaltenes and resins, their composition and structure are given. A variety of approaches to the description of their structure and interaction with each other is shown, ranging from classical Ian-Mullins concepts to modern interpretations based on data from spectral analyses of nuclear magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonances (NMR and EPR) micrographs of a scanning electron microscope, computational computer programs. A hypothetical model of a complex structural unit formed by various groups of organic compounds from the standpoint of paired exchange interactions based on the paramagnetism of resinous-asphaltene molecules and compounds with a high carbon/hydrogen ratio is considered. Examples of the structure of complex polyheterophase oil dispersed systems containing particles of mechanical impurities, globules of water, bubbles of dissolved gases, demonstrating the multilevel structure of VAT, are given. Oil dispersed systems are, due to the extreme variety of compounds and impurities included in them, very complex objects, the study of the composition and structure of which is necessary for the qualified management of the processes of extraction, processing, transportation and storage of oil and petroleum products. Knowledge of the composition and structure of VAT, its dependence on external influences, on changes in conditions affecting it, the possibility of intensification of technological processes. The polyheterogenic composition and multilevel structure of VAT must be taken into account when determining the optimal effects on VAT in the processes of extraction, transportation, processing, storage of oil and the use of petroleum products. The chemical and component composition of VAT can be analyzed by known methods, including column chromatography, and the dispersed composition of dark petroleum products is determined by spectrophotometric method.

ОЦЕНКА ВЕРОЯТНОСТИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ НА ГОЛОВНОЙ НЕФТЕПЕРЕКАЧИВАЮЩЕЙ СТАНЦИИ АВАРИЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ, ПРОТЕКАЮЩИХ ПО РАЗЛИЧНЫМ СЦЕНАРИЯМ

The work of enterprises in the agro-industrial complex is closely connected with the use of petroleum products, the use of which is ensured through oil pumping stations. The assessment of the probability of emergency situations at such enterprises was carried out using the example of the main oil pumping station GNPS-1 “Taishet” of TransnefteVostok LLC. It is shown that the enterprise belongs to objects of increased fire danger, the most dangerous technological areas of which are the tank farm, the main oil pumping station and the booster pumping station. A fire and explosive substance - oil is circulated in a technological scheme. Possible ways of developing emergency situations associated with the failure of equipment in individual technological sections of an oil pumping station were investigated in the work. The most dangerous accidents occur in three areas: in the tank farm, at the main and booster pumping stations. The probabilities for the development of emergency situations have been determined. It was revealed that the most dangerous scenarios are possible at any of the reservoirs of the tank farm and at the main oil pumping and booster pumping station. In both scenarios, an instant spill fire, a spill fire with delayed ignition, and an explosion of a vapor-air cloud are possible. The cause may be a failure of emergency ventilation and a vapor-air cloud gas analyzer. The studied options for the development of an accident on technological equipment will make it possible to establish the scale of the consequences of the spread of dangerous factors of fire and explosion, as well as to determine a set of measures to prevent emergency situations, timely response and minimize their consequences.

The Impact of Fuel Subsidy on the Nigerian Economy in the Fourth Republic: An Analysis

Fuel Subsidy means that a fraction of the price that consumers are supposed to pay to enjoy the use of petroleum products is paid by government so as to ease the price burden. Ever since President Goodluck Jonathan mooted the removal of fuel subsidy in 2012, the debate has been whether or not to remove the fuel subsidy. The history of fuel subsidies dates back to the '70s, when they were first introduced in Nigeria in response to the oil price shock in 1973. However, different regimes have been subsidizing fuel imports with Huge budgetary provisions but the actual amounts expended on Fuel subsidy and paid to Independent Oil Marketers had remained a myth. Besides, the actual impact of fuel subsidy on the Nigerian economy had become a subject of theoretical debate. This study is a bold attempt to determine and estimate the annual levels of fuel subsidy since 1981 and to empirically evaluate its impact on the Nigeria economy on the one hand as well as measure the shifts and changes in the economy under different democratic political regimes on the other, using the Total Differential Modeling Approach (Ecostatometrics). The result is that Fuel subsidy still holds a lot of promise for the Nigerian economy but its administration needs major reforms. It requires greater transparency and accountability among its operatives, both on the Government side and on the part of the Independent Marketers.

Показники якості антифризу та їх кореляційний зв’язок з електропровідністю при експлуатації міжміських автобусів

The article deals with the issues of rational use of petroleum products, special liquids and antifreezes, which become especially relevant in the context of continuously changing prices for them. Short service life of antifreeze leads to its unreasonable overspending, long - to a decrease in operational reliability and durability of parts of the engine cooling system. The best solution in this situation is to carry out periodic monitoring, which will allow you to predict the life of the antifreeze in the engine, referring to its actual state.
 The purpose of the work: to establish a correlation between standard indicators of antifreeze quality and electrical conductivity, in order to use the latter as an express indicator of the quality of a bus coolant.
 The topic of the work is revealed by studying the issue of periodic monitoring of working antifreezes, which in most cases is not carried out, losing sight of the fact that antifreeze contacts simultaneously with many surfaces of engine parts made of various materials and alloys. In working condition, the antifreeze in the cooling system ensures the nominal thermal regime of the engine. Thanks to this, the technical resource of the engine, incorporated in its design during design and manufacture, is rationally used. With the appearance of certain malfunctions in the engine, antifreeze can lose its performance within a very short period of time and become one of the causes of failure.
 Ultimately, the paper considers the replacement periods for bus antifreezes recommended by manufacturers, which are not always justified due to the use of engines of various models and modifications operating under different operating conditions. Experimental studies of the quality indicators of spent antifreezes of buses were carried out and the coefficients of their correlation with the value of the electrical conductivity index were calculated.

Особенности межмолекулярного взаимодействия в нефтяных дисперсных системах

Oil, gas condensates, oil products present a complex colloidal-dispersed system which often demonstrates the abnormally changing properties when external conditions change. Mixing the petroleum products can be accompanied by a non-linear behavior accompanied by synergistic and antagonistic effects. Understanding of the oil and oil products as oil dispersed systems, the specific features of intermolecular interaction largely clarify their behavior, changes in properties, chemistry and mechanism of reactions occurring in them. Petroleum systems are polydisperse, in which the components can coexist in different aggregate states, and the size of the dispersed phase can vary over a wide range. They consist of diverse compounds that differ in properties, structure, shapes and sizes of molecules. Due to the variety of components that make up oil disperse systems the intermolecular interactions determine such a feature of the behavior of oil systems as the phenomenon of self-organization and structuring, which manifest themselves when external influences change and are sensitive to them. They are characterized by the absence of charge and a minimum of charge-polarization interactions of molecules, and intermolecular interactions are largely determined by the presence of paramagnetic molecules. The uncompensated spin of macromolecular compounds due to the steric obstacles, a homolytic dissociation, and the presence of microelement compounds ensure the paramagnetism of petroleum dispersed systems. This leads to developing the stable associative combinations and the formation of complex structural units capable of redistributing components and layers between phases under the influence of external effects. Comprehensive analysis and unanimity of views on the physical and chemical interactions of the components of oil systems leading to a change in their structure, open up fundamentally new opportunities for intensifying processes in the practice of production, transportation and processing of hydrocarbon raw materials and the use of petroleum products, and also allow predicting the behavior of oil systems in processes which they are participating.

Acetone-Gasoline Blend as an Alternative Fuel in SI Engines: A Novel Comparison of Performance, Emission, and Lube Oil Degradation.

The disproportionate use of petroleum products and stringent exhaust emissions has emphasized the need for alternative green fuels. Although several studies have been conducted to ascertain the performance of acetone-gasoline blends in spark-ignition (SI) engines, limited work has been done to determine the influence of fuel on lubricant oil deterioration. The current study fills the gap through lubricant oil testing by running the engine for 120 h on pure gasoline (G) and gasoline with 10% by volume acetone (A10). Compared to gasoline, A10 produced better results in 11.74 and 12.05% higher brake power (BP) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE), respectively, at a 6.72% lower brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The blended fuel A10 produced 56.54, 33.67, and 50% lower CO, CO2, and HC emissions. However, gasoline remained competitive due to lower oil deterioration than A10. The flash-point and kinematic viscosity, compared to fresh oil, decreased by 19.63 and 27.43% for G and 15.73 and 20.57% for A10, respectively. Similarly, G and A10 showed a decrease in total base number (TBN) by 17.98 and 31.46%, respectively. However, A10 is more detrimental to lubricating oil due to a 12, 5, 15, and 30% increase in metallic particles like aluminum, chromium, copper, and iron, respectively, compared to fresh oil. Performance additives like calcium and phosphorous in lubricant oil for A10 decreased by 10.04 and 4.04% in comparison to gasoline, respectively. The concentration of zinc was found to be 18.78% higher in A10 when compared with gasoline. A higher proportion of water molecules and metal particles were found in lubricant oil for A10.

Fiber Reinforced Biopolymer Composites: A Review

AbstractEven though the use of petroleum products is quite prevalent but their non‐biodegradability is a great cause of concern. In recent decades, stupendous research in the field of bio‐degradable material has been carried out from which biodegradable polymers or biopolymers are come out as a popular substitute for petroleum‐based plastics. However, these biopolymers possess average mechanical properties, so they need to be reinforced with some stuff that is bio‐degradable such that their addition maintains their bio‐degradability and enhances the mechanical properties. Even though the reinforcement of natural fiber improves the physical and mechanical properties however various modifications in the fiber it needs to be done to improve the fiber–matrix bonding so as to increase its competence against non‐biodegradable products such as petrochemical‐based polymer composite. Also, it has been reported that various type of fiber has been reinforced simultaneously in a single matrix to produce a superior hybrid bio‐degradable composite. The various studies have been focused on the characterization and processing of bio‐based materials, as well as their synergistic application and future potential as biopolymer composites in the aerospace and automotive industries.

Regulation of Incentives for Use of Renewable Energy at the Level of Regional Legislation in Federal States, Using the Russian Federation as an Example

Effective use of renewable energy requires a system of energy legislation that meets modern challenges. Although, in large countries, climate and socioeconomic factors in different regions can significantly vary and can affect the regional legislation regulating renewable energy sources, careful reproduction of good practices and successful experiences of other regions are a good basis for the development of legislation. The comparative method of legal research was the main method used to achieve the objectives set in this study. Based on the results, a number of recommendations were developed to consolidate and expand the powers of regional regulators in the field of renewable energy, to include an economic assessment of the effectiveness of state programs, to use tax incentives for renewable energy projects, and to introduce restrictions on the use of petroleum products. Recommendations were also made to improve regional legislation on renewable energy sources in terms of legal techniques. Further development of this study would contribute to the improvement of regional legal regulation and would accelerate the transition to “green” energy.

ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИЙ ТРАНСПОРТ ЯК СКЛАДОВА НИЗЬКОВУГЛЕЦЕВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The issue of modern and environmentally friendly electric transport has gained significant attention in recent years, and its impact on the low-carbon economy cannot be overstated. Ukraine is no exception, as the need to reduce carbon emissions becomes more pressing. Despite this, the development of a low-carbon economy has not been a priority in Ukraine, and the implementation of an electric transport ecosystem could provide an opportunity to shift towards a more sustainable future. The development of an electric transport ecosystem in Ukraine requires a multifaceted approach, which involves the creation of charging infrastructure, the production of electric vehicles, attracting foreign electric car manufacturers, and ensuring the availability of electric vehicles for the population. Additionally, education and public awareness campaigns should be implemented to inform the public about the benefits of this area and to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles. One of the key challenges in the implementation of an electric transport ecosystem in Ukraine is the lack of charging infrastructure. However, there have been some initiatives in this area, such as the installation of charging stations in major cities and the introduction of incentives for the development of charging infrastructure. Another challenge is the lack of local production of electric vehicles. While there are some companies that produce electric vehicles in Ukraine, they are not widely available or well-known. Attracting foreign electric car manufacturers could help address this issue and provide a wider variety of electric vehicles for the population. If the project to create an electric transport ecosystem in Ukraine is successfully implemented, it could lead to numerous benefits, including an improvement in the environment, a reduction in the use of petroleum products, and a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. This would not only benefit the environment but also provide economic benefits by creating jobs in the production and maintenance of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure. In summary, the development of a low-carbon economy in Ukraine is an important issue that requires immediate attention. The creation of an electric transport ecosystem can provide Ukraine with an opportunity to solve this problem.

Внедрение новых технологий в процесс хранения нефтепродуктов – объективная необходимость экономической эффективности их использования и охраны окружающей среды

In the article theoretical and practical aspects of implementation of new technologies in the field of the energy complex on the example of assessing the effect of reducing fuel vapor emissions on the basis of two specialized oil terminal in the Russian Far East are presented. Nowadays insufficient attention is paid to the problem of resource saving, recycling and use of petroleum products. Meanwhile, according to the scientific publications, the ratio of growth in production and consumption of petroleum products is predicted. In this connection, a significant expansion of the oil storage will be required and, as a result, solving the problems of increasing the economic efficiency and environmental safety of storing oil products in various ways, including the method of recovering. There are a diffusion of petroleum and atmosphere, so as a result we have petroleum losses and the negative impact on the environment. The Khabarovsk territory is a main region of the Russian Far East, where the industrial production of petroleum products is carried out. The main facilities for storage and transshipment of fuel are also located here. So, for our region, the issue of reducing the loss of oil products during transshipment and storage is particularly acute. The problem of reducing the loss of petroleum products during transshipment and storage for our region is particularly acute. The results of the research of modern methods to reduce the loss of petroleum products on the example of the introduction of fuel vapor recovery units in the production process of oil terminal can be applied in development and implementation of plans for the construction of new oil depots and modernization of existing not only in the Khabarovsk city but throughout the Russian Federation.

Cotton Spinning Waste as a Microporous Activated Carbon: Application to Remove Sulfur Compounds in a Tunisian Refinery Company

The petroleum industry plays a vital role in the economies of developing countries. Refinery wastewater pollution has increased in recent years due to the increase in the industrial and urban use of petroleum products. The present work demonstrates how textile waste can be modified into a material that can effectively remove sulfur pollutants from refinery wastewater. An economic activated carbon (AC) material was developed by using cotton spinning waste from a textile company. The chemical activation was carried out using nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The characterization of the obtained activated carbons was performed using the SEM, BET, and FTIR techniques. The effect of the experimental adsorption condition was investigated using both bed and batch isotherms. The results show that effluent flow has the highest effect on sulfur compound adsorption. The greatest adsorption capacity of the sulfur compounds was found to be around 168.4 mg·g−1. The equilibrium data were investigated using the Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Tóth, and Sips isotherm models. The Langmuir model exhibited the best fit (R² = 0.98) for the sulfur compounds’ adsorption, which implies that their adsorption onto the synthesized AC was homogeneous. The kinetic data were tested with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticular diffusion equations. The pseudo-second-order equation described the kinetic data well (R² = 0.99), indicating that this adsorption may be restricted by the chemisorption process. These properties under optimal conditions make the obtained ACs suitable for use in refinery wastewater treatment.

Using sustainability indicators for analysis of sustainable consumption and production in the food supply chain

Delivery of food products is one of the critical points in the manufacturing of products, especially for perishable products. In addition, it is necessary to consider the delivery schedule and additional environmental load due to the need to maintain the storage temperature conditions. It has been proven that the main factors of sustainability related to local products are determined by the desire of consumers to support the local producer, the sale of higher-quality products of local production, and the efficiency of logistics management and sale of goods. Methods to analyze the sustainability of food product transportation are considered. It is emphasized that very few studies have been conducted on analyzing the logistics of the delivery of dairy raw materials and products in countries with a weak economy, especially for enterprises of local importance whose vehicle fleet is represented by outdated equipment. That is why the study of the sustainability of logistics delivery chains was conducted based on the data of two dairy enterprises. The work presents in mathematical terms an integrated model for calculating the sustainability of logistics chains, which consists of four groups of criteria: resources, climate, economic efficiency, and impact on society. The company was evaluated according to the specified criteria by a group of independent experts in dairy technology using the Delphi method to ensure the objectivity of the obtained data. The calculation of fuel costs and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere per kilogram of food products in the transportation logistics chain was carried out. This approach will ensure the objectivity of assessing the negative impact on the environment because of the use of petroleum products, the increase of greenhouse gases, and air pollution in general. The concepts of "local food" and "food miles" are tools of the protectionist policy of restoring local agriculture and alternative sources of food production. The results obtained in the work confirm the need to use individual criteria in LCA for an objective assessment of the sustainability of logistics transportation and its impact on the environment. Keywords: "food mile", food products, environment, sustainability indicators, temperature regimes.

Adsorptive Desulfurization of Crude Oil with Clinoptilolite Zeolite

Crude oil; is a fossil fuel containing carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and many other components and is one of the world's largest and most widely used energy sources. However, in order for crude oil to be used as an energy source, it must be refined. With the use of petroleum products obtained as a result of refining, very high amounts of SOx gas are released into the atmosphere. These gases seriously harm both the environment and human health. This study aimed to reduce the amount of sulfur in crude oil and reduce its possible damages by using clinoptilolite zeolite (CZ). For this purpose, first of all, CZ; was characterized by SEM and XRF. Then, 0.1 g, 0.5 g, 1 g, 2 g and 5 g of the characterized CZ were weighed and added to the 50 mL crude oil samples separately. The mixture was mixed with a magnetic stirrer at 400 rpm for 60 and 120 minutes at room temperature before going through with an adsorptive desulfurization step. Afterwards, it was separated from the adsorbent by centrifugation and the residual sulfur amount was determined by ASTM D 1552-03 method. As a result of this study, which was carried out in an experimental laboratory environment; it has been observed that the desulfurization efficiency varies between 0.75 and 5.76 % (w/v) with the use of CZ adsorbent. Moreover; it was determined that the highest sulfur removal was obtained by using 5 g CZ.

Microbial Bioremediation and Biodegradation of Petroleum Products—A Mini Review

The demand for technological and industrial change has become heavily dependent on the availability and use of petroleum products as a source of energy for socio-economic development. Notwithstanding, petroleum and petrochemical products are strongly related to global economic activities, and their extensive distribution, refining processes, and final routes into the environment pose a threat to human health and the ecosystem. Additional global environmental challenges related to the toxicological impact of air, soil, and water pollutants from hydrocarbons are carcinogenic to animals and humans. Therefore, it is practical to introduce biodegradation as a biological catalyst to address the remediation of petroleum-contaminated ecosystems, adverse impacts, the complexity of hydrocarbons, and resistance to biodegradation. This review presents the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in water and soil, focusing on petroleum biodegradable microorganisms essential for the biodegradation of petroleum contaminants. Moreover, explore the mineralization and transformation of complex organic and inorganic contaminants into other simpler compounds by biological agents. In addition, physicochemical and biological factors affecting biodegradation mechanisms and enzymatic systems are expanded. Finally, recent studies on bioremediation techniques with economic prospects for petroleum spill remediation are highlighted.

Root exudate glycine synergistically promotes phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil

The exploitation of petroleum, the production and use of petroleum products causes pollution that is harmful to the ecology and environment. At present, petroleum hydrocarbon pollution has become a universal concern in the world. As one of the bioremediation methods, plant root exudate repair has the effect of eliminating toxic substances in the environment. To explore the role of root exudates glycine in phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil, seed germination and pot experiments were carried out to study the effects of glycine on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in different plants and soil types. The results showed that when the concentration of petroleum pollutants was constant, the order of seed germination rate of the eight plants was ryegrass > sudan grass > white clover > tall fescue > alfalfa > pennisetum > canine root > maize grass.1000 mg L−1 of glycine could effectively promote plant biomass and the petroleum hydrocarbons degradation rate. The degradation effect was ryegrass + glycine > ryegrass > sudan grass + glycine > sudan grass > white clover + glycine > white clover. The degradation rate of ryegrass + glycine in 18,000 mg kg−1 petroleum-contaminated soil reached 55.7%. All plants had the highest biomass and plant height in loamy soil, while the highest degradation rate of petroleum hydrocarbons was observed in sandy soil, ranging from 50.36% to 59.36%. Among them, ryegrass combined with 1000 mg L−1 of glycine reached the highest petroleum hydrocarbons degradation rate of 59.36% in sandy soil. Ryegrass, sudan grass and white clover had the potential to remediate petroleum-contaminated soils. In the three types of soil, ryegrass had a strong remediation efficiency, and the degradation effect to petroleum hydrocarbons was more significant after the addition of glycine. Therefore, ryegrass can be planted with glycine as a priority for remediation in oil field areas contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons.

Influence of nano AL2O3 on compression ignition engine characteristics fuelled with Mahua biodiesel

Growing energy demand and rising emissions have prompted testing on alternative energy sources for IC engine applications. Alternative energies are commonly extracted from biomass waste, algae and plant seeds. Many environmental difficulties develop as a result of the use of petroleum products in IC engines. As a result, adapting an alternative fuel to an existing engine may necessitate some design changes in order to achieve greater or nearly equal performance of conventional fuels. The primary objective of this experiment is to increase the efficiency of the engine and reduce the concentration of HC, CO2 and NOx. The experimental investigation was assessed in a single cylinder, compression ignition engine fuelled with mahua biodiesel and its diesel blends with AL2O3 nano additive. The engine was analysed with different test fuels such as Diesel, 10 % mahua biodiesel + 90 % diesel (B10), 20 % mahua biodiesel + 80 % diesel (B20), 70 % diesel (B30) at different load conditions. From the tested fuel, 20 % mahua biodiesel + 80 % diesel (B20) showed reasonable performance and tail pipe emission compared to other biodiesel blends. The preparation of nano blended biodiesel was based on 80 % of Diesel, 20 % of mahua biodiesel and 10, 25, 50 ppm of nano AL2O3. The 50 ppm of nano AL2O3 blended biodiesel shows better thermal efficiency and reduced emissions due to presence of nanoparticle in the blends which enhance the fuel atomization characteristics. BTE of 50 ppm of nano AL2O3 blended biodiesel increased 6.05 %, when compared with the diesel. The emission of HC, CO, NOx, and Smoke by 50 ppm of nano AL2O3 blended biodiesel was reduced by 19.52 %, 29.81 %, 14.48 %, and 23.35 %, respectively when correlated to base fuel. On whole, it was concluded that nano AL2O3 blended mahua biodiesel found to be a better alternative energy for unmodified existing CI engine.