Use Of Motion Compensation Research Articles

Dosimetric impact of intrafraction prostate rotation and accuracy of gating, multi-leaf collimator tracking and couch tracking to manage rotation: An end-to-end validation using volumetric film measurements

Background and purposeBoth gating and tracking can mitigate the deteriorating dosimetric impact of intrafraction translation during prostate stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). However, their ability to manage intrafraction rotation has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The dosimetric accuracy of gating, MLC tracking and couch tracking to manage intrafraction prostate rotation was investigated. Materials and methodsTreatment plans for end-to-end tests of prostate SBRT with focal boosting were generated for a dynamic anthropomorphic pelvis phantom. The phantom applied internal lateral rotation (up to 25°) and coupled vertical and longitudinal translation of a radiochromic film stack that was used for dose measurements. Dose was delivered for each plan while the phantom applied motion according to three typical prostate motion traces without compensation (i), with gating (ii), with MLC tracking (iii) or with couch tracking (iv). Measured doses for the four motion compensation strategies were compared with the planned dose in terms of γ-index analysis, target coverage and organs at risk (OAR) sparing. ResultsIntrafraction rotation reduced the 3%(global)/2mm γ-index passing rate (γPR) for the prostate target volume by median (range) –33.2% (−68.6%, −4.1%) when no motion compensation was applied. The use of motion compensation improved the γPR by 13.2% (−0.4%, 32.9%) for gating, by 6.0% (−0.8%, 27.7%) for MLC tracking and by 11.1% (1.2%, 22.9%) for couch tracking. The three compensation techniques improved the target coverage in most cases. Gating showed better OAR sparing than MLC tracking or couch tracking. ConclusionsCompensation of intrafraction prostate rotation with gating, MLC tracking and couch tracking was investigated experimentally for the first time. All three techniques improved the dosimetric accuracy, but residual motion-related dose errors remained due to the lack of rotation correction.

Doppler-Based Motion Compensation Strategies for 3-D Diverging Wave Compounding and Multiplane-Transmit Beamforming: A Simulation Study.

Fast imaging of the heart has shown promise toward bringing new diagnostic information. Although most studies to date have been based on 2-D imaging technology, the ultimate diagnostic tool would enable fast 3-D echocardiography. Hereto, 3-D diverging wave compounding (DWC) and 3-D multiline-transmit (MLT) beamforming have recently been proposed. Moreover, in our recent study, a hybrid technique was proposed in which multiple planar diverging waves were transmitted [i.e., multiplane-transmit (MPT)]. The proposed 3MPT sequence was demonstrated to outperform $9 \times 9$ DWC and 16MLT-4MLA (i.e., multiline acquisition) while imaging moving targets. However, none of the investigated beamforming techniques made use of motion compensation (MoCo) strategies. In this paper, we therefore propose Doppler-based MoCo strategies for 3-D DWC and MPT and test them via computer simulations. It is demonstrated that the MoCo strategies proposed for both DWC and MPT are effective and significantly restore image quality. Moreover, the MPT beamforming with MoCo outperforms $9 \times 9$ DWC with MoCo in terms of contrast ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio. The proposed MPT beamforming with MoCo thus provides volumetric images with relatively high temporal resolution (~66 Hz) and high image quality that is minimally affected by motion artifacts.

Patch-Based Video Denoising With Optical Flow Estimation.

A novel image sequence denoising algorithm is presented. The proposed approach takes advantage of the self-similarity and redundancy of adjacent frames. The algorithm is inspired by fusion algorithms, and as the number of frames increases, it tends to a pure temporal average. The use of motion compensation by regularized optical flow methods permits robust patch comparison in a spatiotemporal volume. The use of principal component analysis ensures the correct preservation of fine texture and details. An extensive comparison with the state-of-the-art methods illustrates the superior performance of the proposed approach, with improved texture and detail reconstruction.

Dynamic CT Perfusion Imaging of the Myocardium: A Technical Note on Improvement of Image Quality

ObjectiveTo improve image and diagnostic quality in dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) by using motion compensation and a spatio-temporal filter.MethodsDynamic CT MPI was performed using a 256-slice multidetector computed tomography scanner (MDCT). Data from two different patients–with and without myocardial perfusion defects–were evaluated to illustrate potential improvements for MPI (institutional review board approved). Three datasets for each patient were generated: (i) original data (ii) motion compensated data and (iii) motion compensated data with spatio-temporal filtering performed. In addition to the visual assessment of the tomographic slices, noise and contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) were measured for all data. Perfusion analysis was performed using time-density curves with regions-of-interest (ROI) placed in normal and hypoperfused myocardium. Precision in definition of normal and hypoperfused areas was determined in corresponding coloured perfusion maps.ResultsThe use of motion compensation followed by spatio-temporal filtering resulted in better alignment of the cardiac volumes over time leading to a more consistent perfusion quantification and improved detection of the extend of perfusion defects. Additionally image noise was reduced by 78.5%, with CNR improvements by a factor of 4.7. The average effective radiation dose estimate was 7.1±1.1 mSv.ConclusionThe use of motion compensation and spatio-temporal smoothing will result in improved quantification of dynamic CT MPI using a latest generation CT scanner.

Development of a frameless stereotactic radiosurgery system based on real-time 6D position monitoring and adaptive head motion compensation

Stereotactic radiosurgery delivers radiation with great spatial accuracy. To achieve sub-millimeter accuracy for intracranial SRS, a head ring is rigidly fixated to the skull to create a fixed reference. For some patients, the invasiveness of the ring can be highly uncomfortable and not well tolerated. In addition, placing and removing the ring requires special expertise from a neurosurgeon, and patient setup time for SRS can often be long. To reduce the invasiveness, hardware limitations and setup time, we are developing a system for performing accurate head positioning without the use of a head ring. The proposed method uses real-time 6D optical position feedback for turning on and off the treatment beam (gating) and guiding a motor-controlled 3D head motion compensation stage. The setup consists of a central control computer, an optical patient motion tracking system and a 3D motion compensation stage attached to the front of the LINAC couch. A styrofoam head cast was custom-built for patient support and was mounted on the compensation stage. The motion feedback of the markers was processed by the control computer, and the resulting motion of the target was calculated using a rigid body model. If the target deviated beyond a preset position of 0.2 mm, an automatic position correction was performed with stepper motors to adjust the head position via the couch mount motion platform. In the event the target deviated more than 1 mm, a safety relay switch was activated and the treatment beam was turned off. The feasibility of the concept was tested using five healthy volunteers. Head motion data were acquired with and without the use of motion compensation over treatment times of 15 min. On average, test subjects exceeded the 0.5 mm tolerance 86% of the time and the 1.0 mm tolerance 45% of the time without motion correction. With correction, this percentage was reduced to 5% and 2% for the 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm tolerances, respectively.

Motion-compensated reconstruction of tomographic image sequences

In this paper, we study a motion-compensated approach for simultaneous reconstruction of image frames in a time sequence. We treat the frames in a sequence collectively as a single function of both space and time, and define a temporal prior to account for the temporal correlations in a sequence. This temporal prior is defined in a form of motion-compensation, aimed to follow the curved trajectories of the object motion through space-time. The image frames are then obtained through estimation using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The proposed algorithm was evaluated using the four-dimensional (4-D) gated mathematical cardiac-torso (gMCAT) D1.01 phantom to simulate gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging with Tc-99m-sestamibi. Our experimental results demonstrate that the use of motion compensation for reconstruction can lead to significant improvement in image quality and reconstruction accuracy.

An ultra low power adaptive wavelet video encoder with integrated memory

This paper describes a low-power, single-chip video encoder intended for battery-operated portable applications. Design goals are minimizing system power as well as utilized bandwidth, and maximizing system integration. The encoder achieves competitive compression, with convenient bit rate scalability, using a peak power dissipation of several hundred /spl mu/W on a video stream of 8-bit gray scale, 30 frame/s, and 128/spl times/128 demonstration resolution. Compression is performed using wavelet filtering, zero-trees, and arithmetic coding, all integrated on a single chip (3 million transistors, 1 cm/sup 2/, in 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS, operating at 500 kHz), with no external memory or control. Results do not include use of motion compensation, however, hooks are included at algorithmic and architectural levels to add motion compensation at the cost of power dissipation a few times higher, and more internal memory. In the absence of motion compensation, temporal correlation is still utilized through the use of simple frame differencing. The architectural centerpiece is a massively parallel, fine granularity SIMD array of processing elements (PEs). A mapping is made between small image blocks (4/spl times/4 pixels on the test chip) and PEs, with each PE containing both memory and logic required for its block. These results are obtained by careful coordination of design in a deep vertical manner, ranging from system, algorithmic, architectural, circuit, and layout, and designing simultaneously for all required algorithmic subcomponents.

Noise reduction of image sequences using motion compensation and signal decomposition

In this paper, a new spatio-temporal filtering method for removing noise from image sequences is proposed. This method combines the use of motion compensation and signal decomposition to account for the effects of object motion. Because of object motion, image sequences are temporally nonstationary, which requires the use of adaptive filters. By motion compensating the sequence prior to filtering, nonstationarities, i.e., parts of the signal that are momentarily not stationary, can be reduced significantly. However, since not all nonstationarities can be accounted for by motion, a motion-compensated signal still contains nonstationarities. An adaptive algorithm based on order statistics is described that decomposes the motion-compensated signal into a noise-free nonstationary part and a noisy stationary part. An RLS filter is then used to filter the noise from the stationary signal. Our new method is experimentally compared with various noise filtering approaches from literature.

Estimation and distribution of motion information in image communication networks

There is no doubt that in the near future, a large number of image processing techniques will be based on motion compensation, thus making the cascading of several ‘motion compensated’ devices in the same image chain very common. A reference scheme for the optimum use of motion compensation in future image communication networks is presented. Motion estimation is performed only once, at a very early stage of the process chain, then motion information is encoded, transmitted in a separate data channel and distributed to the cascaded motion compensated processes. The distribution scenario must take into consideration the various transformations performed on the image signal since its origination, so that the motion information distributed is always consistent with the pictures to process. The problems of the representation of motion relatively to a given source image signal and of its adjustment to new frame rate environments are especially addressed.

Digital video compression-an overview

Although transmission of compressed digital video over fiber may seem paradoxical, it is, in fact, a reality. Fiberoptic links such as Vyvx are currently transmitting digitally compressed video in DS3 format. In addition, the desirability of pass-through transmission between fiber and other media would seem to indicate increased use of fiber for digital video transmission. This paper presents a review of some of the more commonly employed video compression schemes. The use of motion compensation to improve compression is also discussed.