Use Of Negotiation Research Articles

Alcohol use, alcohol-related aggression and intimate partner abuse: A cross-sectional survey of convicted versus general population men in Scotland.

Scotland has a particular problem with alcohol, and the links between intimate partner abuse (IPA) and alcohol appear stronger here than elsewhere across Europe. This study explored differences in alcohol use, related aggression and relationship conflict across a number of groups: men convicted for intimate partner abuse, men convicted of general offences and men recruited from community sports teams. Participants (n=64) completed three questionnaires exploring their experiences of alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, AUDIT); alcohol and aggression (Alcohol Related Aggression Questionnaire, ARAQ-28), and relationship conflict (Revised Conflict Tactics Scale, CTS-2). There were significant differences across the groups in terms of AUDIT and ARAQ-28 scores, IPA and general offenders scored higher than the community sample. CTS-2 scores showed significant differences: both offender groups reported more use of negotiation and psychological abuse, than the community men, and IPA offenders reported causing more physical harm than either general offenders or the community sample. ARAQ-28 scores correlated with psychological abuse for general offenders. Alcohol use was very high across all groups, but the community group did not endorse an aggression-precipitating view of alcohol and did not report high IPA. Discussed is the need for cross-cultural research to explore putative mediators and moderators in the relationship between alcohol, aggressiveness and IPA. [Gilchrist EA, Ireland L, Forsyth A, Godwin J, Laxton T. Alcohol use, alcohol-related aggression and intimate partner abuse: A cross-sectional survey of convicted versus general population men in Scotland. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:20-23].

Rerostering of nurses with intelligent agents and iterated local search

ABSTRACTThe nurse rerostering problem is a special case rostering problem. Rerostering occurs when a disruption to a current nurse roster requires its reconstruction. This article presents a modified agent-based nurse rostering system that solves both the nurse rostering and rerostering problem. Similar to existing nurse rerostering methods, this agent system minimizes the differences between the initial roster and the reconstructed roster through the use of negotiations and iterated local search. This system differs from existing solutions because it seeks to reconstruct the roster so that it also minimizes the negative impact on nurse preferences. The agent-based system, called Competitive Nurse Rostering and Rerostering (CNRR), was tested on three sets of 30 random experiments which included over 200 schedule disruptions. CNRR found solutions for over 90% of all disruptions and over 98% of fixable disruptions. The generated solutions prevented any reductions to nurse preference satisfaction in over half our experimental runs. In 28% of our experiments, there was a significant nurse preference utility loss of five points or more. Five points of utility loss equates to an average of an 11% reduction in a nurse's preference satisfaction.

Implementing Data Definition Consistency for Emergency Department Operations Benchmarking and Research.

The objective was to obtain a commitment to adopt a common set of definitions for emergency department (ED) demographic, clinical process, and performance metrics among the ED Benchmarking Alliance (EDBA), ED Operations Study Group (EDOSG), and Academy of Academic Administrators of Emergency Medicine (AAAEM) by 2017. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of available data from three ED operations benchmarking organizations supported a negotiation to use a set of common metrics with identical definitions. During a 1.5-day meeting-structured according to social change theories of information exchange, self-interest, and interdependence-common definitions were identified and negotiated using the EDBA's published definitions as a start for discussion. Methods of process analysis theory were used in the 8 weeks following the meeting to achieve official consensus on definitions. These two lists were submitted to the organizations' leadership for implementation approval. A total of 374 unique measures were identified, of which 57 (15%) were shared by at least two organizations. Fourteen (4%) were common to all three organizations. In addition to agreement on definitions for the 14 measures used by all three organizations, agreement was reached on universal definitions for 17 of the 57 measures shared by at least two organizations. The negotiation outcome was a list of 31 measures with universal definitions to be adopted by each organization by 2017. The use of negotiation, social change, and process analysis theories achieved the adoption of universal definitions among the EDBA, EDOSG, and AAAEM. This will impact performance benchmarking for nearly half of US EDs. It initiates a formal commitment to utilize standardized metrics, and it transitions consistency in reporting ED operations metrics from consensus to implementation. This work advances our ability to more accurately characterize variation in ED care delivery models, resource utilization, and performance. In addition, it permits future aggregation of these three data sets, thus facilitating the creation of more robust ED operations research data sets unified by a universal language. Negotiation, social change, and process analysis principles can be used to advance the adoption of additional definitions.

The Impact of Attachment on Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrated by Women

This study investigated the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrated by women and the attachment style of each partner in 20 couples in which the male partner was in therapy for abusive men. Results confirmed the presence of a relationship between IPV and attachment style. Men with an avoidant attachment reported higher physical abuse victimization and higher use of negotiation during conflict, as revealed by their partner. Women with an anxious attachment reported having inflected more injuries and were less likely to use negotiation during conflict, as revealed by their partner. Findings highlight the relational basis of IPV.

Traders’ Subjective Appraisals: Comparison of Negotiations and Auctions

ABSTRACTThe assessments of business trade often involve economic and relational concerns. They may become more challenging when our understanding of the impacts of trading mechanisms is still limited. The current experimental study compares two generic trading mechanisms, namely, multibilateral multi-issue negotiations and multicriteria auctions. By examining economic measures and subjective appraisals in controlled exchange episodes, the study shows some subtle relationships between mechanism use, substantive outcomes, and subjective appraisals. While use of negotiations versus auctions did not reveal significant differences on economic measures, traders are strongly influenced by the gain-or-loss contingency. When they win a contract, their subjective appraisals are heavily influenced by their achieved substantive outcomes. When they do not win a contract, they feel auctions are better than negotiations. The results confirm the assessments of business trade that rely solely on substantive measures are not sufficient.

Negotiation Skills for Medical Educators.

Medical education is expensive.1 The expense is sometimes borne by learners and their families, sometimes by institutions, and sometimes by governments.2 Graduate medical education is no different from other forms of medical education in terms of its expense. There is the cost of curriculum development and delivery for residents, the cost of resources (such as equipment, technology, or e-learning resources), the cost of assessment (be it formative or summative), and the cost of program evaluation.3 In this article, assessment means assessing the learners, whereas evaluation means evaluating the course, curriculum, or program. Some of these costs are sunk costs; some are fixed costs. However, others are negotiable. For example, the costs of resources provided by the institution—like simulation equipment—are often negotiable. Institutional purchasers and commercial providers of such equipment can negotiate on price, amount, or a number of other variables. Commercial providers understand negotiation skills, and many of their staff will have been trained in these skills. Those responsible for the purchase, however, are less likely to have a commercial background, so they are less likely to have the skills necessary to ensure the best possible deal for their institution and learners. The purpose of this perspective is to introduce the topic of negotiation for those who are responsible for ensuring that their institution gets the best possible value for its purchases. Sometimes medical educators need to negotiate for space and/or time in the curriculum, and negotiation skills are needed in those circumstances as well.

Complexity of Interaction in a Second Language Conversation Group: An Exploratory Study

The aim of this research was to explore the nature of conversation in a weekly second language Italian conversation group. Analysis of conversations focused on the range of topics and verbal structures used by learners. Additional analysis was completed to determine if learners engaged in negotiation of meaning or form during conversations. Results revealed that learners used a range of topics and verbal structures from Beginner level to Advanced level indicating that learners challenged themselves to produce high quality, natural conversation. Learners also showed some use of negotiation during conversations to repair communication breakdowns, principally to address meaning; however, the amount of negotiation was low when compared to task-based interaction designed to elicit negotiation.

The Chieftaincy Institution in Ghana: Causers and Arbitrators of Conflicts in Industrial Jatropha Investments

Large-scale land acquisition in Africa has been the concern and the focus of growing global literature on land grabbing. The upswing in biofuel investments in Ghana led to large-scale land acquisitions by the private sector presided over by chiefs. This research investigates how chiefs, in playing their traditional roles in the acquisition of land and as arbitrators, were, in most instances, the cause and the solution to the ensuing conflicts in the various communities. Data was collected through interviews, use of questionnaires and focus group discussions. Some of the conflict issues include loss of farmlands or other communal lands, disagreements on the land acquisition processes, the quantum and mode of execution of compensation payments and the existence or contents of social responsibility agreements. Furthermore, the use of negotiation, mediation and courts by people in these communities relative to arbitration by chiefs is increasing. The Government of Ghana needs to strengthen the public sector land institutions and put in place stronger and binding mechanisms for resolving disputes arising from large-scale acquisitions of land to cushion the effect of the weakening confidence in the chieftaincy institution.

Proactive Legal Involvement in Partner Selection Process

Using a partner selection process in the start of strategic alliances is not yet general practice. This is regarded as one of the reasons why many strategic alliances fail to be successful. The use of a structured partner selection process could be a way to build one’s alliance capability and create a better fit and higher alliance performance.In this paper, drawing from quantitative and qualitative research, we argue that alliances are more likely to increase alliance success when the partners pay particular attention to aspects with legal dimension within their partner selection process. Our key argument is that, as inter partner conflicts are the main reasons for alliance failure, by taking a legal perspective and providing adequate governance structure as instruments early on during the partner selection process, may diminish those conflicts and increase alliance success.Our findings from a quantitative study among alliance professionals suggest that the use of negotiation and standard governance is highly effective in helping firms to increase their alliance success. As our study indicates that including clear steps regarding legal aspects of alliance selection, we further explored the role ‘the law’ (contracts and lawyers) plays and may play in (to optimizing) a successful selection process. We not only show the added value of taking a legal perspective, we also suggest which and when legal elements may be organized in such a way that they support a successful partner selection process.

A dispersed decision-making system – The use of negotiations during the dynamic generation of a system’s structure

The issues that are related to the process of global decision-making on the basis of knowledge which is stored in a dispersed form (several local knowledge bases or classifiers) are discussed in this paper. In a decision-making system, which is described in the paper, the classification process of the test object starts with an investigation of how particular classifiers classify a test object. We describe the views of classifiers by using probability vectors over decision classes. In the system, the process of combining classifiers in coalitions is very important. Negotiation is used in the clustering process. We define three types of relations between classifiers: friendship, conflict and neutrality. The clustering process consists of two stages. In the first step, the initial groups are created. These groups contain classifiers that are in a friendship relation. In the second stage, classifiers which are in neutrality relation are attached to the existing groups. In this paper, a formal description of the clustering process is presented and mathematical properties of functions, which are used, are described. For every cluster, we find a kind of combined information. Finally, we classify the given test object by voting among clusters, using the combined information from each of the clusters.In the paper a new way of creating clusters (with a negotiation stage) is compared to the approach presented in the paper (Przybyła-Kasperek and Wakulicz-Deja, 2014) [23] (without negotiations). There are significant differences between the clusters that are generated using these two approaches, which are shown in the paper. In the new approach, the clusters are more complex and better reconstruct and illustrate the views of the classifiers on the classification.

Alternativas de resolução de conflitos e justiça restaurativa no Brasil

O presente artigo discute o desenvolvimento de formas alternativas de administração de conflitos no Brasil, tendo em vista o contexto mais amplo de crise da administração da justiça e o surgimento, não apenas no contexto brasileiro, de um conjunto de mecanismos judiciais ou extrajudiciais que se utiliza de negociação, conciliação, mediação e arbitragem. Centrando a análise na chamada justiça restaurativa, cuja expansão em diversos países se deve a uma série de motivos comuns, como a crise de legitimidade do sistema penal, a busca de abordagens alternativas ao delito (ou conflito), as reivindicações das vítimas, buscou-se identificar os argumentos favoráveis e contrários a esse modelo do ponto de vista da extensão da rede de controle penal e da ampliação do acesso à justiça, bem como analisar as peculiaridades para a sua implantação no Brasil, tendo em vista as características da cultura jurídica brasileira.

Contribution of parents' adult attachment and separation attitudes to parent‐adolescent conflict resolution

This study examined the contribution to parent-adolescent conflict resolution of parental adult attachment styles and attitudes toward adolescent separation. Questionnaires were completed by 295 couples with early to late adolescent children. Structural equation models were used to test self and partner influences on conflict resolution for three attachment orientations: confidence (model A), anxiety (model B) and avoidance (model C). Model A showed self influences between parents' confidence orientation and negotiation and also via positive attitudes towards separation. Also, the fathers' use of negotiation was facilitated by the mothers' confidence orientation and vice versa, indicating partner influences as well. Model B showed self influences between parents' anxiety orientation and the use of dominance and withdrawal and also via negative attitudes towards separation. Model C showed self influences between parents' avoidance orientation and dominance and withdrawal, and a partner influence between fathers' avoidance and mothers' use of dominance. The results indicated that the parents' adult attachment system and the parenting system were related in the area of conflict resolution, and that self influences were stronger than partner influences.

Talking to the enemy: the role and purpose of negotiations between Saladin and Richard the Lionheart during the Third Crusade

This article considers the role and purpose of the diplomatic interactions between Saladin and Richard the Lionheart during the Third Crusade. It argues that in 1191–2, both leaders variously employed diplomatic contact to garner military and political intelligence, to gain insight into the temperament and mindset of their adversary, and to purposefully wrong-foot the enemy. It suggests that in the course of this crusade Richard I demonstrated a far greater capacity for subtlety and manipulation than has previously been recognised, exhibiting diplomatic skills that equalled, and perhaps even eclipsed, those of his rival Saladin. The use of negotiation to achieve actual conflict resolution is considered and it is argued that neither protagonist pursued peace for its own sake. These findings are contextualised within the wider framework of Latin–Muslim negotiations during the crusading era, and the broader relationship between Islam and the West during the Middle Ages.

Psychometric Properties of Revised Conflict Tactics Scales: Portuguese Sibling Version (CTS2-SP)

The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2, Straus et al. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 283–316, 1996) were conceived to measure Psychological Aggression, Physical Assault, Sexual Coercion, Injury and the use of Negotiation towards a partner in a marital, cohabiting or dating relationship. The CTS2-SP was designed for obtaining data on conflict tactics between siblings. The main objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the CTS2-SP Portuguese version. Data were collected among 590 Portuguese university students. Reliability was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.65 to 0.81 for the perpetration scales and ranging 0.66 to 0.84 to victimization scales. Significant correlations between different forms of the CTS2 illustrate its construct validity. The psychometric characteristics of CTS2-SP Portuguese version were found to be adequate. The CTS2-SP offers a reliable and valid measure to be used within the Portuguese population.

Reducing the risk of HIV infection during pregnancy among South African women: A randomized controlled trial

Mpumalanga Province, South Africa has one of the highest HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates among pregnant women (~29.4%). This study sought to enhance male involvement in pregnancy to increase HIV disclosure, sexual communication, HIV knowledge and reduce unprotected sex. Participants attending Antenatal Clinics (ANC) completed HIV counseling and testing and were enrolled with male partners (n=239 couples, 478 individuals). Twelve ANCs were randomly assigned to provide a prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) intervention or the standard of care, health education sessions plus PMTCT. Participants were assessed at baseline and post-intervention (approximately 6–8 weeks post-baseline) on demographics, sexual behavior, HIV-related knowledge, and conflict resolution strategies. Experimental participants increased HIV knowledge, use of negotiation, and decreased intimate partner violence. Additionally, they were more likely to have increased condom use from baseline to post-intervention (OR=5.1, 95% CI=[2.0, 13.3]). Seroconversions in the control condition exceeded experimental (6 vs. 0). HIV serostatus disclosure to partner did not increase over time for men or women within the experimental or control condition. Male involvement in pregnancy may be an important strategy to reduce sexual risk behavior and HIV transmission. Results support the utility of group interventions to enhance communication and HIV knowledge among pregnant couples.

Predictors of Parental Communication and Cooperation Among Divorcing Spouses

The present study seeks to identify parental communication and cooperation as predictors of successful co-parenting in Israel during the divorce process. Self-report questionnaires assessing three types of predictors (parent personality characteristics, social and contextual factors and child characteristics) were completed by 123 divorcing mothers and 94 divorcing fathers. Two stepwise hierarchical regressions, one for parental communication and one for cooperation, showed that gender (female) and use of negotiation to resolve conflicts were the major predictors of both. These variables affected co-parenting both independently and in interaction with the personality characteristics of defense mechanism use and optimism. The differential contributions support the hypothesis of communication and cooperation as separate components of successful co-parenting, and the value of studying both. Clinically, these findings may be used to help improve co-parenting during divorce.

Defense mechanisms and negotiation as predictors of co-parenting among divorcing couples

This study examined the individual and joint relationships of mature and immature defense mechanisms and the use of negotiation as a conflict resolution strategy with the co-parenting of divorcing couples. The responses of 71 divorcing couples to the study questionnaires were analyzed using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model. Findings showed that both conscious use of negotiation and unconscious use of mature defense mechanisms for the purpose of conflict resolution were associated with the co-parenting of those parents who possessed these qualities, and that where one parent used mature defense mechanisms, the other participated more in his or her children’s lives and showed more cooperation. Almost all actor effects were forms of increased participation in the children’s lives. The lack of partner effects in the case of immature defense mechanisms and positive use of negotiation was discussed, and clinical implications were presented.

Resolution of parent–child conflicts in the adolescence

The aims of the study were: (1) to examine whether adolescents’ attachment and the perceived quality of the communication with their parents relate to effective resolution of parent–child conflicts and (2) to determine whether the pattern of associations changes with adolescents’ gender and age. The sample consisted of 295 adolescents who filled the questionnaires. Structural Equations Models showed that secure attachment predicted a positive communicative climate, which in turn, predicted a more frequent use of negotiation. Secure attachment was related to the use of withdrawal strategies. Anxious attachment was related to high levels of criticism and disputes with parents, which, in turn, predicted the use of all conflict resolution styles. Avoidant attachment was not related to any of the conflict resolution styles. No differences were found in the pattern of associations by gender and age. The relevance of the findings for the social relational perspective to conflict resolution is discussed.

Objects of amplified context: an interview with artist-teacher Pepón Osorio

The authors recount lessons learned through the experience of interviewing Professor Pepón Osorio about his practice as an artist-teacher-researcher. Central to the authors’ interview method is ‘bead collage’, an arts-informed inquiry process that invites participants to construct and reflect on their experience by manipulating small objects of material culture. This interview methodology facilitated an encounter in which Osorio internally and externally organized his thoughts through the creation of a bead collage. The artefact is a visual testimony of the interview process, his teaching philosophy and his approach to art-making. As a result, the article is a visual and textual construction that unpacks Osorio’s approach and passion as an artist-teacher. The authors conclude that the centrality of stories, use of negotiation and improvisation, knowledge of self and situation, and art as testimony are valuable strategies to articulate when teaching others about meaningful intersections of community, collaboration and art.

Agile professional virtual community inheritance via the adaptation of social protocols

Support for human-to-human interactions over a network is still insufficient, particularly for professional virtual communities (PVC). Among other limitations, adaptation and learning-by-experience capabilities of humans are not taken into account in existing models for collaboration processes in PVC. This paper presents a model for adaptive human collaboration. A key element of this model is the use of negotiation for adaptation of social protocols modelling processes. A second contribution is the proposition of various adaptation propagation strategies as means for continuous management of the PVC inheritance.