Use Of Jatropha Research Articles

The quality of Jatropha leaf ecoprint products using steaming and pounding techniques

A new technique in textile coloring, namely the ecoprint dyeing technique, has emerged which further proves the development of the textile industry. There are several techniques of ecoprint which are steaming technique, pounding technique and boiling technique. To produce a good eco print color, one must consider the ecoprint coloring technique, the type of textile material used, the type of mordant substance, the mass of the mordant substance, and the length of the coloring process. Mordant alum is more widely used as a fixator because it is easier to obtain and more affordable. Meanwhile, one of the natural coloring substances that can be used as natural dye is Jatropha leaves (Jatropha curcas L.). Researchers then further revealed the use of Jatropha leaves to color the textile because it has the potential to be used as natural fiber-based dyes for textiles. The independent variable used in this study is the ecoprint technique, including steaming (X1), pounding (X2), and boiling (X3). Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the quality of eco prints results with indicators including: colors difference and darkness. The data analysis method used in this research is descriptive and inferential statistics. The dyeing process on cotton cloth using alum fixation treatment and the bottom pounding method resulting the highest color darkness compared to other coloring methods. The bottom pounding method produces the darkest color. Statistical results of ANOVA test showed that there was a significant effect on the test results.

The Comparative Study of the Proximate and Mineral Composition of Bush Okro (Corchorus olitorious L.) under the Influence of Jatropha Seed Cake, Chicken droppings and NPK fertilizer

This study compared the effects of chicken dropping, NPK fertilizer, and Jatropha seed cake on the growth of bush okro (Corchorus olitorious L.), as well as its proximate and mineral composition. In a completely randomized design with three fertilizer treatments at four levels, soil samples were homogenized with 1, 2, 4, and 8 g/bag each of Jatropha seed cake, chicken dropping, and NPK fertilizer for the growth of bush okra. Standard techniques were used to assess the compositions of the proximate and minerals. The highest percentages of ash, lipid, fiber, nitrogen, crude protein, and moisture observed in Jatropha seed cake were: 16.5% (4g/bag), 3.5% (8g/bag), 11.5% (4g/bag), 1.15% (1g/bag), 7.18% (1g/bag), and 7% (8g/bag), NPK fertilizer: 21.5% (1g/bag), 3.0% (2g/bag), 10.5% (1g/bag), 1.27% (1g/bag), 7.96% (1g/bag), and 7.5% (2g/bag), Chicken dropping: 20.5% (8g/bag), 3.5% (4g/bag), 10% (2g/bag), 1.12% (8g/bag), 7% (8g/bag), and 6.5% (2 and 8g/bag) respectively.. All of the minerals that were examined (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) were found to be present in modest amounts. The composition of Corchorus olitorious L. proximate and mineral components were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by fertilizer types. The study's findings indicate that the application of Jatropha seed cake, which is comparable to NPK fertilizer and chicken droppings at 8 g/bag, accelerates the growth of C. olitorious. The findings support the use of Jatropha seed cake as a source of organic fertilizer, which may aid in the present need for food that is produced.

Dampak penggunaan bungkil biji jarak (Jatropha curcas L.) dalam ransum sapi potong terhadap fermentabilitas dan kecernaan secara in vitro

Jatropha seed cake has potential as ruminant feed, but is constrained by the anti-nutritional and toxic substances contained in it. The aim of the research was to study the effect of using jatropha seed cake in beef cattle rations on fermentability and digestibility. In vitro evaluation was used to study the fermentability and digestibility of beef cattle rations containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of jatropha seed cake. The experiment used a completely randomized design followed by Duncan's multiple range test with 5 treatments which were repeated 4 times. The variables measured were ammonia, volatile fatty acids, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. The treatment of rations containing jatropha seed cake resulted in significant changes in fermentability and digestibility (P<0.05), where the use of 20% treatment resulted in the highest of ammonia, volatile fatty acids, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility (P<0.05), namely 3.69 mM, 163.58 mM, 77.88 % and 70.35%, respectively. The conclusion of this research is the use of jatropha seed cake as much as 20% produces the best fermentability and digestibility.

Use of jatropha seed oil and alkali solution obtained from its ash for soap making

The present study investigated the potential of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil and lye its ash for soapmaking. Oil was extracted from the seeds using Soxhlet extractor and n-hexane. Lye solution was obtained by boilingash of Jatropha with distilled water. The physicochemical properties (saponification value, Iodine value, acid valueand peroxide value) of the oil (and its blend with palm oil) were found to be consistent with reported values inliterature. The oil content and its relative density were also found to be 31.17% and 0.88g/cm3, respectively. Soapsamples were prepared by treating the oil and the prepared lye solution. Their physicochemical properties (moisturecontent, total alkali content, total fatty matter, pH, foam ability and cleansing ability) were found to be comparablewith reported properties for laundry soaps. The findings indicated that the lye solution from ash of Jatropha and itsseed oil result in soap materials that have acceptable qualities.

Rural Households’ Attitude towards Potential Use of Jatropha for Environmental Restoration in Saki West Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria

The study examined rural households’ attitude towards potential use of Jatropha for environmental restoration in Saki-West Local Government Area. A purposive sampling procedure was used in selecting due to deforestation for charcoal production, while 120 respondents were sampled with a simple random technique from the study area. The data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire with interview section, and were analyzed with frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and Pearson product moment correlation. There was correlation between rural households’ awareness on use of Jatropha and use of Jatropha for environmental restoration (r = 0.399**, p < 0.05). The respondents’ attitude was significantly related to their behavior in utilization of Jatropha for environmental restoration (r = - 0.182*, p < 0.05). The study showed that awareness and attitude of rural households strongly influenced use of Jatropha for environmental restoration. The implication of this study is to ensure that the environment becomes free of hazards and degradation which affect survival of the ecosystem and biodiversity. Hence, government should join in the advocacy to open continuous channels of communication on the importance of Jatropha, and to also motivate the people to having right attitude towards the use of Jatropha as a measure to restoring the environment.
 Keywords: Attitude, Rural Households, Jatropha, Environment, Restoration

Characterization and assessment of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera husk and their potential use in gasification

Tropical plants Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera produce non-edible oil seeds which can be considered as feedstock to produce biodiesel. Along the processing steps, several by-products are produced. This work is focused on the thermochemical use of Jatropha and Moringa husk in order to increase the overall value chain of their utilization. Comprehensive characterization studies and their assessment for calorific utilization are quite limited in the literature. The scope of the paper is a comprehensive fuel characterization based on the results, with focus on thermochemical utilization pathways. Proximate analysis shows that Jatropha and Moringa husk have low moisture content (9.19 and 6.25%, respectively) and ash (< 5%) and high content of volatile components. Higher values of C, N and S for M. oleifera in comparison with J. curcas husk were obtained. M. oleifera seed husk shows the highest LHV (20.83 MJ kg−1). The ash melting analysis of husk shows melting points above 1500 °C. By simulation of the gasification process, the LHV, the amount of gas producer and energy output are estimated. The energy produced by simulation of gasification demonstrates that it is enough to cover the energy needs involved in a biodiesel facility with capacity of 800 L of biodiesel per day.

Experimental Investigation on Jatropha-Methanol Blends in Direct Injection Diesel Engines

This paper describes about the usage of Jatropha fuel in direct injection water-cooled diesel engine. In order to make use of Jatropha fuel in diesel engine, the properties of Jatropha oil has to be converted to diesel fuel, so for that methanol was added. There are three different blends are prepared by varying the ratio of Jatropha and methanol mixture, such as blend 1 (Jatropha 75%, methanol 25%), blend 2 (Jatropha 80%, methanol 20%), blend 3 (Jatropha 85%, methanol 15%). The prepared fuels are supplied to the conventional diesel engine, then the performance and emission characteristics were analysed. It is found that Jatropha methanol mixtures results are acceptable in half load and highly considerable in full load operation. Considerably torque developed is very low in low load than half and full load operations. Methanol addition has improved the performance and emission characteristics.

Off-Grid Prospects of Biofuel-Based Rural Electrification in India

Tapping non-conventional renewable energy resources for generation of electricity is the need of the hour, particularly in the developing countries. Renewable energy from photovoltaic, wind turbines and small hydroelectricity plants is eco-friendly and highly desirable for all countries. But, for the developing countries, such as, Sub-Sahara Africa where hardly 14.2% of rural electrification is available, these resources may prove a lifeline. Biofuels may be used as another safe resource for an off-grid electricity generation that covers about 60% of the requirement in Brazil. It may be a choice area for this purpose on small scales akin to the mini-grid system, particularly in the remote rural belts. It has been observed that Jatropha-derived fatty acid (de-esterified oil) is quite suitable for off-grid rural electrification in India. Bio-methanation of press cake (from Jatropha and other oilseeds) is another suitable material for harnessing off-grid electricity at a reduced level of environmental pollution. Several studies, Government reports, NGO projects and field studies show that the objective of rural electrification stands a bright prospect. It was found that there is a major gap in the available literature on the rural electrification through Jatropha cultivation. There is a lack of knowledge of how to make the best possible use of Jatropha for energy generation in India. This endeavor evaluates an Indian perspective of how biofuel-based off-grid electrification may brighten energy scenario, primarily in the rural habitats that comprise over 75% here. It has been also found that the costing of biodiesel is much cheaper than the petroleum-based diesel in near future.

Use of Jatropha and Moringa oils for lubricants: Metalworking fluids more environmental-friendly

The search for more sustainable products has been motivating the metal-mechanic sector to replace its mineral-based lubricants with renewable products. The great demand for products that make minor environmental impacts have pointed to the vegetable oils as an alternative due to its lubricating power. This study aims to explore the potential use of oils from Jatropha curcas and Moringaceae for machining processes. For this purpose, physical-chemical, tribological and machining analyses using vegetable oils were compared with products commercially used in the manufacturing industry. The tribological tests with vegetable oils from Jatropha and Moringa showed reduced worn area compared with emulsifiable and integral commercial oils. Despite the pure vegetable oil showed good lubrication capacity, for a machining process of aluminum alloys the cooling function is also wanted. The Jatropha-based coolant has provided a better machining performance for both cutting conditions, one with low cut feed rate another with high cut feed rate, than those of Jatropha-based ester, Canola-based, and mineral-based coolants. The vegetable-based metalworking fluids showed to be technically viable and environmental-friendly, as they are less toxic and derive from renewable and biodegradable resources.

Comparative study on Effect of Biodiesel on CI Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics

- In this literature review, authors try to understand the work done by other researchers on use of biodiesel and its effect on C I Engine Emission. Also, we try to understand possibilities of use of additives by studying the effect of the different additive on Biodiesel characteristics in CI Engine. It’s observed that use of Jatropha is very common as additive. Also, 20% proportion is showing good improvement in BTE and BSFC. But it results in increased NOx formation and also additional smoke formation. Also, we try to tabulate the effect of different additives on C I performance and emission to understand the behavior of it different operating condition. In all here we tried to tabulate the data regarding effect of biodiesel and additives on CI Engine Emission and performance for further studies in C I engine combustion improvement.

Photosynthetic characteristics of red and green leaves in growing seedlings of Jatropha curcas

The use of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) as a source of biofuel is documented. The physiological characteristics and growth studies of Jatropha have received less attention. In the present study, we measured leaf gas exchange with an infrared gas analyzer for red (immature) and green (mature) leaves of Jatropha curcas in response to various environmental conditions including photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), vapor pressure difference, and temperature. The seedlings were grown in pots for 45 days in a natural environment. Jatropha is a C3 plant based on its leaf-gas exchange characteristics. The optimal light-saturated photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, leaf conductance, and transpiration occurred in the range of 500-1000 µmol m-2 s-1 PPFD, depending upon the leaf positions and leaf types during growth. The net rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and water-use efficiency were significantly affected by the leaf position and epigenetic variables, i.e. temperature, vapor pressure difference, and irradiance.

Unpacking livelihood challenges and opportunities in energy crop cultivation: perspectives on Jatropha curcas projects in Mali

This study contributes to global debates on biofuels and rural development, providing insights into the role of Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) in addressing global poverty and promoting sustainable energy. Jatropha energy crop investments have proliferated as a means to substitute imported oil, foster rural development and reduce poverty. This paper presents new mixed‐method assessments of the potential for, and initial impacts of, Jatropha projects that aim to improve livelihoods and energy security in rural Mali, a leading proponent of Jatropha cultivation. Factors affecting the socio‐economic and environmental vulnerabilities of smallholder farmers are assessed and capital assets available for different livelihood strategies are identified and evaluated. Comparative analysis of information gathered through participatory methods allows evaluation of the role played by Jatropha cultivation in the determination of different livelihood outcomes. Data show that households involved with NGO or private sector activities linked to Jatropha can gain financial capital from the sale of Jatropha seeds and soap. Findings also show that small‐scale cultivation does not threaten food security. When grown on a small scale as a living fence, Jatropha demarcates property, and reduces land tenure conflicts and soil erosion. Projects focusing on Jatropha use for rural electrification offer potential to improve energy access. However, current supplies of Jatropha oil remain insufficient for these benefits to materialise. On‐the‐ground challenges were identified, along with opportunities to better link policies to local‐level practices.

Improved Production of Gibberellic Acid by &lt;i&gt;Fusarium moniliforme &lt;/i&gt;

Optimization studies for improvement in the yield of gibberellic acid production by Fusarium moniliforme in submerged and solid-state fermentation is the focus of this paper. In the current study, use of jatropha seed cake as substrate for solid-state fermentation resulted in an unprecedented gibberellic acid yield of 105 mg/g of moldy bran. A 2.5 fold in- creased in the titre resulting in 15 g gibberellic acid /L could also be obtained by optimization of physiological parameters in submerged fermentation. This is the first study reporting such high yield of gibberellic acid and presenting a commercially viable production process using cheap substrates.

Jatropha curcas L. and multifunctional platforms for the development of rural sub-Saharan Africa

There is a great need to provide energy to rural Africans in order to spark development and help to alleviate poverty. Although Jatropha curcas L. is no longer considered to be a miracle crop, and large scale Jatropha biofuel programs have struggled, Jatropha still has potential to be successfully used in small scale development projects. To this end, there has been a great deal of interest in Jatropha and studies have shown the potential of Jatropha to be used with multifunctional platforms (MFPs) to provide energy to rural sub-Saharan Africa. This is a review paper which examines research on the various aspects of using Jatropha and MFPs to provide energy to rural Africans. Neat Jatropha can be used as a fuel for the type of simple diesel engines used in MFPs. Jatropha oil can also be converted to biodiesel through esterification and/or transesterification. The Jatropha plant can be used in many other ways and its utility increases the value it can bring to a village. There are challenges to increase the use of Jatropha, and among the greater difficulties are land issues (a Jatropha plantation to provide enough oil to power an MFP for a rural village would probably require about 8ha after 5years of growth). Despite the challenges, Jatropha has been successfully used in some development projects and merits further research.

Water requirement and use by Jatropha curcas in a semi-arid tropical location

Increasing emphasis on biofuel to meet the growing energy demand while reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, Jatropha curcas has attracted the attention of researchers, policy makers and industries as a good candidate for biodiesel. It is a non-edible oil crop, drought tolerant and could be grown on degraded lands in the tropics without competing for lands currently used for food production. J. curcas being a wild plant, much about its water requirement and production potential of promising clones in different agroclimatic conditions is not known. Water use assessment of J. curcas plantations in the semi-arid tropical location at ICRISAT, Patancheru indicated that crop evapotranspiration of J. curcas under no moisture stress varied from 1410 to 1538 mm per year during 2006–2009. Under field conditions the crop evapotranspiration varied from 614 to 930 mm depending on the atmospheric demand, rainfall and crop phenological stage. Patterns of soil-water depletion indicated that with growing plant age from two to five years, depth of soil-water extraction increased from 100 to 150 cm by fifth year. Monthly water use of Jatropha varied from 10–20 (leaf shedding period) to 140 mm depending on water availability and environmental demand. This study indicated that J. curcas has a good drought tolerance mechanism, however under favorable soil moisture conditions Jatropha could use large amounts of water for luxurious growth and high yield. These findings highlight the need to carefully identify suitable niche areas for Jatropha cultivation and assess the implications of large J. curcas plantations on water availability and use under different agroecosystems, particularly so in water scarce regions such as semi-arid and arid regions in the tropics.

Comparative metabolome analysis of seed kernels in phorbol ester-containing and phorbol ester-free accessions of &lt;i&gt;Jatropha curcas&lt;/i&gt; L.

Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) is a promising source of renewable bioenergy, since its abundant seed oil can readily be converted into biodiesel. However, industrial use of Jatropha seed oil is problematic; the toxicity of the seeds and oil endangers the oil users and prevents the use of byproducts, such as seed cakes. The most toxic compounds in Jatropha are phorbol esters (PEs), tetracyclic diterpenoids known for their tumor-promoting activity. It is important to utilize a nontoxic accession of Jatropha that lacks PEs in industrial feedstocks. Here, we used an LC-Orbitrap-MS system to characterize the metabolome of seed kernels from PE-containing and PE-free accessions of Jatropha. Among the more than 12,000 metabolites detected, 18 were specific to the PE-containing accession, and most of these appeared to be PEs or derivatives thereof. In contrast, only four ions were specific to the PE-free accession. These results indicate that PE-containing and PE-free Jatropha are broadly similar in their metabolism, but that the PE-containing accessions undergo PE biosynthesis.

Photosynthetic gas exchange characteristics in &lt;i&gt;Jatropha curcas&lt;/i&gt; L.

The use of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) as a source of biofuel has been well-documented. However, the physiological characteristic and growth analysis studies of Jatropha have received considerably lesser attention. In the present study, to confirm the physiological characteristics of Jatropha, we measured the leaf gas exchange characteristics in response to various environmental conditions. Seedlings were grown in 1/5,000 a pots for 2-3 months under greenhouse conditions. Leaf gas exchange rates were measured in a handmade assimilation chamber (26x30x9 cm), in which a fully expanded whole leaf could be set. Based on the leaf gas exchange characteristics, Jatropha was considered to be a C-3 photosynthesis plant. The photosynthetic rate ranged between 10 and 25 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) and light saturation generally occurred at 500-1,000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) photon flux densities (PFD), depending on the growth conditions and leaf positions. Leaf conductance and transpiration rates were saturated at 400-1,000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) PFD, also depending on the growth conditions and leaf positions. Maximum rates of transpiration and leaf conductance were 2-6 mmol m(-2) s(-1) and 200-1,200 mmol m(-2) s(-1), respectively, which are very similar to those in C-3 rice plants. Optimum temperature for photosynthesis was approximately at 25-30 degrees C and the maximum rate was 20 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). Application of varying vapor pressure difference (from 1 to 3 kPa) did not affect the photosynthetic rate. Photorespiration in Jatropha was 28.5%, which is within the range of typical C-3 plants. Based on the photosynthetic parameters presented in this study, field performance of Jatropha under severe environmental condition is discussed.

Development and Evaluation of an Efficient Process for the Detoxification of Jatropha Oil and Meal

AbstractThe poster deals with an often mentioned bioenergy plant - Jatopha curcas. The potential of the plant as a sustainable energy source has been hampered by toxicity of its oil and protein rich seeds. The research done by our group describes a simple process for detoxification of the protein rich Jatropha meal thereby making it suitable for animal feed. The process will accelerate use of Jatropha as an energy and feed source thereby enhancing its economic viability.

Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of Jatropha protein isolate prepared by steam injection heating for reduction of toxic and antinutritional factors

AbstractBACKGROUND: Jatropha kernel contains 400–600 g oil kg−1, and the cake obtained after oil extraction is rich in protein. The use of Jatropha cake/meal in food or feed is limited owing to the presence of toxic and antinutritional constituents. The main objective of the present study was to prepare protein isolates with reduced toxic and antinutritional factors and improved nutritional quality.RESULTS: The yield of protein isolates was 70–77%, with a protein content of 955–970 g kg−1. The trypsin inhibitor activity was reduced by 90–97% and the phytate, tannin and saponin contents were reduced by 90, 85 and 98% respectively in the isolates, while phorbol esters and cyanogenic glucosides decreased to undetectable levels. The chemical scores for the meals and isolates were similar; methionine and cystine were the limiting amino acids. The in vitro digestibility and calculated nutritional indices (essential amino acid index, predicted biological value, nutritional index and computed protein efficiency ratio) of the protein isolates were higher than those of the meals. Protein quality as indicated by the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score was 1.0.CONCLUSION: Jatropha protein isolate prepared by steam injection has markedly reduced toxic and antinutritional constituents and hence has great potential as a rich source of protein. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry