Use Of Kinship Research Articles

An Analysis on the Metaphor of English and Chinese Kinship Terms——a Comparative Study Based on Corpus

Kinship terms has both similarities and differences in English and Chinese cultures, which is also same with the 
 metaphorical use of kinship terms. This paper applies the Conceptual Metaphor Theory to analyze the metaphorical use of kinship 
 terms in English and Chinese. The reasons cause these similarities and differences will also be explored This paper aims to help the 
 English and Chinese learners better use the kinship terms in communication in order to reduce the misunderstanding.

Kinship Idioms and Care-Control Dynamics in Hungarian Co-ethnic Philanthropy

The paper investigates processes and consequences of ‘philanthropic kinning’, that is the use of kinship and family idioms in constructing and maintaining personal relations between donors and recipients in philanthropy. Usual studies collapse the occurrence of kinship metaphors in philanthropy either as evidence of ‘prosociality’ (e.g. trust, care or love) or more frequently as evidence of ‘paternalism’ (power and domination of donors over recipients, and their objectification). This paper claims that introducing kinship and parenting studies into researching philanthropy would greatly refine our understanding of donor–recipient relations. In the framework of a qualitative case study of a philanthropic ‘godparenthood’ programme organised in Hungary supporting ethnic Hungarian communities in Romania, this paper looks at the roles, responsibilities and obligations various forms of philanthropic kinship offer for the participants; and relations of power unfolding in helping interactions. With such concerns, this paper complements earlier research on hybridisation of philanthropy, through its sectoral entanglements with kinship and family. Also, it contributes to research on inequalities in philanthropy, by showing how philanthropic kinning may recreate, modify or reshape donor–recipient power relations in diverse ways.

The production of clan segregation in urban Somalia: Historical Geographies of Hargeisa

This article explores the historical making and unmaking of the urban character of Hargeisa. Based on data obtained through a combination of urban ethnographic methods, interviews, and archival sources, it scrutinizes the nexus between governance and segregation, contextualizing it in a long history to shed light on how the city's form has been produced and reproduced over time. I argue that urban governance was, and still remains, a crucial factor in understanding the process and practices that gave rise to the emergence and perpetuation of segregation in the city. I also argue that the interaction between the state and the people can provide important clues in understanding Hargeisa's spatial character. For instance, the use of kinship as a means of negotiating access to services and support demonstrates how governance practices intersect with social dynamics in shaping the configuration and reconfiguration of the city. In so doing, the article deepens understanding of the interface between social, political, historical and spatial organization in the Somali peninsula.

Expanding the feasibility of fish and wildlife assessments with close‐kin mark–recapture

AbstractClose‐kin mark–recapture (CKMR) is a powerful new method for the assessment of fish and wildlife population dynamics. Unlike traditional mark–recapture techniques, the use of kinship as an identifying mark is robust to many forms of capture heterogeneity including variation in gear efficiency and tagging‐based effects such as loss and differential mortality. In addition, close‐kin methods can be applied to a wider range of sampling designs than traditional methods (e.g., single‐occasion surveys and lethal capture), can provide retrospective historical abundance estimates, and can produce survival estimates from as few as two sampling occasions. We evaluated the ability of CKMR to provide estimates of abundance and adult survival and then compared results to those from traditional mark–recapture. This analysis incorporated data from a three‐year study of lake resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) where individuals were both physically (PIT) tagged and genotyped for 44 de novo developed microsatellites with high throughput sequencing. Traditional mark–recapture estimates were derived using Pollock’s Robust Design, relying upon three primary open sampling occasions and four secondary closed occasions. We found that close‐kin methods produced contemporary estimates of adult abundance and survival that were similar to those produced by traditional mark–recapture in both magnitude and precision. Furthermore, CKMR provided abundance estimates for multiple years prior to sampling and, when restricted to data from a single year, still produced reliable abundance estimates for at least one and as many as three years. Retrospective abundance estimates corresponded with those from a separate historical two‐sample mark–recapture dataset. This study provides support for the use of CKMR as a robust and sampling‐efficient alternative to traditional mark–recapture methods of assessing population parameters.

Understanding African women’s access to landed property in nineteenth-century Benguela

ABSTRACT This study examines the mechanisms that African women employed to accumulate wealth and property during the nineteenth century. After the ban on slave exports in 1836, West Central Africans looked for new economic activities and shifted their focus and energy to the trade in commodities as legitimate commerce expanded in Benguela. In the process, African women achieved new social and economic positions in the colonial setting, accumulating dependents and goods. The concentration of dependents, including enslaved ones, clustered wealth in fewer hands and altered notions of land access and rights. Primary sources reveal consumption patterns that suggest that property was accumulated in different ways, and that such accumulation spread far into the interior. This article emphasizes African women’s role as active agents of change on the coast and in the interior of Benguela during this time of economic transformation, making extensive use of kinship, affinity and economic networks that already existed.

Resilient cities in a Sea of Islands: Informality and climate change in the South Pacific

This paper demonstrates pathways for building on the resources, networks, and latent capacities of urban informality to enhance the climate resilience of urban systems, using post-disaster case study research from two Pacific Small Island Developing States to illustrate conceptual and practical opportunities for urban planning to engage constructively with endogenous resilience. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with informal settlement households (n=57) and institutional representatives (n=26) were used to identify informal modes of resilience, with secondary analysis of institutional projects and spatially-differentiated socio-economic data being integrated with these primary datasets. Findings demonstrate important distinctions in sub-city scales of resilience relating to values and equity within socio-ecological resilience research that have not been extensively studied to date. These case study observations have implications for understandings of ‘core’ systems functions, which are critical for planning communities when conceptualising resilience at a metropolitan level. Sub-city analysis also highlights aspects of urban resilience not previously identified in practice elsewhere, with informal maintenance of ecosystem services, use of kinship and familial networks, and translocation of traditional knowledge providing opportunities for enhancing urban climate change adaptation and climate resilient development initiatives.

Levinas and the Problem of Predation: From Fraternity to Kinship

In this paper, Levinas's concept of fraternity is shown to rely upon an exclusion of beings deemed "faceless" and open for appropriation. By limiting ethics to humans, Levinas established nonhumans as that which could be given to the Other without questioning the justification of this appropriation. By looking at the use of kinship in recent ethnography, we find an alternative that posits nonhumans as valuable while maintaining the necessity of appropriation. Instead of solving the problem of appropriation by positing beings outside ethics, the kinship system shows us ways of establishing limits and allowances in a world that includes nonhuman Others.

Genomic prediction in early selection stages using multi-year data in a hybrid rye breeding program

BackgroundThe use of multiple genetic backgrounds across years is appealing for genomic prediction (GP) because past years’ data provide valuable information on marker effects. Nonetheless, single-year GP models are less complex and computationally less demanding than multi-year GP models. In devising a suitable analysis strategy for multi-year data, we may exploit the fact that even if there is no replication of genotypes across years, there is plenty of replication at the level of marker loci. Our principal aim was to evaluate different GP approaches to simultaneously model genotype-by-year (GY) effects and breeding values using multi-year data in terms of predictive ability. The models were evaluated under different scenarios reflecting common practice in plant breeding programs, such as different degrees of relatedness between training and validation sets, and using a selected fraction of genotypes in the training set. We used empirical grain yield data of a rye hybrid breeding program. A detailed description of the prediction approaches highlighting the use of kinship for modeling GY is presented.ResultsUsing the kinship to model GY was advantageous in particular for datasets disconnected across years. On average, predictive abilities were 5% higher for models using kinship to model GY over models without kinship. We confirmed that using data from multiple selection stages provides valuable GY information and helps increasing predictive ability. This increase is on average 30% higher when the predicted genotypes are closely related with the genotypes in the training set. A selection of top-yielding genotypes together with the use of kinship to model GY improves the predictive ability in datasets composed of single years of several selection cycles.ConclusionsOur results clearly demonstrate that the use of multi-year data and appropriate modeling is beneficial for GP because it allows dissecting GY effects from genomic estimated breeding values. The model choice, as well as ensuring that the predicted candidates are sufficiently related to the genotypes in the training set, are crucial.

Gammeltoft, T. M. Haunting Images: A Cultural Account of Selective Reproduction in Vietnam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 2014. ix + 315pp £24.95 (pbk) ISBN 978‐0‐520‐27843‐1

Gammeltoft, T. M. Haunting Images: A Cultural Account of Selective Reproduction in Vietnam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 2014. ix + 315pp £24.95 (pbk) ISBN 978‐0‐520‐27843‐1

Policy Shocks: On the Legal Auspices of Latin American Migration to the United States

In this paper, I compare the transition into legal permanent residence (LPR) of Mexicans, Dominicans, and Nicaraguans. Dominicans had the highest likelihood of obtaining residence, mostly sponsored by parents and spouses. Mexicans had the lowest LPR transition rates and presented sharp gender differentials in modes: women mostly legalized through husbands while men were sponsored through IRCA, parents. Nicaraguans stood in-between, presenting few gender differences in rates and modes of transition and a heavy dependence on asylum and special provisions such as IRCA and NACARA. I argue these patterns stem from the interplay of conditions favoring the emigration of and the specific immigration policy context faced by migrant pioneers; the influence of social networks in reproducing the legal character of flows; and differences in the actual use of kinship ties as sponsors. I discuss the implications of these trends on the observed gendered patterns of migration from Latin America.

Building, Sustaining, and Reforming Quaker Community in Upper Canada: Informal Education and the Yonge Street Women Friends

Building, Sustaining, and Reforming Quaker Community in Upper Canada: Informal Education and the Yonge Street Women Friends Robynne Rogers Healey* In the spring of 1801 two groups of Quaker immigrants—one from Vermont, the other from Pennsylvania—arrived in Upper Canada1 to begin a settlement on Yonge Street, the North-South arterial road that connected the provincial capital of York (later Toronto) on Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe. There these Friendsjoined forces to create a thriving faith communityinthebackwoods ofUpperCanada. TheYonge Streetsettlement,which quickly grew to be the largest community ofFriends in Upper Canada, was an extension of the eighteenth-century Quaker retreat from mainstream society. 2 Those who settled in the area could live out the tenets oftheir faith relatively free from the laws ofthe larger society with which their testimonies often disagreed. Through the use of kinship, marriage, socialisation, and informal education this community became strong enough to withstand a number ofchallenges to its integrity. Yet, by the mid-nineteenth century, Yonge Street Friends had become integrated into mainstream Canadian society.3 The movement away from exclusivity and back into mainstream society in the nineteenth century did not result in a loss ofthe faith even though it was partially due to the fracturing of the community through schisms. Althoughthe faithbecame less sectarian amongUpperCanadian Friends, its centraltenets—peace, equality, andsimplicity—remained. Thiswas largely the result ofQuakerwomen who laboured in the Society's fields to keep the faith alive from generation to generation. Ironically, these same women were integral in the fragmentation ofthe very community that gave life to their faith. Not only were they active sustainers, they were active reformers as well. Quaker women's participation in building, maintaining, and reforming their faith community was viewed as both a right and a responsibility. As such, they were at the centre ofthe issues that defined the Society ofFriends. In the case of the Yonge Street Friends, this activity was expressed most clearly in women's participation in informal education, socialisation in the business meeting, and the schisms that tore apart the community. This article examines one of these areas—informal education. It was through informal education that women were able to nurture and sustain their faith, even as they worked alongside men to reform it. In doing so, they created a legacy of spiritual equality and activism that had a great impact on the * Robynne Rogers Healey is Assistant Professor of History at Trinity Western University in British Columbia, Canada. Quaker History societies in which they lived. The socialisation ofwomen inthe Society ofFriends setthe stage fortheir larger involvement in the nineteenth-century reform movements oftemperance , abolition, education, and suffrage.4 Although a discussion of these movements is beyond the scope of this article, it is the association of activism and organised religion that has dominated works in Canadian women's history which incorporate an analysis ofreligion or faith.5 Early work in this field was particularly interested in how the role of women in evangelical churches served as the basis for women's increased involvement in the public sphere and the expansion of their role in Canadian society.6 Organised religion is an understandable focus in the study of nineteenth-century women since it was generally regarded as one ofthe few legitimate areas of the public sphere in which women could demonstrate their superior moral virtue.7 These studies generally conclude that the lessons women learned through their work in philanthropic and missionary societieswere carriedinto social andpoliticalreformmovements. However, it is my contention that the social activism ofQuaker women was based on far more than learning how to run business meetings and work in cooperative church activity. It was based on the acceptance of spiritual equality andthe expectation thatFriends, male and female, were responsible forreforming theworld aroundthem inkeepingwiththe tenets oftheir faith. Unlike women in the major Protestant denominations who used church activity as "their first tentative step outside the domestic sphere,"8 Quaker womenwere socialised from infancyto move much more freelybetween the gendered spaces ofpublic and private. The Yonge Street Friends Community: An Overview The history ofYonge Street Friends9 is tied closely to the larger story of the transatlantic Quaker community. Friends who immigrated to Upper Canada saw themselves as members of...

Identity, gender and poverty: new perspectives on caste and tribe in Rajasthan

Most studies of the so-called communities in India stress their social, economic, and political differences from communities that are organized on the basis of caste. It was this apparent contrast between and caste lifestyle and, moreover, the paucity of material on groups, that motivated the author to undertake this study of a poor tribal community, the Girasia, in northwestern India. While carrying out her fieldwork, the author soon became aware that the traditional tribe-caste categories needed to be revised; in fact, she found them more often than not to be constructs by outsiders, mostly academic. Of greater importance for an understanding of the Girasia was the wider and more complex issue of self-perception and identification by others that must be seen in the context of their poverty as well as in the strategic and shifting use of kinship, gender and class relations in the region.

Rural landlessness, extended entitlements and inter‐household relations in south Asia: A Bangladesh case

This article shows how people in one part of Bangladesh rendered landless and impoverished by river bank erosion make innovative use of kinship and other ideologies legitimating reciprocity and mutual aid to re‐establish themselves rent‐free on the land of others. It thereby addresses a larger empirical issue: where are the fully landless rural poor in South Asia living, and through what means? Theoretically, it extends Drèze and Sen's analysis of entitlements and poverty to instances of inter‐household cooperative conflict and mutual aid among extremely poor people. A culturally informed, gender disaggregated analysis of those locally called uthuli because they have settled on others’ land without monetary payment demonstrates that women's ‘extended entitlements’ [Drèze and Sen, 1989:10] as daughters, sisters and mothers are often critical assets in establishing residence. Women are also key agents in the establishment and maintenance of uthuli residence and in managing the benefits stemming from it. Using this approach, we show how landless women's entitlements are pivotal in securing access to a houseplot for themselves and their families.

Fictive Kin Term Use and Social Relationships: Alternative Interpretations

Three forms of kin relationships have been delineated by sociologists and anthropologists: consanguineal, affinal, and fictive. Kinship has long been recognized as a significant point of departUre for study of family, particularly in its consanguineal and affinal aspects. Less thoroughly studied has been nature of fictive kinship which encompasses adoption of nonrelatives into kin-like relationships. However, lack of empirical research on fictive kinship use in contemporary American society leaves unilluminated potentially valuable insights into character of consanguineal and affinal kinship in an urban, industrialized, rapidly changing society. In an attempt to empirically discern extent of fictive kin term use in American society, Ballweg (1968, 1969) surveyed two student samples, one from a Midwestern and one from an Eastern University. The majority of students in his samples reported using one or more fictive kin terms, 64 per cent and 56 per cent respectively. The terms aunt and uncle were most frequently reported and donor and recipient were likely to be of same sex. The findings characterize fictive kin term usuage as reflecting an affective over an extended period of time. Ballweg concluded that the application of a kin term to a specific appears to represent an attempt to reinforce and, in fact, institutionalize relationship (1969:86). Available literature concerning fictive kinship includes studies made in Japan (Norbeck and Befu, 1958), Latin America (Mintz and Wolfe, 1950; Foster, 1953; Sayres, 1956; and Deshon, 1963), and United States (Liebow, 1967; Ballweg, 1968, 1969). Fictive relationships were found extensively in each society; however, there was an apparent diversity in reasons for use of kinship terms for nonrelatives. Analysis of these studies suggests three fea ible tentative descriptions of use of fictive kin terms in contemporary American society: 1. As a form of address used for persons who assume status of supplementary or replac ment kin. 2. As a form of address which expresses familiarity within a personal relationship. 3. Use of term as a public validation of a special kind of association. While these are not necessarily mutually exc usive descriptions of fictive kin term usage in American society, it would seem likely that one descriptive modality would dominate as a rational for fictive kin term use as perceived by users. We will first discuss each of descriptive modalities and then report on fictive kin term use in one community.