Use Of Palm Kernel Shell Research Articles

Technical Analysis Using 100 Percent Palm Kernel Shell as Fuel in Circulation Fluidized Bed Boiler Type

Energy is a basic human need that has increased in use. Given the limited energy resources, it is necessary to manage energy appropriately and efficiently. Energy efficiency not only has an impact on reducing production costs, but also on reducing emissions. As a concrete step to support the government's net zero emission program by 2060, the company is trying to use alternative biomass fuels, namely: palm kernel shell. The purpose of this study is to conduct a technical and economic analysis of the use of 100 percent palm kernel shells as fuel in a circulation fluidized bed boiler type power plant. This research was conducted at power plant unit 2 of PT XYZ, located in Cilegon, Banten Province. The parameters measured are limited to boiler efficiency, thermal efficiency, and heat rate. The results showed that when using palm kernel shells, boiler efficiency decreased 0.47 percent, thermal efficiency decreased 0.24 percent, and heat rate increased 22 kcal/kWh or 0.76 percent. By considering of three operational parameters (boiler efficiency, thermal efficiency, and heat rate) it can be concluded that technically the use of 100 percent palm kernel shells as fuel in the plant is feasible. There is no major impact on boiler performance regarding the transition of coal to palm kernel shells. The impact of long-term use of palm kernel shells on equipment is beyond the scope of this research.

Examining the ability of palm kernel shell extract to control corrosion and assess its economic value on thermo-mechanically treated steel in artificial seawater: a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach.

Each year, the rising demand for palm oil generates large amounts of palm kernel shell waste. Discarded palm kernel shells can produce activated carbon, crushed shells, liquified fumes, and other derivatives; however, their indiscriminate disposal persists, raising issues related to the environment and economy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the use of palm kernel shell as a corrosion inhibitor for thermo-mechanically treated steel in a seawater environment using gravimetric and electrochemical techniques, as well as surface tests at varying concentrations. The findings demonstrated that the palm kernel shell inhibited the cathodic and anodic processes by adsorption on the steel surface, which followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibitor exhibited a 98% inhibitory efficiency at 500ppm concentration. Scanning electron microscopy analysis verified the thin films of the inhibitor on steel surface in seawater solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results show that the extract's components prevent the steel corrosion through an adsorptive mechanism. According to the inhibitor economic evaluation, employing the palm kernel shell extract is less expensive than utilizing conventional inhibitors.

PALM KERNEL SHELL ASH: THE EFFECT OF WEIGHT AND STIRRING DURATION ON WASTE PALM COOKING OIL QUALITY

This study aims to investigate the effect of variations Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PKSA) in weight and stirring duration on the quality of waste palm cooking oil (WPCO). PKSA is waste from the use of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) as fuel in palm oil factories. The method used in this study is a laboratory experiment with variations in the weight of PKSA and variations in stirring duration to improve WPCO quality. PKSA was characterized using XRF, FTIR, and XRD. The parameters of WPCO analyzed were color, water content, and free fatty acid (FFA). The standard used for comparison was the SNI for palm cooking oil 7709-2019. The results showed that the treatment category of S3, where PKSA was 20 g and stirring duration was 90 min, decreased the parameter value of WPCO according to SNI requirements. The improved quality of WPCO can be used for various purposes, including biodiesel, fertilizer and poultry feed.

Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials

This article explores the potential of incorporating palm kernel shells (PKS) from palm oil mill waste as a clay replacement for fired clay bricks. PKS, an abundant byproduct of palm oil extraction, have high cellulose content and high calorific value, making them an ideal option for clay replacement in brick making. For this purpose, clay soil was replaced with different percentages of PKS (0, 1, 5 and 10%) and subjected to a firing temperature of 1050 °C (heating rate of 1 °C/min). The physical–mechanical properties such as shape, size, colour, dry density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, porosity and compressive strength, as well as microstructural and morphological properties (XRD, SEM-EDX and digital image) and thermal analysis data (TGA-DTA) were evaluated to determine the effects of replacing PKS in fired clay bricks. The results showed that the incorporation of PKS increased firing shrinkage and porosity and decreased dry density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity. However, incorporating more than 5% PKS resulted in lower mechanical properties (24.6 to 11.0 MPa) and higher water absorption (3 to 12%) due to increased firing shrinkage and porosity (0.3 to 0.9% and 13 to 20%, respectively). The bricks also exhibited lower density (1799 to 1645 kg/m3) and improved thermal properties (0.54 to 0.36 W/m.K) due to the development of porosity during the firing process. While the degradation of organic components was a concern, it was determined that all organic components were completely degraded below 650 °C and the bricks matured at 950 °C. The study concluded that the use of PKS as a partial replacement for clay in brick manufacture is a viable solution for waste management.

Influence of Palm Kernel Shell on Mechanical Properties on The Achievement of Kernelrazzo Concrete Floor Finish Production

The purpose of this research report is to disseminate the findings of a study on the consequences of palm kernel shell on the mechanical properties of kernelrazzo concrete floor finishes made using the Department of Environment (DoE) design method combinations of cement, quarry dust, as well as palm kernel shell in place of some marble chippings. The use of palm kernel shell, which is readily available as a coarse aggregate substitute, is the only option allowed for this research project to minimize the self-weight or dead load of the floors and to cut the cost of construction. Quarry dust was used as a fine aggregate, while marble chips and palm kernel shell were used as coarse aggregates. There were six distinct concrete mixtures created, and it is significant to note that, when considering the degree of workability values, the results of their slump tests are quite good. The possible significance of this research is that just 19 mm granite with a water-cement ratio of 0.5 was obtained at 28 days, the compressive strength grade of 30.50 N/mm2, 22.32N/mm2, 26.46 N/mm2, 19.72N/mm2, 16.47N/mm2 and 12.96N/mm2 respectively while flexural strength concrete grade of 5.44 N/mm2, 3.85N/mm2, 4.56 N/mm2, 3.01N/mm2 and 2.46N/mm2. There is no result at 50% palm kernel shells, concrete is good in compression but weak in tension. The research work's contribution to knowledge is in the awareness it provides regarding the potential use of agro-waste materials, prevention of epidemic and other related diseases that may arise from waste palm kernel shells and source of income generation and reduction of economic loss that may result from early kernelrazzo concrete floor finishes failure in urban and rural communities, in yards for offices and factories due to incorrect concrete proportioning with a maximum of 33% quarry dust and 20% palm kernel shell replacement with marble chippings.

Prospects of Metakaolin Admixed Palm Kernel Shell Solid Concrete Masonry Block: A Review

Over the last two decades, research on the use of Palm kernel shell (PKS) as a lightweight aggregate has shown that it can be utilised to make structural lightweight concrete. PKS concrete has a lower density than regular concrete, perhaps 20 to 25% lower. This review was presented as part of efforts to make efficient use of locally available materials by looking into the effects of replacing normal coarse aggregates with palm kernel shells on the density and compressive strength of concrete, as well as determining the suitability of palm kernel shell concrete as a structural material. The utilization of alternative binders like Metakaolin (MK) in Palm kernel shell concrete not only reduces the carbon footprint of conventional masonry products but also enhances the various properties associated with these products. In this review, the characteristics and properties of Metakaolin and Palm Kernel shell were discussed based on the literature survey. Also the application studies of metakaolin and Palm kernel shells in concrete mix to improve the compressive and flexural strength were described using the literature survey. The majority of research studies on the usage of palm kernel shells in concrete manufacturing have found that they may be employed in solid concrete masonry blocks for the construction of low-cost housing.

CM/C Ratio Analysis of Virginian Tobbaco Ovening Business on Various Types of Fuel Use in East Lombok – Indonesia

The commonly used feasibility analysis formulas are R/C ratio, Gross B/C ratio and Net B/C ratio. In this analysis, we try to use the CM/C ratio analysis formula as an alternative to assess the feasibility of implementing a new technology. The purpose of this study was to assess the economic feasibility of using kerosene substitute fuel in the virgina tobacco oven process. To achieve the research objectives, data was collected using survey techniques on 44 tobacco farmers who have ovens in three sub-districts, namely Terara sub-district, Sakra sub-district and East Sakra sub-district. In each sub-district, one village was designated as the research location. The location of the research was determined by purposive sampling, which is the center of tobacco plants. Respondents in this study are farmers who have a Temakau Virginia oven in the research location selected by proportional accidental sampling technique as much as 20% of the population. The results showed that the use of kerosene, diesel, coal and liquefied gas fuels has been abandoned by farmers who work on oven ovens for viriginian tobacco, farmers have turned to palm shells, candlenut shells, and firewood. Almost half of the farmers who do tobacco ovens use firewood. The use of palm kernel shells, candlenut shells and firewood fulfills the requirements of economic feasibility with a CM/C ratio ranging from 24 percent to 65 percent higher than the bank interest rate of 4.5 percent per six months

Influence of the Replacement of Ungraded-PKS Aggregate on Properties of Lightweight Pervious Concrete

Pervious concrete is not environmentally friendly due to presences of non-renewable material in its production. Pervious concrete has made a comeback as a green infrastructure and researchers came up with a proposal to use waste materials that potentially to work well as material in pervious concrete. The used of palm kernel shell (PKS) in pervious concrete is consider brilliant because Malaysia is of the larger oil palm producer in the world. In this study, natural aggregate was partially replaced by 0, 10, 15, and 20% by weight of PKS aggregate to produce lightweight pervious concrete based PKS. The testing conducted comprise of density, void content, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Inclusion of PKS aggregate reduces the mechanical properties of pervious concrete but significantly higher than recommended in the standard, utilizing some PKS aggregate as partial aggregate at up to 20% substitution level can produce lightweight PKS-pervious concrete. The pervious concrete containing 10% of PKS aggregate presented the most optimum mixture. Besides, the use of PKS as aggregate replacement in pervious concrete mixture indicates a good potential towards sourcing alternative sustainable materials for concrete.

Relationship Between Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete

The use of palm kernel shell (PKS) has gained acceptance in the production of concrete. Compressive strength is the mostly used strength characteristics of concrete. The compressive strength CS of concrete should provide a good basis for predicting the splitting tensile strength STS. The aim of this study is to establish a mathematical relationship between the CS and STS of concrete produced with PKS. In this study, coarse aggregates was fully replaced with PKS at varying water-cement ratios (w/c) for concrete mix ratios 1:1½:3 and 1:2:4. Unit weigth of the PKS, slump, compressive and splitting tesnsile strength were determined. A relationship between CS and STS was developed for the different w/c ratios using exponential function aproximation. Physical property tests carried out on the PKS characterized it as lightweight aggregate with saturated surface dry unit weight of 1.27. The slump revealed that PKS concrete at 0.3 and 0.4 w/c is stiff and not workable. CS and STS at 28day for mix ratio of 1:1½:3 at w/c of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 were respectively 3.2 and 1.2; 9.4 and 2.1; 10.8 and 2.6; 9.0 and 2.4 N/mm2. The corresponding values obtained for mix ratio 1:2:4 were 3.0 and 1.0, 1.7 and 1.3, 4.5 and 1.6, 7.7 and 1.9N/mm2, respectively. Equations relating CS and STS at 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 w/c were established. It was concluded that PKS concrete produced with mix ratios 1:1½:3 and 1:2:4 performed better in compression and splitting tensile strength at w/c of 0.5 and 0.6.

Optimization of the Production of Ethylene Di-Amine Tetra-Acetic Acid Modified Activated Carbon using Palm Kernel Shell for the Adsorption of Copper ion

Biomass-based activated carbon has received large attention due to its excellent characteristics such as inexpensiveness, good absorption behaviour, and potential to reduce strong dependence towards non-renewable precursors. The potential use of Palm Kernel Shell in modified activated carbon was evaluated by using the Response Surface Methodology. In this study, a 23 three-level Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to develop a statistical model for the optimization of process variables, contact time (10-130mins) X1, pH (5.0 – 8.0) X2, and adsorbent dose (0.4 -5.0g) X3. The investigation shows that Ethylene Di-Amine Tetra-Acetic Acid modified activated carbon prepared from Palm Kernel Shell is a promising adsorbent for the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions over a wide range of concentrations with an optimized efficiency of 99% at the solution pH of 7.2, contact time of 70 minutes and adsorbent dose of 2.1g/L. The adsorption results are in line with the linear and quadratic model representation, which is evident from the models for optimization of copper ions.

Towards cleaner production in palm oil industry: Advanced treatment of biologically-treated POME using palm kernel shell-based adsorbent

Palm oil processing generates enormous amount of wastewater, the palm oil mill effluent (POME), containing various recalcitrant pollutants. The biological processes commonly employed to treat POME often fail to achieve treatment levels required for safe disposal or recycling of the effluent, prompting the need to develop polishing technologies. In this work, we investigated the possibility of polishing biologically-treated POME using palm kernel shell activated carbon (PKSAC) derived from a solid waste generated during palm oil processing. The rationale is to provide impetus towards adopting cleaner production in the palm oil industry through recycling both wastewater and solid wastes generated from palm oil processing. The PKSAC was impregnated with iron oxide to produce a magnetic adsorbent that could be easily separated after the treatment. The adsorbent was characterized using BET, SEM/EDX, FTIR and VSM analyses. The adsorbent exhibited high specific surface area (611.85 ​m 2 /g), excellent magnetic property (15.16 emu/g) and various surface functional groups. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the suitability of the adsorbent to polish biologically-treated POME. To investigate the effect of operational parameters (initial pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time) on the adsorption, response surface methodology using Box-Behnken Design was employed. Under the optimum condition (initial pH ​= ​3.5, adsorbent dosage ​= ​9.9 ​g/L and contact time ​= ​3.4 ​h), 99.7% of the initial color and 85.0% of the initial COD were removed. The initial pH and adsorbent dosage are the most significant parameters affecting the adsorption. The adsorbent maintained excellent adsorption performance over 4 cycles, with the removal efficiency reducing by less than 2% after the 4th cycle. This study has shown that palm kernel shell can be used as an effective adsorbent for POME polishing, indicating a potential for wastes recycling within the palm oil industry. The use of palm kernel shell to treat POME, which could be subsequently recycled, represents a significant step towards enhancing the sustainability of palm oil industry.

UTILIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM PALM KERNEL SHELLS AS THE BIOADSORBENT OF LEAD WASTE

This research aimed to evaluate the use of palm kernel shells for activated carbon to adsorb lead (Pb) ions. The pyrolysis was performed on oil palm kernel shells at a temperature of 380oC to obtain charcoal which was reduced using a ball mill. The charcoal was then chemically activated with liquid smoke. Before and after activation, the sample of charcoal was assessed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The activated carbon was then used to adsorb Pb (II) ions in concentrations of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg/L. The adsorption process was performed in a batch reactor with contact times of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes at an agitation speed of 150 rpm. The initialconcentration of Pb (II) ions and concentration after adsorption were determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Research has shown that initial concentrations and contact times affect the efficiency of Pb (II) removal. The highest adsorption efficiency (> 90%) was obtained at a contact time of 150 minutes and an initial concentration of 60 mg/L. Pb adsorption onto the activated carbon of palm kernel shells demonstrated best fit with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetics studies showed that the pseudo first-order reaction was more suitable (R² = 0.9359). .

English

This study is based on the use of palm kernel shells as aggregate in the manufacture of concrete. Several (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) substitutions were used in the volume fraction of the aggregates. In order to evaluate the effect of this substitution, the mechanical properties at 7 and 28 days for compression was determine, 28 days for bending and then the physical properties of fresh and hardened concrete are carried out. The results show that 25% replacement of aggregate at 28 days have the compressive stress of the reference concrete (which is about 41 Mpa). At 100% replacement, the resistance becomes very low (about 5.37 Mpa). However with 50% replacement, a reduction of the weight of the concrete is important (around 2000 kg/m3). It can at this level be classified as light weight concrete. Concerning the workability, between 25 and 50% of substitution allows obtaining the class 2 consistency, while between 75 and 100% in class 1, results corroborates the high rate of absorption of shells. Key words: Palm kernel shells, concrete, workability, mechanical properties, physical properties.

Strength, micro-structure & durability investigations of lateritic concrete with palm kernel shell (PKS) as partial replacement of coarse aggregates

This paper presents the results of investigation conducted to evaluate structural performance of lateritic concrete containing palm kernel shell (PKS) as partial replacement of coarse aggregate by weight. The properties evaluated were: workability, density, compressive strength, microstructure, sorptivity, and water absorption of lateritic concrete with PKS specimens. The coarse aggregate fraction of the lateritic concrete was partially replaced with PKS of up to 50% at interval of 10% by weight. The results showed that: (i) the use of PKS to partially replace the coarse aggregate in lateritic concrete resulted in harsh concrete with low workabilities, (ii) lateritic concrete with PKS as partial replacement of coarse aggregate of up to 50% developed densities that can be used for normal concrete application, (iii) lateritic concrete with PKS as partial replacement of coarse aggregate of up to 10% developed strength that is comparable to the specimens without PKS, (iv) the SEM images of lateritic concrete samples showed a progressively porous internal structure with PKS and (v) lateritic concrete with PKS as partial replacement of coarse aggregate results in porous material but became less porous at longer curing ages. It can be concluded from these results that the replacement of the coarse aggregate constituent with PKS by weight not exceeding 10%, in the production of lateritic concrete, resulted in a material with satisfactory structural performance.

Performance analysis of a commercial fixed bed downdraft gasifier using palm kernel shells

This work analyzes the use of palm kernel shells (PKS) produced by the Colombian palm oil mill industry, for purposes of fueling a commercial downdraft fixed bed gasifier (Ankur Scientific WGB- 20) designed to operate with wood chips. Operational parameters such as hopper shaking time, ash removal time, and airflow were varied in order to get the highest gasifier performance, computed as the ratio between producer gas chemical energy over biomass feeding energy. Experiments were carried out following a half fraction experimental design 24-1. Since these parameters affect the equivalence ratio (ER), behavior indicators were analyzed as a function of ER. It was found that the shaking time and airflow had a significant effect on higher-heating-value (HHV) and process efficiency, while the removal time is not significant. The highest performance for palm shell was reached at ER=0.35, where the resulting gas HHV and process efficiencies were 5.04 MJ/Nm3 and 58%, respectively.

Prediction of optimum compressive strength of light-weight concrete containing Nigerian palm kernel shells

Palm kernel shells (PKS) are vast agricultural by-products that possess silica and alumina minerals in Nigeria. The use of PKS as aggregates has not been standardized for public use, hence, there is need for the prediction and optimization through trial mixes. A target mix was calculated based on American Concrete Institute, ACI code using PKS laboratory properties. Subsequently, factorial design was used to refine mix proportions with additional fourteen mix designs through the means of central composite design. This study employed response surface methodology to design constituent mix proportions and afterward predicted respective values of their compressive strength. The effect of each mix proportion was investigated for fresh and hardened properties of light-weight palm kernel shell concrete (LWPKSC). In addition, the optimal compressive strength of concrete was predicted at 22.24 MPa and realized experimentally at 21.10 MPa. The mix proportion ratio was found to be 1:3.33:1:27 at water-cement ratio of 0.50 with an oven-dry density less than 2000 kg/m3. Finally, analysis of variance, (ANOVA) of the results showed that optimum compressive strength of the concrete could be predicted and reliable.

Impact of Indoor Air Quality by Incorporating Agricultural Waste Into Fired Clay Brick

The demand for edible oil from all over the world has generated a huge amount of solid waste. Due to that, the problem of disposal method has become a constraint by the authorities. Therefore, this study is focusing on the incorporation of palm kernel shell (PKS) into fired clay brick in terms of indoor air quality assessment. The brick was incorporated with 0% and 5% of PKS and fired at 1050°C with heating rates of 1°C/min. Preliminary analysis was conducted with X-Ray Fluorescence test to determine chemical composition of raw materials used in the study. A further experiment of indoor air quality was obtained by measuring gases emission of total volatile organic compound (TVOC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), formaldehyde (HCHO) and particulate matter (PM10) in Walk in Stability Chamber with controlled temperature and relative humidity. All parameters were compared with Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality standard. The result shows that incorporation 5% of PKS into fired clay brick complied with the standard requirement for use as building materials. As the conclusion, the use of palm kernel shell as clay replacement could reduce the waste disposal in landfills whilst providing low-cost building materials.

Adsorption performance of fixed-bed column for the removal of Fe (II) in groundwater using activated carbon made from palm kernel shells

When the manganese is under the acceptable limit, then the removal of Fe (II) ion, the common metallic compound contained in groundwater, is one of the most important stages in the processing of groundwater to become potable water. This study was aimed at investigating the performance of a fixed-bed adsorption column filled, with activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shells, in the removal of Fe (II) ion from groundwater. The influence of important parameters such as bed depth and the flow rate was investigated. The bed depth adsorbent was varied at 7.5, 10 and 12 cm. At a different flow rate of 6, 10 and 14 L/minute. The Atomic Absorb Spectrophotometer was used to measure the Fe (II) ion concentration, thereafter the results were confirmed using a breakthrough curve showing that flow rate and bed depth affected the curve. The mathematical model that used to predict the result was the Thomas and Adams-Bohart model. This model is used to process design, in which predicting time and bed depth needed to meet the breakthrough. This study reveals that the Thomas model was the most appropriate one, including the use of Palm Kernel Shell for processing groundwater. According to the Thomas Model, the highest capacity of adsorption (66.189 mg/g) of 0.169-mg/L of groundwater was achieved with a flow rate of 6 L/minute, with the bed depth at 14 cm.

The Effect of Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash and Rice Husk Ash on Geopolymer Concrete

As already known, cement production is one of the biggest contributors to CO2 emissions due to combustion processes that require high temperatures. This can trigger global warming so the solutions to reduce or even eliminate the use of cement continue to be developed. Geopolymer concrete is one solution to reduce the use of cement in the construction industry in the world. This study has the main objective to examine the effect of the use of palm kernel shell and ash rice husk ash in geopolymer concrete mixes on the strength of geopolymer concrete then compared with the use of palm kernel shell ash and rice husk ash on Portland cement concrete. In this study concluded that increasing the strength of geopolymer concrete with the use of palm kernel shell ash and rice husk ash tends to be insignificant when compared to the increase in strength in Portland cement concrete. The changes in the concentration of NaOH solution is more effective to increase the strength of geopolymer concrete.

Insight on the Ultrastructure, Physicochemical, Thermal Characteristics and Applications of Palm Kernel Shells

The ultrastructure and physicochemical and thermal properties of Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) in comparison with Coconut Kernel Shells (CKS) were investigated herein. Powder samples were prepared and characterized using Surface Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Chemical and elemental constituents, as well as thermal performance were assessed by Van Soest Method, TEM/EDXA and SEM/EDS techniques. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were also performed for thermal characterization. SEM/EDS and TEM/EDXA revealed that most of the PKS and CKS materials are composed of particles with irregular morphology; these are mainly amorphous phases of carbon/oxygen with small amounts of K, Ca and Mg. The DSC data permitted to derive the materials’ thermal transition phases and the relevant characteristic temperatures and physical properties. Thermal Transition phases of PKS observed herein are consistent with the chemical composition obtained and are similar to those of CKS. Nonetheless, TGA/DTG showed that the combustion characteristics of PKS are higher than those of CKS. Taken together, our results reveal that PKS have nanopores and can be efficiently used for 3D printing and membrane filtration applications. Moreover, the chemical constituents found in PKS samples are in agreement with those reported in the literature for material structural applications and thus, present potential use of PKS in these applications.