Use Of Medical Knowledge Research Articles

Integration of medical knowledge into psycho-pedagogical practice

The method of the research was to identify promising trends in the use of medical knowledge in pedagogical and psychological activity in the context of emotional, physical and spiritual well-being of modern society. In the research, a SWOT-analysis was carried out, which identifies the main risks, opportunities, weaknesses, and strengths of integrating medical knowledge in psycho-pedagogical practice. Medical knowledge and its application to human personality through the activity of pedagogues and psychologists. The interpretation of the concepts of “medical psychology”, “medical pedagogy”, “integration” and their peculiarities in the modern world is described. Examples of the application of medical knowledge in psycho-pedagogical practice and their application are given. It is understood that the psychological-pedagogical represents a mutually interconnected system that combines theoretical and practical components with the disclosure of the essence of medical knowledge and the development of specific situations. The main functions, possibilities, and risks of pedagogical and psychological activity in the implementation of this process on the basis of modern and innovative technologies. Theoretical experience in the development of medical knowledge in psycho-pedagogical activity of such foreign countries as the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and the East of Korea). The following advantages of its application are identified: a great improvement of motivation for learning, formation of clinical thinking, skills and competences in education teachers, excellent learning of the required material, professional skills and competences, achievement of successful results in the formation of personal qualities of the student. In accordance with this, the consequences are the creation of a basis for the development of creative individuals, their training with the assimilation of medical knowledge to professional activity in the future and the understanding of the need for quality education throughout life. The conclusions provide information about the changes in the conditions of existence of the society, which were the result of mental, emotional, informational and ecological influence. The practical significance of the work is to improve the physical and mental health of children and adults, as well as to improve their educational and career success

The use of specialized (medical) knowledge in the criminal process: the practice of the European Court of Human Rights.

Aim: This article is aimed at raising awareness and stimulating scientific discussion on the necessity of involving qualified medical professionals in conducting criminal procedural actions that involve intervention in human somatic rights, in order to further improve the legal instruments ensuring compliance with the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the ECHR) standards in this field. Materials and Methods: In preparing the article, the following issues were worked out: the provisions of international legal acts; legal positions of the ECHR related to the use of medical knowledge in the criminal process; scientific studies of various aspects of the use of medical knowledge in the criminal process. The methodological basis of the research is dialectical, comparative-legal, systemic-structural, analytical, synthetic, complex research methods. Conclusions: The use of medical knowledge in the criminal process generally takes two forms: (a) expert and (b) ancillary. The expert form, particularly forensic medical examination, must adhere to a set of criteria reflected in the practice of the ECHR. Personal searches involving penetration into human body cavities generally align with the requirements of the he European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the Convention), provided certain conditions are met, including medical considerations. The criterion for the admissibility of coercive collection of biological samples for examination is the existence of samples independent of the individual's will.

Evidence Hub: A place to exchange medical knowledge and form communities.

Medical knowledge is complex and constantly evolving, making it challenging to disseminate and retrieve effectively. To address these challenges, researchers are exploring the use of formal knowledge representations that can be easily interpreted by computers. Evidence Hub is a new, free, online platform that hosts computable clinical knowledge in the form of "Knowledge Objects". These objects represent various types of computer-interpretable knowledge. The platform includes features that encourage advancing medical knowledge, such as public discussion threads for civil discourse about each Knowledge Object, thus building communities of interest that can form and reach consensus on the correctness, applicability, and proper use of the object. Knowledge Objects are maintained by volunteers and published on Evidence Hub under GPL 2.0. Peer review and quality assurance are provided by volunteers. Users can explore Evidence Hub and participate in discussions using a web browser. An application programming interface allows applications to register themselves as handlers of specific object types and provide editing and execution capabilities for particular object types. By providing a platform for computable clinical knowledge and fostering discussion and collaboration, Evidence Hub improves the dissemination and use of medical knowledge.

Be the mother, not the daughter: Immigrant Chinese women, postpartum care knowledge, and mothering autonomy.

Scholars have documented the transformation of modern motherhood, as mothering practices have been a target of medical knowledge that comes to define correct modes of conduct for women caring for their pregnant bodies, undergoing childbirth and childrearing. Such accounts usually set scientific knowledge and medical authority in opposition to women's autonomy. Drawing on the interviews with immigrant Chinese mothers in Canada, we offer a different account of knowledge and agency in new motherhood. These women's often-intense experiences of intergenerational care-giving associated with the practice of zuo yuezi reveal a more fluid relationship between medical authority and mothering agency. We find that the central tension during the postpartum experience lies in intergenerational and family relationships. In this context, new mothers draw on alternative sources of knowledge-and medical professionals are one such key source-to demonstrate within the family their competence to make care decisions for themselves and their babies. These women's use of medical knowledge to counter a familial and intergenerational authority complicates dominant accounts about medicalisation, demonstrating that women's relationship to medical knowledge and authority maybe be far more fluid and complex than a standard account of medicalisation and loss of women's agency would predict.

Whose side are you on? Complexities arising from the non-combatant status of military medical personnel

Since the mid-1800s, clergy, doctors, other clinicians, and military personnel who specifically facilitate their work have been designated “non-combatants”, protected from being targeted in return for providing care on the basis of clinical need alone. While permitted to use weapons to protect themselves and their patients, they may not attempt to gain military advantage over an adversary. The rationale for these regulations is based on sound arguments aimed both at reducing human suffering, but also the ultimate advantage of the nation-state fielding non-combatant staff. However, this is sometimes not immediately apparent to combatant colleagues. Clinicians in the armed force are also military officers, owing a “dual loyalty” that can create conflict if their non-combatant status is not well understood. Historical examples of doctors breaching their responsibilities include prioritisation of combat capability over the rights of individual soldiers (as occurred when scarce medical resources were allocated to soldiers more likely to return to battle in preference to those most likely to die without them), use of physicians to facilitate prisoner interrogation, medical research or treatment to enhance physical performance at the expense of health, application of Medical Rules of Eligibility according to factors other than clinical need, provision of treatment contingent upon support for military objectives, and use of medical knowledge to enhance weapons. However, not being a combatant party to a conflict does not imply that the non-combatant clinician cannot act in the national interest. Indeed, by adhering to the same universal ethics as their civilian colleagues, military clinicians provide optimal care to their own troops, facilitate freedom of action in host nations, and build positive international relationships during the conflict and in the post-conflict state.

Evaluation of Standard-of-Care Practices Among Physicians Who Treat Other Physicians

Ethical discussions have suggested that physicians who treat other physicians may put their physician-patients at risk of receiving non-standard-of-care treatment, which may result in worse outcomes. This phenomenon occurs when a physician treats a fellow physician as a VIP (very important person), and is therefore known as VIP syndrome. It is important to assess physicians' perceptions when treating physician-patients. To determine whether the physicians treating other physicians have attitudes toward or act in ways that could place physician-patients at risk for VIP syndrome. This 2-part qualitative study was conducted from December 1, 2021, to February 28, 2022. Physicians who worked at a single comprehensive cancer center with experience treating other physicians were eligible to participate. Convenience sampling was used. Emails and flyers were sent out with study information, and if interested, physicians were able to schedule an interview. Of 24 physicians responding, 3 did not have experience treating other physicians, yielding a sample of 21 (88%), which was sufficient to reach a saturation of themes. After the initial structured interview of physicians, follow-up key informant interviews were performed. The structured interview was developed on the basis of a literature review and focused on factors that may contribute to VIP syndrome. Participant responses to open-ended questions were qualitatively coded using standard multilevel semantic analysis to assess physician perceptions of treating fellow physicians. A series of Likert-scaled questions were used to identify potential contributing factors to VIP syndrome. Twenty-one physicians (11 men [52%], 11 White [52%], and 15 [71%] younger than 49 years) participated. Although no physician interviewed stated that they altered their usual treatment plans, 11 (52%) agreed that their physician-patients tried to dictate their own care, and 17 (81%) believed that their physician-patients obtained privileges, such as use of medical knowledge to participate in in-depth discussions of care, ability to obtain and use the treating physicians personal contact information, and receiving faster access to care. Eleven respondents (52%) reported increased stress, and 12 (57%) experienced more pressure not to disappoint their physician-patients. The findings of this qualitative study suggest that when physicians treat other physicians, the physician-patients may obtain privileges unavailable to patients who are not physicians. Therefore, guidelines to help physicians navigate the complex relationships between themselves and their physician-patients are needed to ensure equitable outcomes between physician and nonphysician patients.

Erwin B. Montgomery: Medical reasoning: the nature and use of medical knowledge

Erwin B. Montgomery: Medical reasoning: the nature and use of medical knowledge

An Effective Emotional Expression and Knowledge-Enhanced Method for Detecting Adverse Drug Reactions

Discovering more time-effective and a wider range of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from social texts related to feelings concerning taking medication has recently received significant interest in pharmacovigilance research. Recognizing the posts that include ADRs is an important step for detecting ADRs from social texts. The existing systems show the unsatisfactory performance due to the insufficient expression of emotions and the inadequacy of information expression in short social texts. Although these systems exploit emotional features to improve the performance of their methods, the representation of word-level emotional scores is insufficient for emotional expression. Moreover, most of the systems make less use of medical knowledge to enhance the detection of the potential relationship between drugs and adverse reactions in posts. Therefore, enough expression of emotion and medical knowledge in sparse medical social texts may be explored to improve system performance. This paper proposed an effective method integrating sufficient emotional expression and medical knowledge to detect ADRs from medical tweets. First, the proposed method utilized sentence-level emotional context and word-level emotional score to learn sufficient emotional information for distinguishing between ADR and non-ADR tweets. Furthermore, a co-occurrence dictionary of each drug and its relevant ADRs was constructed by means of a medical resource (MedDRA) and drug site ( https://www.drug.com ) to help the proposed model focus on posts containing drugs and ADRs. Finally, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model on the basis of bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) performed the classification task. The proposed model achieved better overall performance than the other existing methods on two Twitter datasets (F1-scores of 72.64% and 64.98% on PSB2016 and SMM4H, respectively).

The voice of paediatric oncology nurses: A longitudinal diary study of professional development.

There is a limited amount of studies with results on professional development of paediatric oncology nurses. This study seeks to increase the understanding of the factors associated with the professional development of paediatric oncology nurses through the continuous education programme from the paediatric nurses' perspective. The descriptive, qualitative study used the text of participants' electronic diaries as data during a two-year continuing professional education programme in 2016-2018. The sample consisted of 17 paediatric oncology nurses who were working in three different university hospitals. The data were analysed with the inductive content analysis method. Professional development is linked with a strong knowledge base in nursing, which involves the use of nursing methods and up-to-date nursing practices. Professional development is also linked with the use of medical knowledge, which manifests as a deep understanding of cancers and their treatment. Research results show that a strong knowledge base in nursing alone is not sufficient for the professional development of paediatric oncology nurses. They also need to use their medical knowledge in order to gain an adequately deep understanding of children's cancers and their treatment. Nursing must be organised so that nurses have the opportunity to compare, share, question and argue for the methods they use with their colleagues in their own unit and other hospitals. Further research is needed on the professional development of paediatric oncology nurses and factors affecting it in order for a career development model to be created for this specific yet demanding area of nursing.

THE USE OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE CRIME INVESTIGATION

Introduction: Investigation of many types of crimes is accompanied by the involvement of health care workers. They, with the help of their special skills in the sphere of medicine, assist the investigator in identification, fixation and caption of evidence. Health care workers take part in many investigative procedures, carry out forensic, psychiatric and other kinds of examinations. The aim: To reveal modern forms of using medical knowledge during the crime investigation. Materials and methods: The abstract is based on the teachings of scholars of forensic physicians, criminologists, the results of our survey of investigators and forensic experts, the results of our generalization of criminal proceedings regarding the investigation of murders, normative and legal acts of Ukraine and other sources. The system of scientific knowledge methods: historical, statistical, questionnaires, generalizations and others, was used during the research. Review: Our research reveals the following forms of using medical knowledge during crime investigation. This is the participation of physicians as specialists in investigative procedures, like the review of the scene, interrogation, investigation experiment, examination, participation in the selection of biological samples for carrying out expert examinations, physicians' assistance in the form of the recreation of the deceased person's face with a view of its identification, also the consultations of physicians - cardiologists, traumatologists, surgeons, forensic experts, etc., carrying out of forensic and forensic and psychiatric examinations, use of medical knowledge in the form of molecular genome research with the view of person's identification. The argumentative issues on the interaction between the investigator and the physician during the review of the scene, interrogation and other investigative procedures, implementation of molecular genome research and certain issues arising in the appointment of forensic and forensic psychiatric examinations are reviewed in the abstract. Conclusions: The use of medical knowledge is necessary for investigation of many types of crimes. The forms of using medical knowledge in the crime investigations such as the participation of physicians as specialists in the carrying out of investigative procedures, the physicians' assistance in the form of the recreation of the deceased person's face with a view to its identification and physicians' consultations are widely spread nowadays. The conduct of forensic, medical and forensic and forensic psychiatric examinations is the most widespread. The use of medical knowledge in the form of genotyposcopic and molecular genome research carried out in order to identify a person during the crime investigations is popular nowadays.

Research on Key Indicators in Modern Surgical Practice Assessment: Ergonomic Approach.

It is undeniable that fundamental requirements in surgery refer to the adequate use of medical knowledge (eg, clinical knowledge and technical skills). However, this knowledge and skills of surgeons should be supplemented with synergetic research of capabilities of surgeons, operating rooms (ORs), and nontechnical skills. In this article, by using expert research, we presented 15 key indicators in surgical practice assessment. Communication efficiency in the OR has been ranked as the first and most important among indicators using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method. Within the analysis of this indicator, we have shown a new method that provided us with the results describing the extent of communication, the correlation in the communication system, surgeon workload uniformity, and isolation of individual surgeons in the OR. The goal of this research is aimed at the increase of operator efficiency in the OR. It is necessary that results of this kind of research find their practical use and become an obligatory element in the construction of new ORs as well as reconstruction of old ORs.

De-fuzzification of reflection in the education of health professionals

Our educational institutions are mandated to equip future physicians and other health care professionals with the scientific, craft, and inter-personal knowledge and skills to meet the demands of contemporary clinical practice. Clinicians must acquire advanced communication skills, develop the ability to manage complex situations, make appropriate use of medical knowledge and technology, and problem-solve through the exercise of refined judgment. The ability to reflect in and on situations of this nature is considered a necessary professional aptitude in order to ensure effective and compassionate whole person care. Notwithstanding the general acceptance of these premises, ‘reflection’ remains a fuzzy concept. It is a polysemous term that has proved difficult to define and has attracted to itself numerous false claims and unfulfilled promises. Excellence in reflective abilities is notoriously difficult to recognize in another individual and it may not be ‘teachable’. Furthermore, there have been recurring doubts as to the feasibility of meaningfully assessing reflection.We intend to explore these issues in this session. We will demonstrate how reflection can be role-modeled and inculcated. Instructional Methods This will be an interactive workshop. Learning Objectives By the end of the workshop, participants will be able to:• clarify the concept of reflection and understand its application to the education of health professionals• discuss a framework, including specific methods, for the structuring and deployment of an educational program aimed at promoting reflection.

De-fuzzification of reflection in the education of health professionals

Our educational institutions are mandated to equip future physicians and other health care professionals with the scientific, craft, and inter-personal knowledge and skills to meet the demands of contemporary clinical practice. Clinicians must acquire advanced communication skills, develop the ability to manage complex situations, make appropriate use of medical knowledge and technology, and problem-solve through the exercise of refined judgment. The ability to reflect in and on situations of this nature is considered a necessary professional aptitude in order to ensure effective and compassionate whole person care. Notwithstanding the general acceptance of these premises, ‘reflection’ remains a fuzzy concept. It is a polysemous term that has proved difficult to define and has attracted to itself numerous false claims and unfulfilled promises. Excellence in reflective abilities is notoriously difficult to recognize in another individual and it may not be ‘teachable’. Furthermore, there have been recurring doubts as to the feasibility of meaningfully assessing reflection.We intend to explore these issues in this session. We will demonstrate how reflection can be role-modeled and inculcated. Instructional Methods This will be an interactive workshop. Learning Objectives By the end of the workshop, participants will be able to:• clarify the concept of reflection and understand its application to the education of health professionals• discuss a framework, including specific methods, for the structuring and deployment of an educational program aimed at promoting reflection.

An ontology-driven, diagnostic modeling system.

To present a system that uses knowledge stored in a medical ontology to automate the development of diagnostic decision support systems. To illustrate its function through an example focused on the development of a tool for diagnosing pneumonia. We developed a system that automates the creation of diagnostic decision-support applications. It relies on a medical ontology to direct the acquisition of clinic data from a clinical data warehouse and uses an automated analytic system to apply a sequence of machine learning algorithms that create applications for diagnostic screening. We refer to this system as the ontology-driven diagnostic modeling system (ODMS). We tested this system using samples of patient data collected in Salt Lake City emergency rooms and stored in Intermountain Healthcare's enterprise data warehouse. The system was used in the preliminary development steps of a tool to identify patients with pneumonia in the emergency department. This tool was compared with a manually created diagnostic tool derived from a curated dataset. The manually created tool is currently in clinical use. The automatically created tool had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.920 (95% CI 0.916 to 0.924), compared with 0.944 (95% CI 0.942 to 0.947) for the manually created tool. Initial testing of the ODMS demonstrates promising accuracy for the highly automated results and illustrates the route to model improvement. The use of medical knowledge, embedded in ontologies, to direct the initial development of diagnostic computing systems appears feasible.

Evidence-Based Medicine: An Obstetrician and Gynaecologist’s Perspective

Evidence based medicine (EBM) has transformed the way healthcare is delivered all over the world. It combines individual clinical expertise with best available research evidence so that the patients get a high standard of care. The growth of information technology has provided us with tools which enable us to scrutinise vast amounts of data within a very short amount of time. EBM is a lifelong learning process and is an effort to make the most effective use of medical knowledge for best outcomes in terms of patient benefit and safety. It is important to understand the basic concepts of EBM and practice as well as propagate evidence based healthcare in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Obstetricians and Gynaecologists need to be able to access and critically appraise the latest evidence in their area of expertise and apply it in clinical practice to provide best outcomes to women under their care.

How to Be a Healthy Homosexual: HIV Health Promotion and the Social Regulation of Gay Men in the United Kingdom

ABSTRACT Primary Objective: Health promotion has arisen as the main response to the problem of HIV prevention among gay men. Using the linked concepts of governmentality and health promotion as a neoliberal disciplinary technology, this article argues that health promotion in the time of AIDS has contributed to new forms of social regulation and governance for gay men. Methods and Procedures: This article presents an analysis of data from a study of U.K. HIV health promotion for gay men (interviews with health promoters and analyses of health promotion materials). Conclusions: This analysis of health promotion is helpful in describing an emerging form of governance dependent on incentive rather than censure (censure, pathology and “cure” are how we traditionally describe the use of medical knowledge in the regulation of homosexuality).

Incapacitating Agents: Weapons of Mass Disruption

Terrorism, and with it the possibility of hostage taking and sieges, has become a common feature of our times. The gas used to subdue terrorists in Moscow on 26 October 2002, which appeared to be responsible for the deaths of 123 of the 127 hostages killed in the crisis, remains unknown. Much criticism was levelled at the Russian security forces following the rescue of hostages for not revealing the exact agent used. This paper asks the questions: how deeply should doctors be drawn into the non-medical use of drugs and the unorthodox use of medical knowledge, and how can they help to predict and plan responses to misuse by others?

The journal impact factor as a parameter for the evaluation of researchers and research

The journal impact factor (IF), which is published annually by the Institute for Scientific Information ® (USA), is meanwhile in widespread use as a scientometric parameter for the evaluation of research and researchers in Germany and other European countries. The present article subjects the IF to critical analysis. It first deals with processes of production, transfer, and use of medical knowledge, because the IF intervenes in these processes on account of its reflexivity. Secondary effects of the IF resulting from its reflexivity are discussed with the focus on the level of the author, the journal and the medical discipline as well as on social knowledge processes in society. In addition, the extent to which the IF is appropriate for evaluating the quality of a specific article, of a journal or of individual and collective research achievements is discussed. The present article calls for a) research evaluation in accordance with the recommendations of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Council, DFG) and of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies, AWMF); and b) for more intensive occupation with and organization of medical knowledge processes.

From data to knowledge in e-health applications: an integrated system for medical information modelling and retrieval.

The system described in this paper uses the technological advances in information technology in order to influence and improve healthcare practice by enabling the flexible modelling, direct representation and adaptable use of medical knowledge. It aims at resolving a number of difficulties encountered by current information repositories, such as costly customization, reusability, high maintenance and poor information modelling, by employing the architecture of the functional data model (FDM), while maintaining full interoperability with existing systems by means of XML. On the information-modelling front the system supports a variety of modelling techniques that are especially relevant to medical applications, such as complex objects, incomplete or missing information, partially structured data and multimedia content. A prototype implementation of the system has been developed which consists of a multimedia-enhanced version of the functional database language FDL, and a web-based, two-way translator interface between the application's native language and XML. This interface provides full interoperability with other, heterogeneous systems over the web, thus, significantly reducing the complexity of developing distributed healthcare systems and e-health applications.

Academic health centers and society: an ethical reflection.

Academic health centers--which combine university, medical school, and hospital--exist to satisfy universal human needs and thus are by definition instruments of social purpose. Their core mission is threefold: to provide medical knowledge that can help relieve and prevent illness and suffering, to supply practitioners able to apply that knowledge wisely, and to serve as sites where optimal use of medical knowledge can be demonstrated and investigated. Maintaining a balance between core mission and responsiveness to social trends is a delicate exercise. Overly close accommodation to such trends can endanger the core mission, as has occurred in the United States with regard to managed care. Society and academic health centers have mutual obligations. Obligations of society include giving academic health centers financial and other support and allowing them sufficient freedom to pursue their mission; obligations of academic medical centers include accepting greater scrutiny by society and providing social criticism on matters relating to health. A task for the future is to discern how academic health centers can be responsive to social needs without being totally subservient to societal desires.