Use Of Marine Space Research Articles

Adjustment of the marine ecological red lines in China

The marine ecological red lines (MERLs) is an institutional innovation of the Chinese government to seek a balance between ecological protection and social development. China’s MERLs was designated in 2017, but there are problems such as insufficient consideration of areas of high ecological importance and lack of convergence with marine functional zoning. This paper carries out the adjustment of the MERLs in China by constructing the methods of marine ecological importance assessment and human activities disposal assessment, and the results show that after the adjustment, the type and distribution pattern of China’s MERLs is more reasonable, the areas of high ecological importance in the MERLs increases significantly, the intensity of human activities in the MERLs declines significantly, and the unification with the use of marine space is realized. China’s adjustment of the MERLs is based on scientific assessment and realizes the coordination of development and protection, which can provide a reference for global marine ecological protection.

Marine habitat use and movement in response to ocean warming by a threatened forest-nesting seabird

Although anthropogenic climate change has resulted in significant alterations of ocean environments, the degree to which marine organisms can respond behaviorally to climate effects remains poorly understood, especially for species with increased extinction risk. We monitored marine space use and movement of the threatened marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) along the central coast of Oregon, USA during the 2017–2019 breeding seasons to quantify marine habitat selection patterns across a range of ocean conditions. We hypothesized that marine locations characterized by upwelling, nearshore areas adjacent to old-growth forest nesting habitat, and protected marine areas would be preferentially selected by tagged birds. Using >4800 locations collected from >180 individuals, we found that murrelets selected areas near small estuaries and with localized upwelling (as characterized by decreased sea-surface temperatures and high salinity), both of which are expected to lead to greater food availability during periods when sea-surface temperatures are elevated and coastal upwelling is reduced (i.e., poor ocean conditions). In addition, we found that individuals did not preferentially select marine areas adjacent to potential old-growth nesting habitat, and that murrelets exhibited limited overlap with protected marine areas regardless of ocean conditions. Unexpectedly, the majority (62%) of tagged individuals moved beyond the boundaries of our 135-km long study area in the year with the poorest ocean conditions (2017), with 15% of birds moving >500 km from their capture location. Our results confirm that marine habitat selection in murrelets becomes decoupled from terrestrial nesting habitat during periods of poor ocean conditions, and that such conditions are associated with low breeding propensity and long-distance movements during the breeding season. In addition to demonstrating murrelets undertake fine- and coarse-scale movements to buffer against poor ocean conditions, our study also emphasizes the importance of considering broad spatial scales in the marine environment when undertaking measures to conserve murrelet populations.

Migration timing and marine space use of an anadromous Arctic fish (Arctic Char, Salvelinus alpinus) revealed by local spatial statistics and network analysis.

The ice-free season (typically late-June to early-October) is crucial for anadromous species of fish in the Arctic, including Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus), which must acquire adequate resources for growth, reproduction, and survival during a brief period of feeding in the marine environment. Arctic Char is an important food fish for Inuit communities across the Arctic. Understanding drivers and patterns of migration in the marine environment is thus essential for conservation and management of the species. We used passive acoustic telemetry to characterize migration patterns of 51 individual anadromous Arctic Char during the ice-free season in the marine environment of Coronation Gulf (Nunavut, Canada; 2019-2022). Based on recent genetic evidence, some tagged individuals were likely Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma malma), a closely related species to Arctic Char. Using local Getis G* and network analysis, we described movement patterns and identified high-use locations in the marine environment. We also related freshwater overwintering location to migration timing and movement pattern. Comparing groups of fish that overwintered in distinct locations, we found: (i) limited evidence that marine movements were associated with overwintering location; (ii) minor differences in use of marine space; and, (iii) timing of freshwater return differed significantly between overwintering groups, and was related to length and difficulty of the migratory pathway in freshwater. Results from both network analysis and local Getis G* revealed that, regardless of overwintering location, coastal locations were highly used by fish. Overwintering locations, and the migratory routes to access overwintering locations, affect the timing of freshwater return. Preference of fish for coastal marine locations is likely due to abundance of forage and patterns in break-up of sea ice. Similarities in marine space use and movement patterns present challenges for managing this and other mixed stock fisheries of anadromous Salvelinus spp. Absences or periods of time when fish were not detected prevented comprehensive assessment of movement patterns. Local Getis G*, a local indicator of spatial association, is a helpful tool in identifying locations associated with absences in acoustic telemetry arrays, and is a complementary method to network analysis.

Degradation of fishing grounds in North Waters of Banten Province, Indonesia

The high level of fishing activity with small fishing vessels has resulted in relatively high utilization of marine space in coastal areas, manifesting changes in fishing grounds. Thus, this research aimed to analyze water quality, fishing intensity and to determine the level of degradation of fishing grounds in the northern waters of Banten Province. This research was conducted from June to August 2023 in the northern waters of Banten Province. Data collection was carried out using survey, remote sensing, and interview methods. Water quality data consisting of sea surface temperature, brightness, salinity, light attenuation coefficient, total suspended solids, and chlorophyll-a were analyzed descriptively. Eco-friendly capture fisheries data were taken directly from 120 fishermen and analyzed based on the CCRF criteria. Degradation status was determined by combining weight of water quality conditions and eco-friendly capture fisheries. Based on the research results, the northern waters of Banten Province is in good condition for biota life. Fishing equipment is dominated by eco-friendly fishing gear. Nevertheless, several parts of northern waters in Banten Province have experienced light degradation of fishing areas (18.28%) and the heavy degradation (7.71%). The use of marine space for capture fisheries in the northern waters of Banten Province is relatively high, around 50 units of fishing gear for 1 hectare of water.Keywords:EnvironmentFishing intensityFishing gearSpatial mappingWater quality

The Position of the Archipelagic Sea Lanes in the Makassar Strait Interregional Zoning Plan Policy

Objective: This study aims to analyze the position of archipelagic sea lanes in the Makassar Strait RZKAW. Theoritical Framework: Archipelagic sea lanes are waters that exist only in island states and are used for ship transport. Island countries that have ratified UNCLOS 1982 are required to implement their archipelagic sea lanes in legislation in order to determine the sea lanes that ships can pass through and flight routes over the sea by determining the axes to be included on maps and reported to the International Maritime Organization, so that they can be used for ships passing through the country's jurisdiction. The RZKAW is used to create plans for the use of marine space in inter-regional areas. Methods: This study uses a qualitative approach and emphasizes more on normative and empirical aspects. Results and Conclusion: The results of the study show that the responsibility of the State of Indonesia in utilizing archipelagic sea lanes with the existence of RZKAW refers to the provisions of previous legislation. RZKAW will provide space for the community to access state assets based on permits granted by the government and synchronized with development. In the future it will become an important water area, due to the high level of space utilization and multisectoral interests. There are different interests in the Makassar Strait, the regulations used for sea space are different. Similarly, agencies that conduct surveillance on marine space are also different. In order to anticipate conflicts of authority and disharmony in marine space regulations at RZKAW, the Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) can take on the role of coordinator of security and safety patrols at sea. The study recommends integrated supervision in the utilization of archipelagic sea lanes in Indonesia's Makassar Strait. Imlication of the research: If Indonesia's capital city moves to East Kalimantan, the Makassar Strait will become an important water area, with higher space utilization and more multi-sectoral interests, necessitating effective and efficient supervision of AlKI II.

Conceptualising Marine Biodiversity Mainstreaming as an Enabler of Regional Sustainable Blue Growth: The Case of the European Atlantic Area

After recognizing the importance of marine and coastal resources and the use of marine space for economic growth, the European Union (EU) created and implemented a long-term Blue Economy (BE) strategy that supports the development of traditional and emerging marine and maritime sectors, aiming at the enhancement of Blue Growth (BG). However, despite the existence of a robust policy framework that supports the expansion of BE sectors at both an EU Sea Basin and state level, scholars have been sceptical as to whether the pursuit of BG adequately addresses the challenges that usually come with economic development, including those of climate change and marine biodiversity loss. Various frameworks for integrating sectoral goals with each other and with environmental goals that could facilitate the transition towards Sustainable Blue Growth (SBG) already exist and have been suggested and promoted by the European Commission, such as Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). They require the consideration of marine ecosystems and biodiversity and their protection as one of the BE sectors to be integrated via planning and management, which in turn requires the estimation of the value of ecosystem services and the spatial implications thereof. Nonetheless, there is little evidence or real-world examples on whether and how ecosystems, and within them coastal and marine biodiversity, are actually integrated (i.e., mainstreamed) when developing sectoral policies and planning and implementing economic activities at sea at various scales, i.e., local, national, and regional, and what the necessary steps and actions are that would facilitate such mainstreaming. By seeking evidence in EU and Atlantic Arc (AA) member states’ sectoral policies on marine tourism, ports and shipping, marine renewable energy, and fisheries and aquaculture (as promoted by the Atlantic Maritime Strategy and its corresponding action plans) and in the outcomes of the Interreg Atlantic Funded Research Project MOSES (aiming at valuating a Sustainable Blue Economy at the national and regional scale of the EU AA), the present article focused on understanding if and how marine biodiversity is taken into consideration by EU and AA BE and/or BG policies, strategies, and sectoral developments. Τhe selected sectoral policies demonstrate a good uptake of marine-ecosystem- and biodiversity-related challenges; however, at both the EU and the AA member-state level, it is unclear whether and how marine ecosystems and biodiversity are addressed as a separate BE sector. As such, we argue why and how Marine Biodiversity Mainstreaming (MBM) could address this gap, and hence it could contribute to planning, implementing, and managing maritime economic activities towards SBG at the Sea Basin level. This is demonstrated by illustrating the central role of MBM in enabling (and being further enabled by) the above integrative frameworks (i.e., MSP and EBM) and by presenting the key elements and actions required for such facilitation.

Approval on the suitability of the use of marine space for the placement of planting Bagan by traditional fisherman in the coastal of Kapedi Village

Apart from working as fishermen, the coastal community in Kapedi Village also catch fish by planting bagan in coastal waters. Bagan is very effective as a fishing tool. The fish caught using this bagan are of good quality and are not physically damage so that they can compete in traditional markets. Besides that, catching fish using a bagan is not too risky for the safety of the fishermen. Almost all of the fishermen from Kapedi Village stopped fishing by boat and switched to planting bagan on the surface of the coastal waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the practice of controlling coastal waters by traditional fishermen who plant bagan fishing gear and to assess the suitability of these traditional fishing activities based on existing regulations. To achieve the objectives of this study, empirical juridical research methods have been used with a fact approach. The results of the study show that the traditional fisherman planting bagan in Kapedi Village is one of the subjects who can take advantage of sea space, therefore they are required to have Sea Space Utilization Activity Conformity (Kesesuaian Pemanfaatan Ruang Laut) issued by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. All bagan planting activities on the surface of coastal waters are required to have a Sea Space Utilization Activity Conformity (KPRL) Form of Sea Space Utilization Activity Suitability for fishermen in Kapedi Village based on Government Regulation Number 21 year 2021 in the form of facilitation by the Regional Government.

Community Participation in the Program for the Use of Marine Space at the Department of Marine and Fisheries North Kalimantan Province

The success of the marine utilization program implemented by the Office of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of North Kalimantan Province relies heavily on community participation. This study aims to analyze the extent of community involvement in this program. Qualitative research methods were employed, and data sources included both primary and secondary data. The informants consisted of stakeholders directly engaged in the program. The study’s findings revealed that community participation in the marine space utilization program at the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Service of North Kalimantan Province is at the highest level, known as citizen control. This means that the level of community engagement surpasses both non-participation and basic citizen participation. The Office of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of North Kalimantan Province prioritizes utilizing its capacity to implement policies, programs, and activities for marine space utilization rather than solely relying on its authority. Furthermore, the relationship between the Office of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of North Kalimantan Province and the community, including community organizations, demonstrates mutual trust and collaboration.
 Keywords: community participation, marine spatial utilization program

Identification of optimal sites for the deployment of wave energy converters: the importance of a technology-centred approach

Driven by climate issues and geopolitical uncertainties, Europe faces the need to transform its energy supply dramatically and quickly. Various renewable technologies are proposed as a medium- to long-term solution for an environmentally and economically sustainable energy mix: among the available solutions, wave energy converters (WECs) are attracting growing interest due to the large untapped wave energy potential in European seas. In this context, the choice of optimal locations for the use of wave energy is fundamental to limit the technological gap with other fully developed conversion technologies, and to ensure competitive energy costs. In this paper, we compare different possible strategies to identify suitable sites for the installation of WECs, namely the one based on pure analysis of the wave energy resource, and that considering the productivity of the device in different sea states, i.e., its power matrix. Using the performance matrices of notional WECs, particularly an Oscillating Surge Wave Energy Converter (OSWEC) and a Heaving Point Absorber (HPA), we estimate optimal locations on the Italian coasts and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches. The analysis shows the importance of a technology-based approach for the spatial planning of future wave power plants and highlights significant differences compared to the approach that can be used for the preliminary identification of sites for wind farms and, especially, for photovoltaic plants. We use the obtained results to introduce the MORE-EST platform, a novel web-based tool for straightforward estimation of wave resources and WECs productivity in European seas. The proposed platform is able to integrate information on wave resource assessment, bathymetry, marine space use and technological features, and represents a tool aimed at researchers, WECs developers, and policy makers.

Technopreneur Design of Marine Aquaculture Based on Multi-Trophic Aquaculture and Tfd-Bakar Batu for Millennials in the Era of Digital Society in Tablolong Kupang Ntt

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is an innovation from conventional cultivation methods or focusing on one species to integrated cultivation of several species together. This study aims to design an entrepreneurial model for technology-based millennials by combining Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and downstream "TFD-Bakar Batu" as a technology for handling agricultural products with a collaboration system through partnership efforts in Tablolong waters, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Stakeholder perceptions of the model design are centered on several issues such as risk, impact on the use of marine space, and the level of acceptance of fishermen, millennials so that this model can be socially accepted with the level of stakeholder satisfaction. The method used in this study uses questionnaires conducted on provincial governments, district governments, the private sector, communities and fishermen to identify potential and stakeholder concerns and perceived benefits at the commercial production level, with research questions on the level of understanding of IMTA, spatial location problems, food safety and disease, waste utilization and the emergence of new economic sectors. Data was analyzed using qualitative data analysis with NVivo14 QSR International software. The results showed that there are several problems including risks to the environment, risks arising from governance and risks to the industry itself however, stakeholders feel that the source of risk can be overcome with agricultural product handling technology "TFD Bakar Batu" and policies. Stakeholders also believe that this model can contribute to improving the aquaculture industry so that this model can develop from pilot scale to industrial scale through studies by forming entrepreneurs using technology.

The process of establishing marine spatial planning maps in Vietnam

Creating a marine spatial planning map (MSP) guides the determination of the map's extent and scale, the map, the content of the map, the methods and techniques of mapping, and the sequence of steps performed. The process consists of 5 steps: 1) Define nature, requirements, scope, and methods, 2) Analyze and evaluate data and information, 3) Make and draw thematic maps and diagrams, 4) MSP mapping, and 5) Make a description of the MSP map. MSP maps' location, scope, and scale are established according to a 3-level system: national, regional, and local. The three-dimensional approach MSP map is integrated and synthesized from the marine functional zoning and marine space use zoning maps of the same scale. The set of MSP maps in Vietnam is divided into 3 levels: national level MSP maps with a scale of 1:1,000,000; regional MSP map, scale 1:500,000 together with MSP map of sub-regions at 1:250,000 scale; local-provincial MSP maps at the scale of 1:100,000 and in case of necessity, establish district-level MSP maps at scale 1:25,000–1:50,000. Vietnam's sea is functionally divided into 5 large marine regions, including the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin (region I) is divided into 6 functional zones, including Mong Cai - Do Son one. This area is established MSP Map at scale 1:250,000 as a reference example, showing 3 functional areas and 7 basic units using marine space.

해양안전 확보를 위한 해사안전법의 최신동향 및 입법적 과제

The Maritime Safety Act, a representative safety law in the maritime field, was taken from the (former) Maritime Traffic Safety Act through full revision in 2011, and was reorganized as the basic law in the field of maritime safety. Despite this, the Maritime Safety Act still does not fully function as a basic law that encompasses all aspects of maritime safety, and there is a limit to acutely responding to changes in the maritime traffic environment. In particular, rapid changes in the use of marine space and the development of maritime safety technologies require changes and expansion of the existing maritime safety legislation. It is imperative that the systematic and content problems of the Maritime Safety Act are reviewed as a whole to seek a legislative improvement direction throughout the law now that 10 years have passed since the “Maritime Safety Act” was completely revised into the Basic Act. In this paper, the developmental history of the Maritime Safety Act after the full revision in 2011 and recent legislative trends are analyzed. In addition, legal systemic problems inevitably limiting the basic legal functions of the Maritime Safety Act are reviewed, and aspects that support the necessity of reforming the maritime safety law system are derived. With respect to the regulatory matters of the Maritime Safety Act, it was reviewed whether each system was legislated in an appropriate form according to the level of regulatory law, and representative items that need improvement are presented. Based on these discussions, I propose legislative tasks such as the necessity of reforming the Maritime Safety Act and the need to enact laws for the most urgent matters in the field of maritime safety, as well as the necessity of reforming the Maritime Safety Act in order to secure maritime safety in the future. Specifically, the Maritime Safety Act needs to be divided into '(tentative name) Maritime Safety Framework Act' and '(tentative name) Maritime Traffic Safety Act', and (tentative) Maritime Traffic Road Establishment and Management Act needs to be enacted to create a long-term foundation according to new environmental changes. At the same time, matters to be included in the subdivision (draft) and enactment (draft) of the Maritime Safety Act are also presented. These discussions are important in establishing the overall system of the Maritime Safety Act, enhancing the function of the Maritime Safety Act, enabling just and reasonable regulations for maritime safety, and effectively establishing a new legal basis for maritime safety

Insights on key issues of marine space use control from the perspective of territorial space planning

Insights on key issues of marine space use control from the perspective of territorial space planning

Collaborative approach for coastal and marine spatial planning in Bangka Belitung Island Province

Amendments to Law no. 27 of 2007 became Law no. 1 of 2014 concerning the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands has an impact on the coastal and marine spatial planning process in every region, including Bangka Belitung. This planning process requires stakeholder collaboration to carry out broader cross-sectoral coordination. Apart from being composed of more than 80% of the water area, the struggle for access and conflicts over the use of marine space also take place in a vertical and horizontal level. The dilemma of authority between levels of government and law enforcement authorities, as well as between local governments, communities, and state corporations, is a form of hierarchical conflict. Conflicts between governments at the street bureaucracy (Village) level and their citizens, or friction between pro and contra groups against marine mining are examples of horizontal conflicts. The complexity of this problem has demanded the government to be presented in a more powerful and most decisive position in the management of the coastal and marine areas of Bangka Belitung so that it does not drag on. Therefore, the government needs to formulate comprehensive resource optimization options in the coastal and marine zones. This study aims to map how a collaborative approach in coastal and marine spatial planning through Regional Regulation (Perda) Number 3 of 2020 concerning the Zoning Plan for Coastal Areas and Small Islands of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. At least 3 dominant actors are involved and collaborate, namely the government, fishermen, and investors.

The use of the contribution margin on the valorisation of polish fisheries for maritime spatial planning

One of the primary goals of spatial planning is to provide decision makers with documents that will allow them to optimize the use of marine space. The function of such an optimization strategy is to maximize the usability of the sea surface. This article focuses on the pragmatic aspects of marine spatial planning. The authors presuppose a tool for planners that (i) is based on readily available information, is comparable for various countries (ii) and for which the economic interpretation is straightforward and allows for the comparison of fisheries with other sectors. The analysis is based on two pan-European surveys collected under the Common Fisheries Policy. The distribution and catch information is sourced from the Vessel Monitoring System and logbooks, and the economic data come from the national data submissions for the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries. A contribution margin consisting of the difference between the revenue and variable costs at a spatial unit with a 0.05-degree resolution was chosen as the most appropriate indicator for these purposes. A variable costing method can be used to determine the efficiency of maritime sectors in specific spatial units without artificially assigning costs that are unrelated to a given sea area. The analysis covers the period of 2013–2017. Three key areas for Polish fisheries have been identified: the Gulf of Gdansk, the Bornholm Basin, and the Słupsk Furrow; the average contribution margins in these regions were 1133, 651 and 580 EUR/km2, respectively. The variance analysis revealed that the high indicator values were mostly influenced by high catches of sprat and herring fished with pelagic trawls as well as high sprat prices. Fishing with passive gear (gillnets, hooks) and in the 3rd and 4th quarters proved to result in deficits in a large Polish maritime area. The indicators may have been influenced by the lack of data on the individual steaming times, as well as by variations among fuel consumptions and salary costs within fleet segments. Despite these limitations, the method used in this study allows a first attempt at the estimation of the contribution margin and its spatial variation over time in the context of Maritime Spatial Planning needs. The calculation undertaken in this paper yields the monetary interpretation of private spatial rents and future comparisons among various maritime sectors and various countries.

Integration of marine spatial objects management to support toward sustainable maritime policy development

Utilization of land and marine potential is an absolute right mandated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution. One of the efforts to manage land and marine potential includes the integration of the management of land and marine space objects in the context of sustainable maritime development. However, the implementation of management of marine space objects is overlapping in legal, technical, and institution aspects. Based on ownership of rights and their use, marine space objects are not only limited to the fishery and tourism, but also marine structures, cultivation, underwater treasures, underwater cables and pipes, conservation, customary culture, garbage disposal, shipping, energy and mineral resources, renewable resources, and military. This study will determine maritime policy that can provide assurance of legal, technical, and institutional aspects of management especially for marine space objects. It regulates rights, boundaries, management and an integrated maritime information system. The policy includes management of ownership, use and economic value of marine space. Marine space ownership data consists of the subject and marine space objects. Data on the use of marine space consists of characteristics of marine space, marine spatial use planning and monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of marine space utilization. Meanwhile, data on the economic value of marine space includes information related to the marine space assessment system as well as taxation related to marine space.

Fostering Spatial Efficiency in the Marine Space, in a Socially Sustainable Way: Lessons Learnt From a Soft Multi-Use Assessment in the Mediterranean

In a context of growing claim for marine space and in the pursuit of maritime “spatial efficiency,” Multi-use (MU) becomes necessary to assemble more or less compatible sea uses. In this paper, the potential of the soft MU involving small-scale fisheries (SSF), tourism, and nature conservation related to marine protected areas (MPAs), widely encountered in the Mediterranean Sea basin, is being assessed in Greece. Despite the fact that the MU concept is not yet included neither in maritime spatial planning (MSP) laws nor in strategic policy documents due mainly to the dominance of terrestrial spatial plans that favor exclusive rights of highly competitive and expansive maritime activities (e.g., aquaculture), the above MU is increasingly being practiced by local communities as a socio-economic instrument (fishing tourism), able to be also occasionally oriented to nature conservation. Following the Drivers, Added Values, Barriers and Negative Impacts (DABI) analysis, a spectrum of challenges/constraints and opportunities for the application of the MU under study was revealed, grouped in socio-economic, environmental, political–regulatory, and technological factors that can enable or undermine this MU in the Greek seas. The paper concludes that there is a huge potential for the said MU development in areas dependent on fisheries, consistently to the longstanding SSF tradition that despite its decline, continues to be one of the most important among those practiced in the coastal zone and in remote and insular communities, essentially defining their particular social and cultural identity. Besides, SSF have low environmental impact, and also tourists and the local communities are gradually becoming more conservation-oriented. Hence, the MU is highlighted as a tool for sustainable use of marine space supporting the Blue Growth Agenda and reconnecting natural and cultural capital at sea, thus redefining also the role of fishers that under equitable conditions may become defenders of marine biodiversity and key actors for the sustainable management of fish stocks and ecosystems in the protected areas.

PENEGAKAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA PEMANFAATAN RUANG LAUT SECARA MENETAP TANPA IZIN OLEH DITPOLAIRUD POLDA SUMBAR

Law Enforcement Against Criminal Acts of Permanent Utilization of Marine Space Without Permit by the West Sumatra Regional Police Directorate of Polairud is by conducting investigations into criminal acts suspected of violating the provisions of Article 49 and Article 75 of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 of 2014 concerning Marine, namely the permanent use of marine space without permission. This regulation in West Sumatra is supported by West Sumatra Governor Regulation Number 51 of 2018 concerning Procedures for Granting Location Permits and Coastal Water Management Permits. The object here is Sirandah Island which is located in the city of Padang. Management of the island of Sirandah without official permission from the local government is a maritime crime. Obstacles Faced in Law Enforcement Against Criminal Acts of Sedentary Utilization of Marine Space Without Permit by the West Sumatra Police Ditpolairud are problems of law enforcement objects that are difficult to penetrate the law. Weak coordination between law enforcers can lead to overlapping of respective authorities and policies. Uncoordinated law enforcement is one of the obstacles in prosecuting crimes against the use of marine space permanently without a permit.

Maritime Potential Phenomenon in Improving the Welfare of the Riau Island Community

The geographical potential of the Riau Island has an area of 251,610 sq km and 96 percent of which is the ocean and only 4 percent of the land. Since the formation of the Riau Islands Province in 2002, the wealth of marine resources has not received widespread, serious, and serious attention. At the same time, the Riau Islands Province has a very large marine wealth. This causes the Riau Islands to have the potential and competitiveness of wealth in the seas. The people of the Riau Islands must be aware of potential planning and problems and recognize plans for improvement for the benefit of the community. Therefore, a plan that is logical, realistic, implementable, flexible, and acceptable to society. The hierarchy of potential space is formed based on the functions that surround it. The purpose of this research is to reveal the hierarchy, public awareness, maritime potential in the marine area that can be worked on in the use of marine space, fisheries, mining, and tourism. This research is descriptive-analytical and based on theoretical and empirical elaboration. This approach is to examine the maritime potential space of the Riau Islands to get a reference for the interpretation of theoretical relationships from an empirical condition.

Supporting integrative maritime spatial planning by operationalising SEANERGY – a tool to study cross-sectoral synergies and conflicts

ABSTRACT With growing pressures on marine ecosystems and on marine space, an increasingly needed strategy to optimise the use of marine space is to co-locate synergic marine human uses in close spatial–temporal proximity while separating conflicting marine human uses. The ArcMap toolbox SEANERGY is a new, cross-sectoral spatial decision support tool (DST) that enables maritime spatial planners to consider synergies and conflicts between marine uses to support assessments of co-location options. Cross-sectoral approaches are important to reach more integrative maritime spatial planning (MSP) processes. As this article demonstrates through a Baltic Sea analysis, SEANERGY presents a cross-sectoral use catalogue for MSP through enabling the tool users to answer important specific questions to spatially and/or numerically weight potential synergies/conflicts between marine uses. The article discusses to what degree such a cross-sectoral perspective can support integrative MSP processes. While MSP integrative challenges still exist, SEANERGY enables MSP processes to move towards developing shared goals and initiate discussions built on best available knowledge regarding potential use-use synergies and use-use conflicts for whole sea basins at once.