Use Of Nano Research Articles

Effect of Nano-fertilizers in Wheat Crop Nutrition: A Review

The use of nano - fertilizers in wheat cultivation represents a promising approach to overcoming some of the inefficiencies and environmental challenges associated with conventional fertilizer practices. Traditional fertilizers often suffer from low nutrient use efficiency, leading to excessive application, nutrient runoff, and environmental harm. Nano fertilizers, due to their nano-scale size and enhanced reactivity, improve nutrient uptake by plants, leading to better growth, higher yields, and reduced nutrient wastage. Studies show that Nano formulations of both macronutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and micronutrients (like zinc and iron) can significantly enhance wheat productivity. Nano fertilizers not only increase crop yield but also reduce the overall cost of fertilizer application by minimizing nutrient loss and improving absorption by the plants.

Expounding the application of nano and micro silica as a complementary additive in metakaolin phosphate geopolymer for ceramic applications—micro and nanoscale structural investigation

Metakaolin phosphate geopolymers comprising poly-phospho-siloxo units are known for their structural performance, additionally advancing their microstructure with the transformation of crystalline berlinite phases at elevated temperatures. The intrinsic reaction of Al of metakaolin in the acid exploited, but the reaction of secondary silica phases is limitedly known. Metakaolin as a primary precursor (M) with the addition of 2% and 5% of nano silica (MS2 and MS5) and micro silica (MM2 and MM5) cast using 8-M phosphoric acid was cured at 80 °C. To enhance the utilization of geopolymer in any high-temperature applications, the structural transformations were studied after heating to various temperatures (200, 400, 600 and 800 °C) by XRD, Raman, TGA-DTA, SEM, XPS, FTIR and MAS-NMR. Sample M attained a strength of 46.2 MPa enhanced to 63.6 MPa in MS5 and 54.2 MPa in MM5. This can be ascribed from the transformation of Si–O–Al–O–Si into Si–O–Al–O–P from Raman bands. Comparing the chemical shift of Al (IV) to control, micro silica addition shifts the signal to a lower field (53 to 50 ppm) related to the increase of the number of Al-connected Si to give a tougher network. Nanoindentation is visualized from hardness and elasticity, and the corresponding values are 1.4 to 2.1 GPa and 0.8 to 1.4 GPa for loads ranging from 20 to 100 mN in silica-reinforced samples that are much higher than M. The micro and macro hardness is due to the reinforcement of quartz in micro silica around the gel. TGA-DTA showed that the reduction of mass loss is as high as 25.4% in control whereas 17.2% in MS5 and 15.8% in the MM5. Further, shrinkage rate in MS5 and MM5 was as low as − 1.1% and − 0.8% throughout the temperature range from 25 to 1000 °C and thus provides the way of use of nano and micro form of silica for better thermal resistance.Graphical

Use of Nano Co-Ni-Mn Composite and Aluminum for Removal of Artificial Anionic Dye Congo Red by Combined System

Use of Nano Co-Ni-Mn Composite and Aluminum for Removal of Artificial Anionic Dye Congo Red by Combined System

High-yield fabrication of monodisperse multilayer nanofibrous microparticles for advanced oral drug delivery applications

Recent advances in the use of nano- and microparticles in drug delivery, cell therapy, and tissue engineering have led to increasing attention towards nanostructured microparticulate formulations for maximum benefit from both nano- and micron sized features. Scalable manufacturing of monodisperse nanostructured microparticles with tunable size, shape, content, and release rate remains a big challenge. Current technology, mainly comprises complex multi-step chemical procedures with limited control over these aspects. Here, we demonstrate a novel technique for high-yield fabrication of monodisperse monolayer and multilayer nanofibrous microparticles (MoNami and MuNaMi respectively). The fabrication procedure includes sequential electrospinning followed by micro-cutting at room temperature and transfer of particles for collection. The big advantage of the introduced technique is the potential to apply several polymer-drug combinations forming multilayer microparticles enjoying extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking architecture with tunable release profile. We demonstrate the fabrication and study the factors affecting the final three-dimensional structure. A model drug is encapsulated into a three-layer sheet (PLGA-pullulan-PLGA), and we demonstrate how the release profile changes from burst to sustain by simply cutting particles out of the electrospun sheet. We believe our fabrication method offers a unique and facile platform for realizing advanced microparticles for oral drug delivery applications.

Enhancing mechanical properties of selectively laser sintered SiC/Si composites printed using electrostatic spraying microspheres with fine particles

The SiC/Si composites were prepared via selective laser sintering (SLS) combined with reactive melt infiltration (RMI) of liquid Si, using fine SiC particles with original particle sizes of 0.05, 0.8 and 5 μm. A novel electrostatic spraying combined with phase inversion (ES-PI) method was developed to assemble SiC particles into spherical powders (40–60 μm in diameter) before SLS, enabling SiC with excellent flowability. Commercial coarse SiC microparticles (∼40 μm) were also adopted to prepare the SiC/Si reference composite for comparison. Then the effects of the fine original particle sizes of SiC on the microstructures, as well as mechanical performance of composites were studied. Compared to commercial SiC microparticles, the ES-PI SiC microspheres show superior sphericity and fluidity but a relatively high porosity. However, the pores in ES-PI SiC microspheres, which are potentially detrimental to mechanical properties of composites, will be totally filled and eliminated in the SiC/Si composites after RMI. The mechanical performance of the SiC/Si composites printed using the fine nano (0.05 μm) and submicron (0.8 μm) original particles was effectively improved than the reference composite. When printed using the ES-PI SiC microspheres with 0.05 μm original particles, the flexural strength of the SiC/Si composite was enhanced by 25 %. This is attributed to the cracks deflection as well as the fracture mode transition from transgranular to intergranular rupture by the use of nano- or submicro-sized original SiC particles. This work provides an effective solution for preparing high strength SiC/Si composites with fine nano- or submirco particle sizes for space-based lightweight optical mirror using SLS.

Treatment of Saline Irrigation Water Using a Sulfate-Reducing Bioreactor Coupled with an Iron-Based Desalination Reactor

Recent advances in alternative water desalination technologies have become increasingly common, due in part to expanding water scarcity and the ability to deliver usable water without the high energy cost and advanced infrastructure required of traditional desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO). One such emerging technology is iron-based desalination or the use of nano- (or micron-sized) metals (principally iron) to desalinate water. In this study, iron-based desalination was coupled with passive sulfate reduction technology (SRB) to partially treat saline irrigation water similar in composition to that encountered in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Water scarcity, especially in the southwestern United States, is driving an effort to identify and use less expensive but effective desalination methods to allow the use of saline groundwater, seawater, and impounded saline agricultural drainage and runoff for crop growth. The system described here used a synthetic water mimicking a typical saline irrigation water; this was then routed through a sulfate-reducing bioreactor to remove the sulfate prior to entry into an N-ZVM reactor for removal of Na and Cl. Sulfate at high concentrations can inhibit Na and Cl removal in N-ZVM reactors. The results showed that the sulfate was reduced from 2500 mg/L to less than 250 mg/L in the bioreactor, which allowed the N-ZVM to reduce the Na and Cl by 50%. This allowed the conductivity to decrease from 9.2 mS to about 5 mS. Synthetic irrigation water without sulfate removal was only desalinated by about 10%. The observed change in conductivity, sodium, and chloride content allowed the discharged water to be used for irrigation of many field crops and some vegetables. This paper provides reactor development, manufacture, and performance information including recommendations for continued performance increases.

Improving the combustion and emission performance of a diesel engine powered with mahua biodiesel and TiO2 nanoparticles additive

The dwindling air quality and diminishing fossil fuel reserves have led to an increase in the need for alternative sources of fuel. Biodiesel derived from animal/plant sources seems to be an attractive substitution. However, there are some shortcomings of biodiesel like lower thermal efficiency, poor atomization, inferior heating value, and higher molecular mass. One of the probable novel ways to address this lacuna is by the use of nano based biodiesel in IC engine. The present study performs an endeavor to improve the performance and emulsion qualities of biodiesel generated from mahua oil by employing Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as an additive. All trials were conducted in a diesel-powered engine at varying load levels with different test fuel such as diesel fuel, blended biodiesel (80 % diesel + 20 % mahua biodiesel), and nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel (80 % diesel + 20 % mahua biodiesel – 200 mg/L TiO2). When compared to diesel mode, the average CO emission reduction for blended biodiesel and nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel is 37.42 % and 46.54 %, respectively. In comparison to diesel mode, the average reduction in HC emission is 22.54 % for the blended biodiesel and 28.4 % for the nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel, respectively. When compared to diesel mode, the average reduction in NOx emission is 4 % and 2.3 % for the blended biodiesel and nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel, respectively.

Numerical study of thermal performance of yield stress rheological liquid under suspension of hybrid nanostructures: The finite element approach

Enhancement of heat transfer employing nanofluids, studied numerically, observed profound effects in thermophysical and theological properties used in various applications such as avionics, laser diode, rocket nozzels and microelectronics. In this paper, the influence of thermal radiations and hybrid nanoparticles on free convection flow and heat transfer of Casson hybrid nanofluid over vertical plate is investigated. A mixture of pure water and ethylene glycol has been considered as a base Casson fluid while Copper oxide ([Formula: see text]) as nanofluid (single kind) and, Copper oxide ([Formula: see text]) and Silicon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) (double kind known as hybrid nanofluid) are disseminated in base Casson fluid mixture to be formed as hybrid nanofluid. The governing system of partial differential equations of the flow and heat transfer processes is converted to a system of well-posed coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using the similarity transformations. The resulting system is solved using the Galerkin finite element (GFE) technique. The quadratic Lagrange polynomials are used as basis functions over the mesh of about 1000 to 2000 finite elements and the nonlinear system of order 6003 and upto 12003 is solved. The accuracy of developed numerical methods is confirmed by comparing their results with convection flow and heat transfer with nanoparticles. Thereafter, the said solutions are used to investigate the effects of thermal radiation, hybrid nanoparticle volume friction, Prandtl number, type of flow and heat transfer behavior. The innovative results of the present study reported higher velocities in suspensions with low sphericity particles and the radiation parameter is directly proportional to the temperature with the use of nano and hybrid nanoparticles. It has also been noted that the GFE method is a more stable numerical technique as compared with other existing analytic and semi-analytical methods.

Review on Hybrid Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites with Nanocellulose, Nanomaterials, and Other Fibers.

The use of composite materials has seen many new innovations for a large variety of applications. The area of reinforcement in composites is also rapidly evolving with many new discoveries, including the use of hybrid fibers, sustainable materials, and nanocellulose. In this review, studies on hybrid fiber reinforcement, the use of nanocellulose, the use of nanocellulose in hybrid forms, the use of nanocellulose with other nanomaterials, the applications of these materials, and finally, the challenges and opportunities (including safety issues) of their use are thoroughly discussed. This review will point out new prospects for the composite materials world, enabling the use of nano- and micron-sized materials together and creating value-added products at the industrial scale. Furthermore, the use of hybrid structures consisting of two different nano-materials creates many novel solutions for applications in electronics and sensors.

Cellular Contact Guidance on Liquid Crystalline Networks with Anisotropic Roughness.

Cell contact guidance is widely employed to manipulate cell alignment and differentiation in vitro. The use of nano- or micro-patterned substrates allows efficient control of cell organization, thus opening up to biological models that cannot be reproduced spontaneously on standard culture dishes. In this paper, we explore the concept of cell contact guidance by Liquid Crystalline Networks (LCNs) presenting different surface topographies obtained by self-assembly of the monomeric mixture. The materials are prepared by photopolymerization of a low amount of diacrylate monomer dissolved in a liquid crystalline solvent, not participating in the reaction. The alignment of the liquid crystals, obtained before polymerization, determines the scaffold morphology, characterized by a nanometric structure. Such materials are able to drive the organization of different cell lines, e.g., fibroblasts and myoblasts, allowing for the alignment of single cells or high-density cell cultures. These results demonstrate the capabilities of rough surfaces prepared from the spontaneous assembly of liquid crystals to control biological models without the need of lithographic patterning or complex fabrication procedures. Interestingly, during myoblast differentiation, also myotube structuring in linear arrays is observed along the LCN fiber orientation. The implementation of this technology will open up to the formation of muscular tissue with well-aligned fibers in vitro mimicking the structure of native tissues.

Применение нано- и ультрадисперсных материалов для управления структурой и свойствами металлов в соединительных технологиях: мировая практика (обзор)

The paper presents an overview of the use of nano- and ultrafine powders as functional additives in various methods of arc welding (fusion surfacing). Methods for introducing nano- and ultrafine powders into a liquid weld pool are considered. The results of experimental studies of soldering processes are presented. The objectives of further research in the field of practical application of nano- and ultradisperse materials for connecting technologies are formulated.

Effect of Combined Application of Non–Nano and Nano Fertilizers on the Growth, Yield and Oil Content of Sunflower under Semi-arid Conditions

Field experiment was conducted at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad during early summer season in 2021 and 2022 to study the “Effect of integrated use of Nano and Non–Nano fertilizers on the growth and yield of sunflower under semi-arid conditions”. The experiment was carried out using randomized block design with 3 replications and comprised of 12 treatments. The averages of all study indicators were compared according to L.S.D test at a probability level of 0.05. Results revealed that application of conventional fertilizers as per recommended dose (75:90:30 kg/ha) along with foliar application of nano (19:19:19) N P K at 0.2% at 30 DAS and 60 DAS + nano boron at 0.2 % at ray floret opening stage (T7) recorded highest plant height (195,197 and196 cm), number of leaves (27.43, 28.12 and 27.78), leaf area (7632, 7665 and 7649 cm2 plant-1), leaf area index (LAI) (4.24 4.25 and 4.25), and dry matter production (98.96, 97.64 and 98.30 g/plant) at 90 DAS in both the years and on mean basis. However, treatment T7 was statistically on par with the treatment T9 - Conventional fertilizers 50% as per recommended dose + nano (19:19:19) N P K at 0.2% as foliar spray at 30 DAS and 60 DAS and nano boron at ray floret opening stage. Seed yield (1961,1915 and 1938 kg/ha), stalk yield (4193, 3918 and 4055 kg/ha) were also significantly influenced during both the years respectively with the treatment (T7) was statistically on par with the treatment T9. Lowest seed yield (758, 710 and 734 kg/ ha) and stalk yield (1684, 1702 and 1693 kg/ ha) and oil content (40.73 %, 39.67% & 40.20) was recorded with the control in both the years and on mean basis.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE ON TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GREASE

The article discusses the problem of using hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a grease additive. The literature on the subject was analysed in terms of greases into which hexagonal boron nitride was added. Particular attention was paid to the nano h-BN, due to the topicality of this topic and the potential of nano-additives to lubricants noted in published scientific studies. It was found that in order to indicate the regularities describing the tribological interaction of hexagonal boron nitride, detailed studies and an analysis of its properties are required. The important factors determining the application of this additive include particle size distribution, morphology, specific surface area, and porosity. The mentioned properties were determined for four samples of hexagonal boron nitride, which were also objects of tribological experiments. For this purpose, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and XRD method were used, and low-temperature adsorption isotherms were determined. The research on the influence of h-BN on the lubricity properties of lithium grease was carried out on a four-ball apparatus. Possible mechanisms of interaction of different types of h-BN in the friction zone were identified using the information collected on their important properties. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the use of nano h-BN in the discussed context seems promising. Article published in connection with the Autumn Tribological School.

Photocatalytic behavior of NiO nanoparticles towards photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol

The use of pharmaceuticals and their related compound increases tremendously during the last few decades. The presence of pharmaceutical residue in the water body creating serious environmental threat. The presence of pharmaceuticals component in water bodies generate different kind disease in human beings and in animals. Pharmaceutical components reach in to the water bodies from different sources. The nano sized materials gain lots of popularity in the last few decades due to their tremendous field of applications. The nano sized material special inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles show different field of application. In the last few years the use of nano sized metal oxide nanoparticles as Photocatalyst in the treatment water contaminated by the dye, pesticides and pharmaceuticals gain more polarity. NiO nanoparticles are one of the most prominent inorganic metal oxide particles and they have very wide range of application due to their unique physical and morphological properties. In the present paper we are trying to propose the elaborate role of NiO nanoparticles as photocatalysts in the photodegradation of pharmaceutical products.

EFEK PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG JERINGAU TERHADAP GAMBARAN MORFOHISTOLOGI GINJAL TIKUS PASCA INDUKSI NATRIUM NITRIT

<p class="abstrak">Long-term use of NaNO<sub>2</sub> in food preservatives causes a variety of health problems, particularly for kidney function. Natural antioxidants that can reduce the effects of free radicals are required to prevent these effects. The sweet flag plant is a medicinal plant with high antioxidant potential. This study aims to determine the effect of sweet flag rhizome extract (SFRE) on the morphology and histology of the kidneys of white rats induced by NaNO<sub>2</sub>. This study used 25rats with 5 groups. Negative control was given CMC0,5% for 40 days, positive control was given NaNO2. dose of 50 mg/kgBW on days 1-30 and CMC0.5% on days 16-40, treatment groups 1, 2 and 3 were given NaNO<sub>2</sub> Dosage of 50 mg/kgBW on days 1-15, on days 16-30 was given NaNO2 Dosage of 50 mg/kg BW+SFRE, on days 31-40 only given SFRE in graded doses (T1=250,T2=500, and T3=750 mg/kgBW). The results obtained include SFRE has no effect on kidney morphology. However, SFRE affects the diameter of the distal and proximal tubules with both tubules getting Pvalue=0.000. SFRE had an effect on the score of histological damage with Pvalue=0.017. The safe and optimal dose of SFRE to improve renal histology is a dose of 250 mg/kg BW.</p>

Efficient Adsorptive Performance of Graphene Oxide by Nano Clay

Research regarding the use of Nano clay to remove toxic GO (Graphene oxide) from wastewater was limited. Through a variety of characterization techniques and methods, the adsorption performance and mechanism of Nano clay for GO were systematically studied. The related effects of solution pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, and GO concentration were studied in detail. The results show that the aggregation and deposition of GO on Nano clay depends on the pH value of the solution and the type and concentration of the electrolyte, and the isotherm data fits well with the Langmuir equation. Under the best conditions (pH=3.0), the maximum removal rate is 97.8% (C0=60 mg·L-1), and the adsorption capacity is 245.8 mg.g-1 (C0=80 mg.L-1, T=303K, equilibrium time=24 h, m=10 mg). Specifically, the dissolution of Nano clay at a relatively low pH or a high pH value helps the aggregation of GO. The results of this study provide key information for predicting the fate of GO in the land-water transition zone where Nano clay exists.

Investigation of the synergistic effect of TiO2 nanofluid and biomaterials derived from three bacteria in various culture media: Implications for enhanced oil recovery

Recently, nanofluids and microorganisms -as environmentally friendly agents- have indicated superb potential in the enhanced oil recovery process. Herein, the interface properties of nanofluid and rock surfaces were surveyed by a synergistic combination of nano and biomaterials. The stability of the synthesized TiO2 nanofluid with the aid of steric and electrostatic methods (at 25 and 80 °C) was studied by sedimentation tests, particle size distribution, and zeta potential analysis. The growth rate of bioproducts from three bacteria (Acinetobacter, Bacillus, and Klebsiella) in different carbon sources was optimized. The high stability of nanofluid was achieved by the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant and pH = 8 for 30-day at temperatures of 25 °C and 80 °C as the base fluid. The optimal growth media for bacteria is a 3-day incubation at 37 °C in a shaking incubator with whey as the carbon source. Finally, the simultaneous use of nano (0.005 wt%) and biomaterials (0.01 wt%) showed the highest wettability alteration, transforming it from strongly oil-wet to water-wet at an optimal concentration of materials. Overall, the findings of this study can help to reduce environmental concerns and operating expenses.

On the Development of New Forensic Tools for Detection of Human Skin Prints

The article reviews the main physical and physicochemical factors influencing the three-component system “fingerprint powder – prints bearing surface – sweat and grease print substance”. The authors propose new model compositions of fingerprint powders considering the reviewed common patterns: non-magnetic and luminescent magnetic. The features of prints bearing surfaces and developed fingerprint powders have been evaluated by applying electronic microscopy methods (scanning and probe microscopy). The authors have proven that the use of nano- and ultra disperse materials in the developed compositions (carbon nanotubes and shungite) enables to vary the sorption and adhesive capacity of fingerprint powders, which allows detecting fingerprints on varying surfaces with high selectivity toward the sweat and grease print substance and contrasting effect.

Stabilization of the Surface of ZnO Films and Elimination of the Aging Effect.

Zinc oxide is a promising multifunctional material. The practical use of nano- and polycrystalline ZnO devices faces a serious problem of instability of electrical and luminescent characteristics, due to the adsorption of oxygen by the surface during aging. In this paper, the aging effect in ZnO films and nanorod arrays was studied. It was found that ZnO samples demonstrate different behavior of the degradation process, which corresponds to at least two different types of adsorbing surface sites for O2, where O2 adsorption is of a different nature. The first type of surface sites is rapidly depassivated after hydrogen passivation and the aging effect takes place due to these centers. The second type of surface sites has a stable structure after hydrogen passivation and corresponds to HO–ZnO sites. The XPS components of these sites include the Zn2p3/2 peak at 1022.2 ± 0.2 eV and Zn2p1/2 peak at 1045.2 ± 0.2 eV, with a part of the XPS O1s peak at 531.5 ± 0.3 eV. The annealing transforms the first type of site into the second one, and the subsequent short-term plasma treatment in hydrogen results in steady passivation, where the degradation of characteristics is practically reduced to zero.

Alleviation the effects of salinity stress using titanium dioxide nano and bulk particles in Echinacea seeds and seedlings

This study aimed to investigate the effect of nanoparticles and non-nanoparticles of titanium dioxide on germination indices of Echinacea under salinity stress. Experimental treatments included nano and bulk particles of titanium dioxide at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, 100 and 150 mg/l and salinity stress from NaCl at levels of 0, -3, -6 and -9 bar. The results showed that Echinacea is sensitive to high salinity stress levels (-6 and -9 bar). The use of nano and non-nano titanium dioxide treatment improved some traits under severe salinity stress. The germination percentage did not occur at salinity levels of -6 and -9 bar, but the addition of nano titanium dioxide with a concentration of 150 mg/l and 50 mg/l non-nano increased germination by 50.6%. Application of nano titanium dioxide increased the seedling weight in control by 1.28 mg to 4.26 mg in the treatment of 150 mg/l nanoparticles. The application of nano and bulk titanium dioxide could significantly reduce the negative effect of high salinity stress levels. This can be a valuable and hopeful solution to solve the problem of salinity stress in Echinacea.