Use Of Mosquito Coils Research Articles

Characterizing indoor air quality and identifying factors influencing air quality at home microenvironment in Dhaka city

In low- and middle-income countries, indoor air pollution stands as a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality, prompting research into the factors influencing exposure at home in urban environments. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the indoor air quality and identifying factors influencing indoor air quality which help in targeting intervention to reduce indoor home air quality. The study conducted in Dhaka city involved 43 homes, where continuous monitoring of PM2.5 concentration was carried out over a 24-h period. Various factors related to home characteristics (i.e., home area and cooking fuel type), ventilation practices (i.e., duration of window opening), and indoor activities (i.e., cooking frequency, daily average cooking duration per meal, cleaning, smoking and use of mosquito coil and spray) were assessed to explore their impact on indoor air quality. Through the multiple linear regression model, the relationship between the factors and indoor pollutant concentrations was analyzed. The average PM2.5 concentration recorded in this investigation was five time higher in comparison to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 24-h guideline level for ambient air pollution. Four factors including outdoor air, home area, cooking duration and cleaning frequency were found to be significantly linked to indoor concentrations, collectively explaining 64 % of the variability in indoor PM2.5 levels. Outdoor air infiltration emerged as the most influential predictor of indoor levels, contributing significantly to indoor concentrations. The identified factors could assist in targeting interventions to reduce microenvironmental PM2.5 concentration at home.

ANALYSIS OF THE INCIDENT OF ARI IN TODDLER CHILDREN 0-59 MONTHS

ISPA is a disease that is often referred to as one of the top 10 diseases in developing countries and ISPA is the number one disease in the top ten list of diseases that is a trend in patient visits to health centers. ISPA cases in Community Health Centers have fluctuated over the last three years, and there has been no research regarding ISPA cases in children aged 0-59 months in Community Health Centers. The design of this research is quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study were parents of children under five who were seeking treatment at the Community Health Center in 2024. The sample in this study was 78 people. The sampling method uses purposive sampling. This research was carried out on February 15-March 14 2024. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Bivariate data analysis used the Chi-Square test. The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding (p value 0.000) and the use of mosquito coils (p value 0.000). There is no relationship between age (p value 1.000), gender (p value 0.37) and smoking habits at home (p value 0.20) on the incidence of ARI in children under five 0-59 months at the Rawa Bening Community Health Center in 2024. The conclusion is there exclusive breastfeeding and the use of mosquito coils. There is no relationship between age, gender and smoking habits at home. For the Community Health Center, the Community Health Center should provide health education about exclusive breastfeeding both at the Community Health Center and at the Posyandu as well as how to prevent ISPA in the home environment.

The Relationship between Home Environmental Sanitation and ISPA Incidence in Toddlers in Kaleroang Village, South Bungku District, Morowali Regency

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is the main cause of death in toddlers which is still a health problem in Indonesia, especially in the Kaleroang Health Center UPT work area which is increasing every year. Namely, in 2020 the prevalence of ARI cases is as much as (21.7%) in 2021 as many as (28.5%) and in 2022 the prevalence will increase (28.9%). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between home environmental sanitation and the incidence of ARI in toddlers in Kaleroang Village, South Bungku District, Morowali Regency. Methods: This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional study design. The population in this study were all mothers who had toddlers in Kaleroang Village, namely 106 people, the total sample was 84 people who were taken by random sampling . Retrieval of data using observation sheets and questionnaires. Data were analyzed statistically using the Chi-Square test. Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between home ventilation and the incidence of ARI in toddlers with a value of X2 counts (5.841) > X2 tables (3.841), house occupancy density2 counts (7.171) > X2 tables (3.841), members smoking habits family X2 counts (4,701) > X2 tables (3,841), use of mosquito coils X2 counts (10,903) > X2 tables (3,841), and immunization status X2 counts (5,409) > X2 tables (3,841). Conclusions: it can be concluded that house ventilation, house occupancy density, smoking habits of family members, use of mosquito coils, and immunization status are related to the incidence of ARI in toddlers in Kaleroang Village. It is suggested to the UPT Kaleroang Health Center to further increase education related to the risk of ARI transmission based on the environment.

Impact of the exposure of sublethal dose of mosquito coil on the development of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae).

Mosquito coil is commonly used in many African households for protection against mosquito bites. The coil usually has semi-volatile pyrethroids as an active ingredient, which usually diffuse across open space, and the cloud either kills mosquitoes that are exposed, or mosquitoes can be exposed to sublethal doses of the insecticides. This study was conducted to assess the impact of sublethal doses of mosquito coil on the development of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti, a major vector for dengue fever and several other arboviral diseases. A laboratory colony of Ae. aegypti was exposed to sublethal doses of a meperfluthrin-based mosquito coil in a Peet-Grady chamber once per generation for 16 generations. The susceptibility of the exposed colony to a diagnostic dose of the mosquito coil as well as to three other insecticides was determined. Three different kdr mutations and five enzyme activities were evaluated in both the exposed and control colonies. After 16 generations of sublethal exposure to mosquito coils, the full diagnostic dose of the coil caused 68% mortality to the exposed colony compared to 100% mortality in the control colony. Mortality caused by deltamethrin (0.05%) was also significantly lower in the exposed colony. The frequency of 1016I kdr mutation as well as MFO and alpha esterase activities were higher in the exposed colony compared to the control colony. This study provides evidence of the development of pyrethroid resistance in an Ae. aegypti population due to sublethal exposure to mosquito coil for 16 generations. Given the large-scale use of mosquito coils in many African households, its role as a pyrethroid resistance selection source should be taken into consideration when designing resistance management strategies.

Ameliorative effect of Quercetin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on haematological and liver function impairment induced by mosquito coil smoke in male Wistar rats

The use of mosquito coils is one method adopted to control malaria Inhalation of the coil smoke causes adverse effects, including hepatic and haematological toxicities associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of phytochemical antioxidants (Quercetin and Omega-3) on mosquito coil smoke-induced haematological and hepatic impairments. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups viz control, mosquito coil-only (MC), mosquito coil+Quercetin (MC+Q) and mosquito coil+Omega-3 (MC+OM3) groups of five rats each. Quercetin and Omega-3 were administered daily at 20mg/kg and 600mg/kg respectively. The duration of daily exposure and treatment was 42 days after which blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for determination of relevant haematological and hepatic parameters. The RBC count was significantly reduced in the MC group compared with the control (P<0.05) but was higher in the MC+Quercetin group than in the MC group. Haemoglobin was decreased in the MC and MC+Omega-3 groups compared with the control (P<0.05). White blood cell count was higher in the MC group than in the control group (P<0.05) but lower in the MC+OM3 and MC+Q groups than in the MC group (P<0.05). The lymphocyte count was higher in the MC group than in the control group (P<0.05). Serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the MC group compared with the control group but were reduced (P<0.05) in the MC+OM3 and MC+Q groups compared with the MC group. Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the MC group than in control (P<0.05) but significantly lower (P<0.05) in the MC+OM3 group than in the MC group. Serum total bilirubin was significantly elevated in the MC group compared to that in the control group (P<0.05). The serum concentration of direct bilirubin was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the MC group than in the control group. We conclude that Omega-3 and Quercetin ameliorate haematological and hepatic function impairments in Wistar rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke.

Risk Factor of Paediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Wajo Regency, Indonesia

Background: Pneumonia is the second highest cause of under-five mortality in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyse the risk factors for pneumonia among under-fives in Wajo Regency. Methodology: This type of research was a quantitative study using a case-control study design. The population was all children in the working areas of Salewangeng Health Centre, Penrang Health Centre, and Belawa Health Centre. The sample size was 224 children consisting of 112 cases and 112 controls. The odds ratio test and logistic regression were used to evaluate the data. Results: Risk factors associated with pneumonia were under-five nutritional status (OR=3.563; 95%CI=1.57-8.65; p=0.0008), indoor smoke exposure (OR=5.852; 95%CI=2.88-12.36; p=0.000), maternal age (OR=2.575; 95%CI=1.45-4.58; p=0.0005), and number of children in the family (OR=3.133; 95%CI=1.65-6.05; p=0.0002). Conclusions: The most influential risk factor for under-five pneumonia was indoor smoke exposure. The probability of pneumonia among under-fives who were exposed to indoor smoke, had a maternal age 30 years, and had poor nutritional status was 89.8%. It is recommended for the community to reduce smoking activities in the house and reduce the use of mosquito coils to prevent smoke exposure to children at home.

Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Toddlers at a Regional General Hospital of Mappi Regency, South Papua Province

Mappi Regency of South Papua has a high prevalence of pneumonia, with 387 cases in 2022 and a death rate of 8. This study aims to prove the risk factors for pneumonia in young children in Mappi Regency. The research used a case-control design, involving 72 samples for a case group and control group, respectively. Variables studied include child factors (male gender, asthma history, history of other diseases or comorbidities, non-exclusive breastfeeding, poor nutritional status); mother factors (low education, lack of knowledge, not employment, and mother’s behavior of smoking and chewing areca nut); environmental factors (habitat density, presence of family members who smoke, family members with a history of pneumonia, use of mosquito coils, and use of wood fuel for cooked); and low family income factors. Data analysis was carried out using chi-square and double logistic regression tests with the help of SPSS 25. The results for the multivariate trial demonstrated that the history of asthma (OR = 20.303; 95% CI = 6.461-63.802), the comorbital history (OR = 4.687; 95% CI = 1.834-11.977), poor nutritional status (OR = 2.905; 95% CI = 1.166-7.240), and the use of cooking wood fuel (OR = 3.831; 95% CI = 1.452-10.108) were risk factors for lung infection in toddlers. A history of asthma was the most risky factor among others. Parents whose children have a history of asthma should recognize asthma triggers in their children such as exposure to cigarette smoke, cold air, and air pollution, and provide medication according to doctor’s recommendations, provide food intake with good nutrition, keep children away from the cooking area where they can inhale smoke from burning firewood used for cooking, and encourage children to get used to a healthy life by washing their hands to avoid cold, diarrhea or other diseases that can worsen their pneumonia.

Mortality Effects of Mosquito Anopheles Sp. Malaria Vectors Caused by Exposure to Burning Mosquito Drugs and Male Breadfruit Mat

This study aims to determine the effect of mortality on Anopheles sp . vector of malaria due to exposure to mosquito coils and male breadfruit mats. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), in which 180 Anopheles sp. divided into 3 groups with 3 replications, Anopheles sp. placed in 9 plastic cups, where each plastic contains 20 Anopheles sp larvae, then reared until they become mosquitoes in a mosquito net box. The results obtained were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan test at real rate a= 0.05 using SAS software and continued with the smallest significant difference test to determine the difference in the treatment given. The results showed that the use of mosquito coils and electric mats for male breadfruit flowers had the same mortality effect, where the percentage of mortality was 100%.

Characteristics comparison of gaseous and particle-phase VOCs released by smoldering mosquito coils and their health risks

Mosquito coils have been widely used in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in rural areas. However, their emissions, primarily volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matters (PMs), have raised concerns about their potential health impact. This study provides new insights into the characteristics of VOCs and PMs produced by three representative Chinese mosquito coils, revealing stark differences in VOCs found in the gas phase compared to the particle phase. Results showed that during the use of mosquito coils, the indoor concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and PM2.5 can surge to 2.35–3.33 times and 1.59–7.42 times above the acceptable standards, respectively. Detailed characterization of VOCs using GC/MS suggested that PMs concentrations significantly impact the distribution of VOCs in gas and particle phases. A key finding of this study is the difference in VOCs composition between the gas and particle phases. The particle phase VOCs demonstrated a higher species number and average relative molecular weight across the three tested mosquito coil brands, and the carcinogens they contained were entirely distinct from those found in the gaseous phase. For instance, gaseous VOCs were predominantly alkanes (60.29–74.75 wt%), while the dominant particle-phase VOCs for the three mosquito coils were alkanes (33.56 wt%), esters (51.76 wt%) and aromatics (35.51 wt%), respectively. Health risk assessments indicated that while gaseous VOCs contribute predominantly to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, the role of particle-phase VOCs, particularly from mosquito coils producing more PMs, cannot be discounted. This study conducted a detailed evaluation of the various forms of pollutants generated by mosquito coils, providing crucial references for future assessments of pollution emanating from similar sources.

Duration Exposure effect of Anti Mosquito Coils smoke on Lung and Microscopic condition of Heart and Haemoglobin in Mice (Mus musculus)

The use of mosquito coils for a long time will harm the body, including the lungs and heart. Therefore, this study aims determine the microscopic condition of the lungs and heart and hemoglobin levels. The design of this study was a laboratory experiment that used sample of 24 mice divided into 4 groups, named P0(control), P1(4 hours), P2(6 hours), and P3(8 hours) for 30 days. Then the hemoglobin level was measured using the POCT method. After that, the mice were necropsied the observe the condition of the lungs and heart which had been stained with HE. Observations were conducted inscoring and process data using statistical test of one way ANOVA, if the data are not qualified, then Kruskal-walis test is used The results showed that the degree of lung damage obtained a score of P0, P1, P2, and P3 of 1.5;2;2,167; and 2,667. While the degree of hearth damage P0, P1, P2, and P3 obtained score of 0.5;1.5;1.3; and 1.67. The results of hemogobin levels (g/dl) showed that P0, P1, P2, P3 of 14.61; 17.4; 15.05; and 17.4. Microscopically, lung cell tissue was damaged when exposed to mosquito coil smoke, it is the presence of pycnotic nuclei in P2 and P3 treatments. The results of One Way ANOVA test on hemoglobin levels of mice showed significant results (p>0.05), while microscopically, heart cells using the Kruskal Wallis test showed significant differences (p>0.05). The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant chane between the leghth of time of exposure to mosquito coils with lung microscopy and the level of mice. However, there were no significant changes in the microscopic heart of mice.

Histopathological findings of the liver and kidneys of wistar rat exposed to insect repellent

Introduction: The active substance of pyrethroids, especially dimefluthrin, in insect repellent not only plays a role in killing mosquitoes but is also toxic to human health. This study aims to analyze the effect of insect repellent exposure on the histopathological findings in the liver and kidneys of the Wistar rat. Methods: This experimental study used 24 male wistar rats, which were divided into four groups, namely control, type of insect repellent, which included mat electric (dimefluthrin 0.566%), liquid electric (dimefluthrin 0.014%), and coil (dimefluthrin 0.031%), with a duration of exposure a day for 8 hours in 20 days. Results: There was a significant effect of the type of insect repellent exposure on the histopathological findings of the liver and kidneys (p<0.05). This study also showed the highest rate of cell degeneration and necrosis in the liver and kidneys belonged to Mat electric repellent exposure in the liver and kidney. Higher concentrations of dimefluthrin in insect repellent have a significant effect on the histopathology of the liver and kidney. Conclusions: The use of mosquito coils, electric mats, and liquid electricity for 8 hours over 20 days affects the histopathological evaluation of the liver and kidneys. The higher the concentration of dimetfluthrin in insect repellent, the higher the level of damage.

Modelling of risk factors that influence malaria infection using Binary Logistic Regression

Malaria is a parasitic disease that is currently endemic in many countries, including in Indonesia. Batubara District in North Sumatera is one of the malaria-endemic areas. This study was conducted to make a mathematical model based on risk factors that influence malaria infection. The data used is secondary data from other researchers. The method used to model risk factors that influence malaria infection is the binary logistic regression with a categorical response variable, namely diagnosis by microscopic examination. There are 10 variable predictors; mosquito nets (X 1), quality use of mosquito nets (X 2), condition of the livingenvironment (X 3), knowledge (X 4), attitudes (X 5), actions (X 6), quality of health workers (X 7), use of mosquito coils (X8), use of topical insect repellent (X 9), and access of health workers (X 10). Maximum likelihood estimation is used to findout the parameter estimates. From the 10 predictor variables studied, it was found that only 8 variables had a significant effect on the model. Based on the odds ratio, the most significant variable is the quality of health workers with 16,5. The ability of predictor variables in explaining the response variable in the model is 87, 8%. The classification function in this study is 96, 3%.

ANALISIS PERILAKU KELUARGA BALITA DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: LITERATURE REVIEW TAHUN 2012-2021

ABSTRACTPneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that adversely affects the lungs caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi, where pneumonia accounts for 15 percent of under-five deaths in the world and resulted in 808,694 children dying in 2017 (WHO, 2019). The purpose of this study was to analyze family behavior and the condition of the physical home environment with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Indonesia. The method in this study is a literature review. The data sources in this study came from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Pubmed then sorted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and obtained 28 research articles.The results of the analysis of several studies show that smoking habits of family members (83.3%), use of mosquito coils (50%), house occupancy density (72.7%), and type of house floor (50%) are associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. . It is hoped that the puskesmas can make efforts to control the risk of pneumonia in toddlers by conducting periodic counseling about the dangers of smoking to toddlers and how to overcome them, as well as relating to factors that affect the physical condition of the home environment, especially in the density of residential houses with a house building area that should be sufficient. for the occupants in it.Keywords: Pneumonia Incidence, Literature Review, Family behavior, Home Physical Environment Condition.ANALISIS PERILAKU KELUARGA BALITA DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: LITERATURE REVIEW TAHUN 2012-2021

PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN DAN PENGGUNAAN OBAT NYAMUK BAKAR DENGAN KEJADIAN ISPA PADA BALITA DI DESA REJUNO

According to WHO (World Health Organization), that ± 13 million children under five in the world die every year and these deaths occur in developing countries in Asia and Africa. ARI is a group of diseases that cause the highest absenteeism compared to other diseases. Patients with ARI in Rejuno Village, Karangjati District in 2020 as many as 53 cases and in 2021 as many as 75 cases. This study aims to determine the effect of knowledge, use of mosquito coils, and cooking fuel with the incidence of ARI in Rejuno Village, Karangjati Ngawi. This study uses a quantitative method with a case control. The population in this study were 75 toddlers with a sample of 60 respondents consisting of 30 cases of ARI and 30 controls. The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling. Data collection using questionnaires and observations were analyzed by chi-square test. The results showed that there was an influence between knowledge and the incidence of ARI, p-value : 0.036, OR: 3.596, 95% CI 1.21-10,63 and there was no effect between the use of mosquito coils with the incidence of ARI, p-value was obtained: 0.291, OR : 0,571 , 95% CI 0,20-1,62.

The Seroprevalence of Dengue Virus Infection and Its Association With Iron (Fe) Level in Pregnant Women in Guangzhou, China.

Dengue fever is regarded as the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. However, information of dengue virus (DENV) infection in pregnant women and the influence factors remain unclear. In this study, we extracted information of 2,076 pregnant women from the Prenatal Environment and Offspring Health (PEOH) birth cohort conducted since 2016 in Guangzhou, China. Peripheral blood and clean midstream urine samples of participants were collected during their hospitalization for childbirth. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies of DENV in serum samples, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to determine the Fe concentrations in the urine samples, which were then adjusted for by urine creatinine and transformed by natural logarithm (ln-Fe). The seroprevalence of DENV IgG antibody in all included participants was 2.22% (46/2,076). We observed higher seroprevalence of IgG antibody in women aged ≥35 years (2.9%), education ≤ 12 years (2.5%), yearly income per capita <100,000 yuan (2.4%), no use of air-conditioner (2.4%), no use of mosquito coils (2.3%), and no exercise during pregnancy (4.1%). A U-shaped relationship was found between ln-Fe concentration and the risk of positive IgG antibody. Compared with women with ln-Fe concentration of 2.0–2.9 μg/g creatinine, slightly higher risks of positive IgG antibody were found among women with ≤2.0 (RR = 4.16, 95% CI: 0.78, 19.91), 3.0–3.9 (RR = 1.93, 95% CI: 0.65, 7.08), 4.0–4.9 (RR = 2.19, 95% CI: 0.65, 8.51), and ≥5.0 μg/g creatinine of ln-Fe (RR = 2.42, 95% CI: 0.46, 11.33). Our findings suggested that the seroprevalence of dengue IgG antibody in pregnant women was comparable to the general population in Guangzhou, China. The risk of DENV infection may be associated with maternal demographic characteristics and behaviors. Both maternal low and high Fe concentrations may be positively associated with the risk of DENV infection.

Factors related with the incidence of acute respiratory infections in toddlers in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Evidence from the Sleman Health and Demographic Surveillance System.

Various factors associated with Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in toddlers have been widely observed, but there are no studies using data from the Sleman Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS). This study aimed to determine the factors associated with ARI in children under five in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This research was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design, using secondary data from the Sleman HDSS. Data of 463 children under five who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were used in this study. Inclusion criteria were toddlers who have complete observed variable data. The variables observed were the characteristics of children under five, the attributes of the mother, the physical condition of the house, the use of mosquito coils, sanitation facilities, and sources of drinking water. The exclusion criteria were toddlers with pulmonary tuberculosis in the past year. Data analysis used chi-squared tests for bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that working mothers had a greater risk of ARI under five children with OR 1.46 (95% CI = 1.01-2.11), and groundwater as a water source was a protective factor against the occurrence of ARI in toddlers with OR 0.46 (95% CI = 0.26-0.81). After a logistic regression analysis was performed, only the drinking water source variable had a statistically significant relationship with the incidence of ARI in children under five with OR = 0.47 (95% CI = 0.268-0.827). Research on the relationship between water quality and the incidence of ARI in children under five is needed to follow up on these findings.

Exposure to mosquito coil and biomass fuel smoke and respiratory health in rural Tamil Nadu, India.

Mosquito coil smoke, along with biomass fuel smoke, are sources of indoor air pollution. Biomass fuel smoke has been studied as a risk factor for poor respiratory outcomes. However, in an Indian context, few studies examine the effect of mosquito coil exposure on poor respiratory outcomes at the community level. To estimate the prevalence of the biomass fuel and mosquito coil use and to determine the association between the use of bio-mass fuel and mosquito coil and poor respiratory health. A cross-sectional survey of 4662 individuals (above the age of 30years) was conducted using a pre-tested questionnaire. Trained interviewers collected data on current and past use of biomass fuels and mosquito coils, usage practices and respiratory health. We computed proportions for exposure variables namely biomass fuel, mosquito coil use and other covariates. We conducted univariate analysis, followed by multivariate logistic regression. The prevalence of ever use of biomass fuels was high (wood: 97.9%; cow dung cake: 76.0% and crop residue: 54.4%). Current use of wood, cow dung cake and crop residue was prevalent among 75.7, 24.3 and 30.9% respondents, respectively. Almost 70% of respondents had ever used mosquito coils, whereas 54% were current users. Overall, 5.5% respondents had poor respiratory health either due to chronic bronchitis or asthma. In multivariate analysis, use of combination of all three biomass fuel types (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-2.54) and use of mosquito coil more than or equal to 5days per week (AOR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.04-1.99) were associated with poor respiratory health after adjusting for covariates age, gender, smoking, kitchen type and for each other. Use of biomass fuels and mosquito coils was high in the study population and was associated with poor respiratory health. Therefore, mosquito coil smoke should also be considered an important source of indoor air pollution, similar to biomass fuel exposure. Community education about these sources of indoor air pollution and increased coverage of cleaner fuels and alternative mosquito control methods should be the way forward in the rural areas.

Effects of Mosquito coil smoke (D-Transallethrin) on parenchyma of testis of adult Wistar Albino rats

Background: The use of mosquito coils has increased exponentially, especially in the under developed countries. Many researches have been conducted over the past few years to advocate both the possible risks and potential benefits. These coils and the inhalation of their smoke have been proved to cause upper and lower airway tract infections. But still the possible side effects of inhalation of these coil smoke on other organ systems of the body were unclear. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups each containing eight rats. Group A was control group while group B was allowed to inhale mosquito coil smoke for four week. The experimental group was exposed to MCS for 8 hours / day. Histopathological analysis of testis was carried out. Results: Histopathological studies of rats exposed to MCS revealed changes in parenchyma of testis. Decrease in the height of germinal epithelium and diameter of seminiferous tubules and increase in and vascular congestion was observed. Conclusion: The results of present study suggest that allethrin based mosquito coil smoke has harmful effects on testis

Smoke Exposure at Home to the Incidence of Pneumonia in Children Under 5 Years Old

Increased levels of pollutants in the room, apart from the penetration of outdoor pollutants, can also comefrom indoor pollutant sources such as cigarette smoke, smoke from using firewood, and the use of mosquitocoils. Pneumonia is the ultimate overlooked child killer (major “forgotten killer of children”). In KlatenDistrict, pneumonia cases in the last 3 years have increased, 1,068, 1,244, and 1,705. This study was todetermine the relationship between the incidence of pneumonia and exposure to smoke at home in childrenunder 5 years of age in Klaten Regency, Central Java Province. This type of research is observational analyticwith case-control studies. The total sample of 278 (139 cases and 139 controls) children under 5 years ofage resided in Klaten Regency and were recorded as pneumonia cases in the public health care registerin 2012 that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instrument consisted of a structuredquestionnaire. The results of data analysis showed that the relationship with the incidence of pneumonia inchildren under five was the variable exposure to cigarette smoke (OR=2,053; p=0,017 and 95% CI=1,137-3,705) and exposure to kitchen smoke (OR=2,664; p=0,003 and 95% CI=1,4002-5,0680). Factors associatedwith the incidence of pneumonia in children under 5 years of age in Klaten Regency, Central Java Provinceare exposure to cigarette smoke and exposure to kitchen smoke.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian ISPA pada Balita

ISPA in infants is the main cause of infant mortality in the world. Mortality survey conducted by Subdit in 2013 places ISPA as the biggest cause of under-five mortality in Indonesia with a percentage of 32.10% of all under-five deaths. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors associated with ISPA in infants. This research method uses a cross sectional research design. The population in this study is the total number of children under five in the village like to move OKU Regency, the sample size is 144 children under five. Chi-square statistical test results obtained p value 0,000 between the use of mosquito coils, smoking behavior, occupancy density with ISPA events in infants, and p value 0.001 kitchen smoke ventilation with ISPA events in infants. There is a significant relationship between the use of mosquito coils, smoking behavior, kitchen smoke ventilation, occupancy density.