Use Of NAA Research Articles

Optimization of the in-vitro culture protocol of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncata

This study was conducted to optimize the in vitro culture of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncate. The full and half concentration of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg (B5) after the disinfection of the explants was used to determine the suitable medium culture. The effect of the different concentrations of 6-benzyl aminopurine (BA) and Kinetin (Kin) (0, 1, 2, 3 and 6 mg/L) was investigated on the percentage of regeneration, callus formation and the number of seedlings regenerated. The different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L) were used to investigate the seedlings rooting. Finally, the cocopeat + perlite, the sand +perlite and the vermicolit +perlite substrates were studied to determine the suitable substrate for compatibility. The results show that the use of MS culture medium at complete concentration was more successful than the other treatments and increased the regeneration and seedling percentage in both species. Also, the use of BA at a concentration of 1 mg/L (H. truncata var. truncate) and at a concentration of 3 mg/L (H. viscosa) increased the percentage of regeneration and the number of regenerated seedlings significantly and the regenerated seedlings had a very good quality. The rooting of seedlings in both studied species was the highest at 1 mg/L IBA. The use of NAA in the culture medium produced roots that stuck together and were fragile in some cases, which was not suitable for the compatibility. By comparing different substrates, it was found that the use of cocopeat + perlite increased the seedling compatibility percentage to more than 95% in both species.

Effect of Growth Regulators In in vitro Propagation of Ixora spp.: An Short Review

Various factors that affect culture establishment, shoot growth, proliferation, and rooting of Ixora were discussed in this article. A stem segment with a node from Ixora coccinea was best suited as an explant. Micropropogation of Ixora involves culturing shoot tips on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinin. The use of cytokinin alone had a low effect on the shoot morphogenesis of Ixora. The results showed that a lot of calli be induced in MS medium with 2,4-D (2.0 mg/l), increased shoots, and a little callus were induced in medium MS with BA (1.0 mg/l) and NAA (0.2 mg/l). It also indicated that axillary buds of Ixora treated with NAA and IBA, using any substrate as support, allowed reaching optimal morphology development, ensuring the survival and rooting of the plants in 100%. The use of NAA encourages the initiation of the root and the number and length of roots after 25 days of culture. The basal application of auxin to the cuttings of treated shoots improves rooting. By sequential reculturing and subculturing, 15-20 usable shoots (more than 1cm length) could be produced from the 2-node shoot segments after 12–15 weeks of culture. Microcuttings taken from In vitro proliferated shoots were rooted on a half-strength MS medium containing NAA, IBA, and IAA (0.1–0.5 mg/l). 90% of the plantlets can be established under the conditions when transferred to a specially made plastic tray containing coco-peat as a potting mix.

Anatomy and photosystem II activity of in vitro grown Aechmea blanchetiana as affected by 1-naphthaleneacetic acid

Auxins are one of the main regulators of in vitro plant growth and development. However, the mechanisms, by which auxins, such as 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), affect in vitro root and leaf anatomy and photosystem function, remain unclear. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of different NAA concentrations on the anatomy and photosynthetic performance of in vitro-propagated Aechmea blanchetiana and to determine whether such a treatment affects micropropagated plants after acclimatization. In vitro-established A. blanchetiana plants were transferred to culture media that contained 0, 2, 4, or 6 μM NAA, and after 50 d, they were transplanted into plastic seedling trays with a commercial substrate and cultivated for 60 d in a greenhouse. The plants were evaluated after a 50-d in vitro NAA exposure (growth traits, chlorophyll α fluorescence, and root and leaf anatomy) and after 60 d of acclimatization in the greenhouse (root and leaf growth). Changes induced by NAA in root anatomy might improve uptake of minerals and sugars from the medium, thereby increasing the in vitro growth. In the leaves, the lowest chlorenchyma thickness and sclerenchyma area were observed in plants grown without NAA, and NAA exposure also improved photosystem II activity. The highest ex vitro growth rate was observed for plants that were propagated with 4 μM NAA. Therefore, the use of NAA during in vitro propagation can improve the anatomical and physiological quality of A. blanchetiana plants, as well as to improve ex vitro transfer.

Perancangan Aplikasi Untuk Memprediksi Seseorang Menderita Penyakit Hipertensi Menggunakan Data Mining

Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit gangguan pada pembuluh darah. Di Indonesia, penderita penyakit hipertensi mengalami peningkatan sebesar 3,6% setiap tahunnya. Terjadinya peningkatan hipertensi dikarenakan oleh kurang pedulinya masyarakat akan kesehatan, serta karena kurangnya waktu untuk melakukan konsultasi kepada dokter ahli atau pakar. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini (1) Data yang diperoleh dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi seseorang menderita hipertensi. (2) Aplikasi yang dibuat mudah untuk digunakan dan memiliki akurasi yang tinggi untuk memprediksi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan data mining dengan metode klasifikasi Naïve Bayes Clasification yang merupakan pengklasifikasian dengan metode probabilitas dan statistik. Dalam pengumpulan data yang dibutuhkan untuk Data Mining dengan cara memberikan kuesioner kepada pasien yang berkunjung ke rumah sakit X selama 3 minggu dengan atribut yaitu usia, jenis kelamin, berat badan, tinggi badan, perokok, jenis rokok, jumlah rokok, konsumsi minuman beralkohol, aktifitas fisik, jumlah jam tidur, konsumsi daging, konsumsi sayuran, kadar garam, riwayat hipertensi ayah, riwayat hipertensi ibu. Kesimpulan (1) Dengan menggunakan Data Mining pasien dapat langsung mengetahui apakah pasien tersebut menderita hipertensi berdasarkan pola hidup yang dimilikinya. (2) Aplikasi yang telah dibangun dapat digunakan karena memiliki akurasi yang cukup tinggi sebesar 88% serta memiliki sensitivitas sebesar 77%, spesifitas 96%. (3) Penggunaan naïve bayes untuk memprediksi seseorang menderita penyakit hipertensi dapat digunakan karena memiliki akurasi yang tinggi sebesar 88%.

Effect of various cytokinins and auxins on in vitro regeneration of plantlets from isolated bud clumps of Silk Banana var. Nanjanagud Rasabale (Musa AAB)

Separated bud clumps of Silk Banana containing single and double buds were transferred on media containing six different cytokinins at three different levels and the proliferation capacity was determined. Proliferation, though occurred in single bud explants, the rate of multiplication was lower when compared with double bud explants, irrespective of the type of cytokinin used. Maximum shoot proliferation was observed in explants cultured on media supplemented with thidiazuron and 2-isopentenyl adenine (2-iP), and was significantly superior when combined with kinetin and BAP. Meta-topolin though reported to be highly efficient in improving multiplication in other banana varieties, no appreciable response was observed during present investigation. Use of NAA (2 mg l−1) was found to promote rooting process with superior root induction parameters and survival.

Morfogênese de plantas de alho in vitro: papel dos reguladores de crescimento na indução e desenvolvimento de bulbos

Protocolos eficientes de crescimento de ápices caulinares de alho (Allium sativum L.) e posterior bulbificação in vitro são importantes para limpeza clonal e manutenção da fidelidade genética. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de tipos e concentrações de reguladores de crescimento sobre a morfogênese de plantas de alho in vitro. Ápices caulinares com até dois primórdios foram excisados de bulbilhos de alho da cv. 'Jonas' e submetidos ao cultivo in vitro em meio de cultura suplementado de ácido indolacético (0; 1,07; 2,69 e 5,37µM), ácido indolbutírico (0; 0,49; 0,98 e 2,46µM), ácido naftalenoacético (0; 1,07; 2,69 e 5,37µM), ácido jasmônico (0; 1,0; 5,0 e 10,0µM) e ácido abscísico (0; 0,38; 1,89; e 3,78µM). A concentração de 1,07µM de ácido naftalenoacético aplicado ao meio de cultura promoveu incrementos na maioria das variáveis analisadas. O ácido jasmônico induziu a formação de bulbos de alho in vitro, embora tenha apresentado performance inferior ao verificado com o uso de ANA. Por outro lado, a adição de ácido abscísico no meio de cultura inibiu o crescimento de plantas, porém, não impediu a formação de bulbos, sobretudo em concentrações reduzidas. De um modo geral, as variáveis número de bulbos e porcentagem de bulbificação diminuiram com o uso de concentrações elevadas dos reguladores de crescimento testados. Entre os reguladores de crescimento de plantas, o ANA apresenta maior efeito na morfogênese in vitro de plantas de alho, entretanto, o ácido jasmônico e o ABA também apresentam potencial para induzir a formação de bulbos de alho in vitro como o ANA.

Effect of Auxins on Clonal Propagation of Gluta Travancorica Bedd. – An Endemic tree of Southern Western Ghats

The present study is Gluta travancorica Bedd. (Anacardiaceae) on different aged stems for initiating roots by treating with IAA, IBA and NAA, at concentrations of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm had resulted in rooting of juvenile stem cuttings from1-2 year old plants. The highest rooting of 75% achieved with the use of NAA 1000 ppm from juvenile stem cuttings indicated that juvenility along with the type of auxin were critical for the successful conventional clonal propagation of the species. Thus, the clonal propagation through juvenile stem cuttings of G. travancorica is recommended as a promising method for multiplication, conservation and management of this timber resource.

Clonal propagation of Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. - A critically endangered medicinal plant of Western Ghats

Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr., a critically endangered medicinal plant of Western Ghats, is a potential substitute for Berberis chitria because of its berberine content. The destructive harvest of the plant for both stem and root has resulted the paucity of reproductive individuals in their distributional range and subsequent arrest of natural regeneration. The present study is therefore conducted to raise clonal genetic stock of the species by inducing rooting in different aged stem cuttings and through air layering using auxins such as IAA, IBA and NAA with concentrations ranging from 250-2000 ppm. The juvenile plants of 2-3 year old has resulted a maximum stem rooting of 60% and air layering success to 90% by the use of NAA at 1000 ppm. The clonal propagation methods standardized in C. fenestratum is a first report of its kind and could be an ideal propagation technique for the mass multiplication that will lead to conservation and sustainable utilization of this rare species.

Neutron activation analysis in the geosciences: Lost territory, or New Deal?

NAA was the first technique to facilitate extensive studies of trace elements in the geosphere. Since the first applications around 1950 a rapid development was observed during the following years due to improvements in radiochemistry, detectors, and electronics, which reached a maximum in the early 1970s with the studies of lunar rocks. Since then the use of NAA in the geosciences has gradually lost momentum, not only due to the fact that new analytical techniques have emerged but also because some of the knowledge acquired during the “golden years” may appear to have been forgotten. In the present paper some important milestones in geochemical analyses by NAA are reviewed, recent trends are discussed, and some priorities for future work are suggested.

Challenges for INAA in Studies of Materials from Advanced Material Research Including Rare Earth Concentrates and Carbon Based Ceramics

Rare-earth elements are increasingly applied in advanced materials to be used, e.g., in electronic industry, automobile catalysts, or lamps and optical devices. Trace element analysis of these materials might be an interesting niche for NAA because of the intrinsic high accuracy of this technique, and the shortage of matrix matching reference materials with other methods for elemental analysis. The carbon composite materials form another category of advanced materials, where sometimes a very high degree of purity is required. Also for these materials, NAA has favorable analytical characteristics. Examples are given of the use of NAA in the analysis of both categories of materials.

THE STORAGE QUALITY OF APPLES AFTER FRUITLETS THINNING

Thinning is one of the most important practices performed in modern orchards in order to improve apple quality. The literature concerning the influence of thinning on apple quality at harvest is voluminous. However, the information concerning the storage quality of these apples is very sparse. During 20 years lasting experience with fruitlets thinning we noticed that storage quality of apples depended on the time and effectiveness of thinning, kind and concentration of chemicals used as well as on apple cultivar and year of trial. The mineral content, flesh firmness, soluble solids content and physiological disorders after hand thinning and chemical thinning by use of NAA, urea alone or in mixtures with NAA, BA and CPPU on different apple cvs. were determined. Generally, it was found that hand thinning performed after June drop (at the end of June) often increased firmness and sugar content but could also increase bitter pit incidence in storage. Thinning by applying NAA soon after bloom didn't change Ca content and storage quality. The mineral content and storage quality of apples after use of urea depended mainly on its concentration and cultivar to which it was applied. BA often increased firmness and soluble solids content during storage and decreased rotting and shrivelling of apples. However, it increased brown core incidence. The influence of CPPU on storage quality depended on the concentration and time of thinner application and on the apple cultivar.

Self-reactive antibodies (natural autoantibodies) in healthy individuals

Antibodies that are present in the serum of healthy individuals in the absence of deliberate immunization with any antigen, are refered to as natural antibodies. A vast majority of natural antibodies react with one or more self antigens and are termed as natural autoantibodies. The importance of natural autoantibodies in immune regulation has long been neglected, since tolerance to self was thought to be primarily dependent on the deletion of autoreactive clones, rather than on peripheral suppressive mechanisms. Clonal deletion and energy cannot account, however, for the prevalence of natural autoreactivity among healthy individuals. It is now well established that autoreactive antibodies and B cells, and autoreactive T cells, are present in healthy individuals, and in virtually all vertebrate species. Autoreactive repertoires are predominantly selected early in ontogeny. Questions pertaining to the role of natural antibodies in the regulation of the immune response and maintenace of immune homeostasis and to the distinction between natural autoreactivity and pathological autoimmunity have not been adequately addressed. Here, we focus on the current knowledge on the physicochemical and functional properties of NAA in man, and the use of NAA for therapeutic intervention.

Extending Potted Bougainvillea Post-production: NAA, STS, and Ethanol

The effect of NAA [16.5 mg/L or 500 mg/L sprayed once at end-of-production from two different sources: wettable powder (Fruitone) and sodium hydroxide solution (Sigma)], STS (0.5 mM sprayed once at end-of-production and 0.4 mM sprayed every 15 days after bracts started to be apparent) and ethanol 50% (v/v) solution, sprayed twice: at end-of-production and immediately after simulated transport) were tested using two types of completely randomized experiments. At the end-of-production plants were placed for 3 days under simulated transport conditions (171°C, no light) and then placed under interior conditions (211°C and 11 mol·s–1·m–2 of cool-white fluorescent light 12 h/day). Every other day during post-production the number of bracts not completely developed (ED), as well as the number of completely (CD) developed, bracts remaining in the plants were assessed. Among the post-production treatments tested, NAA (500 mg/L) and STS (applications every 15 days during production) + NAA (16.5 mg/L) were the most-efficient treatments. Ethanol and STS (one single application) did not control bract abscission efficiently and did not increase plant longevity. Plants treated with NAA abscise more not completely develop bracts than completely developed bracts. Use of NAA in potted bougainvillea requires fully developed bracts at end-of-production.

Precision analysis of Nb−Ti ratio in a superconducting alloy by NAA-PIXE combined technique

A NAA-PIXE combined analysis has been applied to the precise measurement of the concentrations of Nb and Ti in Nb−Ti alloy ingot. The ingot is used in the production of superconductors and the concentration should be controlled very strictly. The ingot cross section could be analyzed with an accuracy of better than 1% by the use of NAA for the preparation of standard samples and PIXE for the nondestructive rapid scan of the surface. The radial and azimuthal concentration profiles of the ingot could be obtained.

Effect of cytokinins and auxins on the growth of free-living conchocelis ofPorphyra yezoensis

IAA 3-Indolylacetic acid, NAA a-Naphthylacetic acid and cytokinins in PESI culture medium were used in a study on the effects of plant hormones on the growth of free-living conchocelis ofPorphyra yezoensis which showed that its growth in medium with cytokinins, IAA and NAA was more rapid than that in medium with non—phytohormones; that the optimal concentrations for promoting growth were 10 μg/L for IAA and ZA (Zeatin), and 0.1 μg/L for BA 6-Benzyl amino purine and KIN 6-Furfurylamino- purine. Mix use of NAA, IAA and cytokinins, NAA/ZA 1–1000/1 μg/L, NAA/BA 10/1-1000 μg/L, NAA/KIN 1/1-1000 μg/L promoted growth. IAA/ZA 0.1-1/0.1-1 μg/L; IAA/BA 0.1-1/0.1-10 μg/L IAA/KIN 1/0.1-1000 μg/L also promoted growth.

Pre-irradiation separations for the ultratrace elemental characterisation of high purity materials by NAA

Ion-exchange and solvent extraction procedures that can enable the use of NAA for the determination of trace elements from gallium matrix, using pre-irradiation separations are discussed. Matrix separation coefficients of the order of 103–106 are obtained.

EVIDENCE FOR REDUCTION OF ABSCISSION IN 'MCINTOSH' APPLE FRUITS AND FOR ENHANCING THE RIPENING AND COLOR UNIFORMITY BY LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE

We have demonstrated that postharvest treatment of McIntosh apple fruits with Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) delays the loss of firmness. In the present study, McIntosh apples were preharvest treated by hand spray to the run off point. Fruits were sprayed on August 28, 1991 and harvested two weeks later. One half of the tree was sprayed with LPE (100 ppm) and the other half was the control. Three trees were used in this study. Periodical samples for starch test, internal CO2 and ethylene, total soluble solids and evolved CO2 and ethylene were taken to monitor the progress of ripening. At harvest, on average, LPE treated apples abscised 26% while the control trees abscised 55%. LPE treated apples colored earlier and had more uniform and intense color than the control. In a related study, we have found the LPE can delay senescence of tomato leaf and fruit tissues. The delay of the abscission of apples by LPE, found in the present study, might be due to the effect of LPE on delaying senescence of cells in abscission zone of apple fruit pedicle. These results suggest that LPE has the potential to substitute for the use of NAA on apples before harvest and at the same time LPE can improve color uniformity and density of McIntosh apples.

A comparative study of effects of nutrient media and cultural conditions on shoot multiplication ofin-vitrocultures ofCamellia japonicaexplants

SummaryShoot cultures of Camellia japonica L. seedlings and C. japonica ‘Alba plena’ were established in vitro using shoot-tip explants from 4–5 month old plants, and shoot apices and nodal segments were obtained from rooted cuttings of mature trees. The effects of six macroelement formulae on the multiplication and elongation rates of juvenile camellia cultures were studied. The Murashige and Skoog medium containing BAP and kinetin supported the highest growth rates in cultures. The initiation of Camellia ‘Alba plena’ only occurred using the Heller plus 1 mM (NH4)2SO4 macronutrient formulae containing BAP and NAA. The MS medium proved to be toxic for the initiation of mature camellias. The addition of IAA (0.1 mg l−1) and AS (20 mg l−1), alone or in combination, to the basal medium improved neither the multiplication rate nor the general appearance of juvenile camellia cultures. Incubation of cultures in 12 or 18 h of daylight did not affect the general development of the cultures. The use of NAA (0.1 mg...

Use of NAA to inhibit sprouting in sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas)

AbstractSweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas L (Lam) cv LO 323) were treated with naphthaleneacetic acid, and during storage at 25°C per cent sprouting and per cent weight loss were measured. Naphthaleneacetic acid was applied either under reduced pressure as a 1 g litre−1 solution containing wetting agent or as a dust of 1, 10 or 100 mg per gram of talc. Application of naphthaleneacetic acid by either method reduced sprouting by more than 50% during a storage period of at least 40 days, with the exception of the 1 mg naphthaleneacetic acid per gram of talc which reduced sprouting by 29%. Treatments that significantly reduced sprouting increased water loss. A mechanism for the control of sprouting is proposed.

A preliminary study of impurities and defects in Si-MBE layers

There are few reports of systematic study of impurities and defects in Si epilayers grown by MBE. For Si-MBE technology to advance to production statu, there is an urgent need for an assessment of the impurity levels and extended and point defects in the epilayers, and the development of tchniques to reduce these to acceptable levels for discrete device and VLSI compatibility. We have embarked on a programme which addresses these areas and have made use of NAA, DLTS and SIMS. The possible sources of contamination (especially metallic) and their investigation will be discussed. Various methods for reducing extended defect densities have also been tried. These include the use of diffirent chemical pre-cleans, and in situ Si flux cleaning. We have also carried out studies on the use of a tightly collimated Si beam for deposition in an attempt to reduce particulate contamination levels in the layers.