Use Of Original Material Research Articles

Effective Use of Original Materials in High School’s History-Teaching by Topic

The use of original materials to teach history topics is one of the optimal methods that contribute to the renovation of teaching objectives, content, methods and testing and assessment. The original materials not only play a vital role in revitalizing the vivid past, but also create learning excitement, thinking orientation, and developing students’ competencies. To achieve these results, in teaching history topics, teachers should use original materials effectively to get started, raise issues, motivate students’ participation, and orient students’ learning; provide students with opportunities to discover, explain, and debate about historical events and phenomena; and at the same time, use original materials to reinforce, review, assign assignments, and assess students’ cognitive performance.

A brief look at the history of the Deaconess Hospital, Edinburgh, 1894-1990.

The Deaconess Hospital, Edinburgh, opened in 1894 and was the first establishment of its kind in the UK, maintained and wholly funded as it was by the Reformed Church. Through its 96-year lifetime it changed and evolved to time and circumstance. It was a school: for the training of nurses and deaconesses who took their practical skills all over the world. It was a sanctum: for the sick-poor before the NHS. It was a subsidiary: for the bigger hospitals of Edinburgh after amalgamation into the NHS. It was a specialised centre: as the Urology Department in Edinburgh and the Scottish Lithotripter centre. And now it is currently student accommodation. There is no single source to account for its history. Through the use of original material made available by the Lothian Health Services Archives - including Church of Scotland publications, patient records, a doctor's casebook and annual reports - we review its conception, purpose, development and running; its fate on joining the NHS, its identity in the latter years and finally its closure.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ НАДІЙНОСТІ ОДНОКАСКАДНИХ ТЕРМОЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ ОХОЛОДЖУЮЧИХ ПРИСТРОЇВ ЗА РАХУНОК ВИКОРИСТАННЯ РІЗНИХ ВАРІАНТІВ СПОЛУЧЕНЬ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ПЕРВИННИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ ОДНАКОВОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ

The article represents possibilities of improving the reliability of single-stage thermoelectric cooling device by using different combinations of the original materials averaged parameters of the same efficiency, namely, thermoelectric power factor, electrical conductivity and the thermal conductivity for various changes in temperature and operating modes for a given height to the cross-sectional area branches of the thermocouple.There were obtained simple analytical expressions that provide the interconnection of reliability, namely, failure rate, the number of thermocouples of thermoelectric cooling capacity single-stage thermoelectric cooling device for different combinations of parameters of the source material. The calculations of single-stage thermoelectric devices basic parameters for different operating modes on the mode of maximum cooling capacity to minimum failure rates for different ranges of temperature changes from 0 to 60 K, and various combinations of options thermoelectric materials with differing efficiency parameters, electrical conductivity, thermoelectric power factors, the geometric parameters of thermocouples are presented. It is shown the possibility of failure rate reducing and increasing of cooler failure-free operation probability through the use of original materials with the same efficiency for greater conductivity.

Samfélagsmiðlar hjá ríkisstofnunum á Íslandi: Notkun, hlutverk og markmið

Markmið rannsóknarinnar var að kanna notkun og hlutverk samfélagsmiðla hjá ríkisstofnunum hérlendis. Notaðar voru megindlegar og eigindlegar aðferðir við framkvæmd hennar. Spurningalisti var sendur á rafrænu formi til allra ríkisstofnana hérlendis og tekin voru hálfstöðluð viðtöl við sérfræðinga hjá stofnunum. Ekki hafa áður verið gerðar rannsóknir um þetta viðfangsefni hérlendis. Af þeim sökum þótti tímabært að gera könnun um samfélagsmiðlanotkun á opinberum stofnunum með það fyrir augum að bæta við nýrri þekkingu á sviðinu. Engar sambærilegar erlendar rannsóknir fundust en þessi rannsókn grundvallaðist á tengdum könnunum og heimildum erlendis frá. Samkvæmt niðurstöðum úr spurningakönnuninni notaði tæplega helmingur ríkisstofnana samfélagsmiðla í starfsemi sinni og voru Facebook og YouTube þeir miðlar sem voru mest nýttir. Vinsældir, útbreiðsla, notagildi og hentugleiki réðu helst vali á miðlunum. Meirihluti stofnana hafði hvorki skilgreint markmið með notkun samfélagsmiðla né ákveðið hlutverk og ábyrgð starfsmanna með notkun miðlanna. Stofnanirnar lögðu mikla áherslu á að setja kynningu og fréttir um starfsemina á samfélagsmiðla sína auk þess sem nokkuð var um tilvísanir í efni af öðrum vefsíðum. Hjá viðmælendum kom meðal annars fram að markmið með notkun samfélagsmiðla væru upplýsingamiðlun, móttaka upplýsinga, að auka sýnileika, að opna stofnanir og auka gegnsæi. Einnig töluðu þeir um mikilvægi þess að vera á persónulegum nótum á samfélagsmiðlum stofnana en hins vegar var bent á að nokkurrar hræðslu gætti á meðal stofnana við að nota samfélagsmiðla, sér í lagi við að starfsmenn sýndu mannlega hlið á þeim. Þá kom fram að frumsamið efni á samfélagsmiðlum stofnana væri í minnihluta og stofnanir beittu töluvert skipulegri miðlun efnis af vefsíðum sínum á samfélagsmiðlana. Jafnframt gerði almenningur fremur lítið af því að setja efni á samfélagsmiðla stofnana.

<i>The Seven Lives of John Murray: The Story of a Publishing Dynasty, 1768-2002</i> (review)

Reviewed by: The Seven Lives of John Murray: The Story of a Publishing Dynasty, 1768-2002 Andrew Nicholson The Seven Lives of John Murray: The Story of a Publishing Dynasty, 1768–2002. By Humphrey Carpenter. Edited by Candida Brazil and James Hamilton, with additional material by James Hamilton. London: John Murray, 2008. Pp. xiv + 370. ISBN 978 0 7195 6532 8. £25.00. When Humphrey Carpenter died, so sadly and prematurely at the age of 58 in January 2005, he had already submitted a first draft of The Seven Lives of John Murray and was in the process of revising it and filling in the gaps he had left to cover at a later date. It has been the task of his editors, Candida Brazil and James Hamilton, to complete this process, drawing on Humphrey's own notes and research and, where lacunae remained – as was the case in certain areas of the nineteenth century – supplying the deficiency. It is much to their credit, therefore, that the resulting volume should read so smoothly and effortlessly – a seamless narrative, whose pace never falters, in which the lively and engaging voice of Humphrey is heard throughout. The Seven Lives of John Murray traces the personal and publishing lives of the seven successive John Murrays who have run the firm from its foundation in 1768 up to its sale in 2002. The book runs chronologically and is divided into three parts, with an appendix to which two amusing but purely imaginative film scenarios have been wisely relegated (though gratefully retained) by the editors. Humphrey had full and free access to the Murray Archive (then at 50 Albemarle Street, London, but now permanently housed in the National Library of Scotland) and has made every possible use of original material therein as well as of manuscript and other documentary sources in the British Library and the Bodleian. While he has profited from Bill Zachs's exemplary biography, The First John Murray and the Late Eighteenth-Century London Book Trade, he has been extremely cautious and judicious in relying on Samuel Smiles's laborious and often inaccurate A Publisher and His Friends: Memoir of John Murray – Smiles's agenda having been, as Humphrey justly observes, 'to elevate the Murray family, socially and intellectually' from the outset. In the case of John Murray IV, where there is rather a dearth in the records, and in order to illustrate how the firm and dynasty might have appeared to an outsider, Humphrey has allowed himself (as have his editors) his single venture into quasi fiction by personating the member of another publishing family, Charles James Longman; but, [End Page 71] we are assured, although he is 'an invented character', 'everything factual he says about John Murray IV is based on documentation in the archive'. With regard to those nearer our own time, Humphrey conducted viva-voce interviews with the cheroot-smoking, stout-drinking, bicycling travel writer Dervla Murphy (who carried a gun and used it three times), with Diana Murray, John and Virginia Murray, and other members of the family and firm and has drawn on the recollections of many of those whom they published or who were connected with them, such as Peter Quennell, Harold Nicolson, Freya Stark, Osbert Lancaster, Patrick Leigh Fermor and John Betjeman. Such a variety of voices and perspectives gives colour and freshness to a story that covers more than two hundred years of publishing and embraces almost every author of repute. Part I (1768–1811) introduces us to the first John Murray (originally McMurray) of Edinburgh, who had begun life in the Navy before coming south and setting up the bookselling business (and dropping the 'Mc') at 32 Fleet Street. Although he had literary pretensions of his own and a preference for literature (he established the English Review, which he edited himself and for which he paid reviewers generously), he published a wide range of disciplines – science, medicine, religion, travel, topography – and traded not only locally in England, Scotland and Ireland, but as far afield as Australia and India (to which he also exported beer). Like his son, he had a circle of advisers, gave trade dinners and held literary gatherings, but, unlike...

Daoism and Chinese Culture

A long-awaited textbook that introduces the major schools, teachings, and practices of Daoism, this work presents a chronological survey that is thematically divided into four parts: Ancient Thought, Religious Communities, Spiritual Practices, and Modernity. The work offers an integrated vision of the Daoist tradition in its historical and cultural context, establishing connections with relevant information on Confucianism, Chinese Buddhism, popular religion, and political developments. It also places Daoism into a larger theoretical and comparative framework, relating it to mysticism, millenarianism, forms of religious organization, ritual, meditation, and modernity. The book makes ample use of original materials and provides references to further readings and original sources in translation. It is a powerful resource for teaching and studying alike.